KUFA JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING

In this paper, the genetic algorithm (GA) which is a stochastic optimization algorithm is proposed. The genetic algorithm is echoing the natural selection and genetics. The control of the suggested plant can be done in different ways. Genetics are used to solve the problem that will be in the system that is represented by the response, ripple, and overshoot. Here, the proportional, integral, and derivative (PID) controller is used. The Kp,,Ki , and Kd of PID are controlled using a genetic algorithm. Then the procedures of GA are given which are implemented in Matlab 2018a. Also, the output response is compared with the set value to check the ability of GA to get the optimal solution. Through simulated results, there is a high response to the system, as well as the ripple, and the overshoot decreased significantly compared to the conventional method in control.

This is the first study looking at the wastewater treatment system created at Basrah University, Iraq. This study aims to investigate the effectiveness of horizontal subsurface flow (HSSF) constructed wetland (CW) system for treating municipal wastewater, and to understand the inner processes presented in the wetland to distinguish and define the function of each component of the treatment and to create wastewater treatment built using MATLAB programming language to represent the biochemical phenomena systems similar to the treatment system and implement them throughout Iraq. To do this, a mathematical model based on one dimensional constructed wetland model number 1 (CWM1) matrix and the optimum CWs operational parameters was occurring in the CWs. The CWM1 was used to simulate processes in horizontal subsurface flow (HSSF) constructed wetlands. Results of the simulation had a very good fit to measured NH4-N as well as a good fit to measured chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentration after changing the values of the concentration autotrophic nitrifying bacteria (XA) and acetotrophic methanogenic bacteria (XAMB).

The analysis of the watershed gives the surface area of land that rain streamed arrived in the river. The modern method to analyze the catchment is the ArcGIS program based on the Digital Elevation Model (DEM). The study area is An Najaf province, which area equaled about 27675 square kilometers. The HECGeoHMS (Hydrologic Engineering Center's Hydrologic Modeling System) is the link program on the ArcMap software that abled by serious steps to analyze the specific watershed. The auto analysis of the watershed area gives four basins for each outlet points located on the distributary Euphrates river. These four basins consisted of multi sub-basins and streams of rain flow. Basin 4 has the most significant volume, about 11.4% of the total case area of the basin, and the average slope is 3.2%. According to the amount of accumulative rainwater, basin 4 is essential when any obstruction is constructed at the end of the outlet point in the stream. This location of the construct is used to prevent the sediment in the Euphrates river and to avoid surface soil degradation. The arrangement of importance basin based on the advantage of water using to give maximum discharge and low evaporation is basin four at the first, basin two at the second.

The processes of changing architecture became necessary with the change of the basic needs and requirements of society, and in order for the architecture to survive, it must possess the necessary characteristics in achieving this (living architecture). Simulating the basic principles of living organisms in nature (such as growth) plays a major role in achieving this continuity. The importance of this process lies in the valuable buildings for their importance in society. Many studies addressed the conservation, reuse, rehabilitation, and did not address how they grow after making the appropriate changes to the future need, by taking advantage of nature. Therefore, the research problem lies with "the cognitive need to clarify the mechanisms of functional growing in the valuable buildings " and the research aimed to "explore the mechanisms of functional growing in the valuable buildings and their role in the permanence of those buildings." The first steps to solve this problem were to build a theoretical framework that includes those mechanisms and contains a set of variables to be applied to a group of selected projects in order to reach results and conclusions.

This study investigated the preparation of super sand substance and used it as an effective adsorbent for the removal of two different dyes methylene blue (basic) and methyl orange (acidic). The initial concentration range of dyes that were used in the adsorption process was (50−200) ppm with a temperature range (20−35) °C, the surface characteristics of graphite, graphene oxide, and coated sand were investigated by AFM test. Three adsorption kinetics models were applied to the experimental data in this study, pseudo−first order, pseudo−second order, and interparticle diffusion model. The result was showed that the experimental data corresponded with pseudo−second order kinetic model with confidence level R2= 0.99.

The aim of this paper is to study the definition of (infringement) and its effects on human beings and their activities and knowledge of the reasons for the infringement on infrastructure services in the study area in order to come up with solutions and proposals that achieve cost, effort and time savings since the work was based on the descriptive and analytical approach by diagnosing the characteristics and indications of the breaking windows theory and the most important scientific experiments. That it included identifying indicators of the urban encroachment phenomenon to build the necessary strategies within the study area to address the research problem.

Water absorption characteristics of composites are crucial to robust composite design with integrity and long service lives. In the literature, scholars have evaluated the water absorption properties of cocoa pod husk composites but reports regarding their uncertainty and imprecision are missing. In this article, cocoa pod husk particulate reinforced composite material was analyzed for uncertainty and imprecision using the fuzzy analytic process to rank and select the important parameters of the water absorption process.

The suitability of watermelon (WM) and Albizia lebbeck benth (ALB) seed particles as reinforcement for polylactide (PLA) were investigated. The composites were produced using 150μm particle size reinforcement additions from 5 to 15wt.%. The microstructure, tensile properties and crystallinity were evaluated. The results showed 5wt.% filler gave a better tensile strength of 1.70 MPa and 1.86 MPa for watermelon, and ALB reinforced composites respectively, over unreinforced PLA (1.11MPa). This is attributed to strong interfacial bond between polymer and the bio-waste fillers, as observed from the SEM micrographs. The crystallite size of neat PLA, 5wt.%WM and 5wt.% ALB are 4.9, 0.2, and 1.9 Å respectively. The sorption ability of polymer is inversely proportional to the degree of crystallinity. Thus, the smaller the crystal size, the better the crystalline index, with improved hydrophilicity and tensile strength properties. These bio-composites can be used in the abdominal part of human skin (1-24 MPa).