Diyala Agricultural Sciences Journal

The effect of clomiphene citrate on the hormones, ovary and endometrium were studied in mature female rabbits treated with 10mg/kg twice daily for 20 days. Results cleared that there were a significant (p<0.05) increase in the follicle stimulation hormone(FSH), estrogen and progesterone concentration , while, no significant changes were noticed in luteinizing (LH )and testosterone concentration . The most pronounced changes in reproductive system of female rabbits were found in the corpus lutium and filled with vacuolated cell, as well as endometrial hyperplasia occur. On the other hand gross section showed multi follicular (different numbers )on the right and left ovaries of female rabbits.

Specimen 21 of Tilapia zilli were collected from AI-Delmj marsh, middle Iraq , which is located between the cities of AI-Diwania (west) and Kut (east), during Marc 2008.Morphometric and mere tic characteristics were measured to classification this species . Total length ranged from 108-138 mm . Body depth percentage to length range from 42.8- 43.35% posterior dorsal fin containing 15 spine and the posterior dorsal fin is separate from the anterior dorsal fin .Gill arch contains 12 gill rakers . Scales on the lateral line ranged from 30-33, mouth has more than one raw of strong bilateral teeth . This is the first time of Tilapia zilli species recording in AL-Delmj marsh .

Three insecticides, viz. Sulfoxaflor 24% SC at following three doses (100, 200 and 300 ml/ha), Protues 11% OD and Mospilan 20% SP at their field recommended doses were evaluated for their efficacy against whitefly ( Bemisia tabaci Genn) on cucumber at the farmer field in Kamesh Tapa village/Kwer/ Nineveh Governorate during autumn season of 2010.Sulfoxaflor @ 200 and 300 ml/ha and Proteus at its field recommended dose caused significant mortality of whitefly up to three days after first application. However, the most effective treatment for whitefly up to seven days after second application was Sulfoxaflor at 300 ml/ha while Sulfoxaflor at 100 ml/ha remained least effective while the others showed less than 73% mortality throughout the experiment.

The length – weight relationship and condition factor of tewelve freshwater fishes (Acanthobrama marmid, Aspius vorax, Barbus grypus, B. luteus, B.sharpeyi, B. xanthopters, Carassius auratus, Chondrostoma regium, Cyprinion macrostoma, Cyprinus carpio, Liza abu and Silurus triostegus), and reproduction for B. luteus, L. abu. and C, auratus collected from Eastern Daringe region during April 2009 to March 2010 were worked out in the present study. The growth coefficients (b) for the relation between length and weight for the fish species ranged between 2.780-3.231. The (b) value for C, auratus, and B.sharpeyi were nearly isometric. The growth in weight for Cyprinus carpio, B. grypus and S. triostegus increased with a reat of less than cubic length, while for the remaining species were more than the cubic length. Condition factors values were 0.640-1.503. No significatent differences between sexes were observed. Gonads development and spawning periods were found to be differing between the three species. The correlation coefficient between gonads somatic index and condition factor wrer negative and significant (p> 0.01), (0.73995) for C, auratus and (0.84844) for B. luteus. The smallest mature male for B. luteus, L. abu.and C, auratus were (90, 93 and 115) mm respectively, and smallest mature female were (96, 67, and 110) mm espectively. These lengths for male and female were differing within stations.

This study was conducted at Animal Resources Department at College of Agriculture and Forestry –Mosul University, on 54 Awassi female lambs aged 3-4 months, they were mated early by 8-9 months, and lambing began by 13-14 months for Knowledge the influences of body weight & Physiological status on wool yield & traits . Samples of wool were taken at 1.5 year of age . The results revealed significant effect (p≤0.05) for the three weight classes on all wool traits studies. The physiological status of ewes effect significant (p≤0.05) greasy fleece weight (GFW),clean fleece weight (CFW) & fiber length (FL). There was a significant effect(p≤0.05) for suckling status on(GFW) , (CFW) & (FL) . There were a highly significant (p≤0.01) correlation between (GFW) & both of (CFW) and fiber diameter (FD) 0.945 & 0.194 respectively ,significant correlation (p≤0.05) between (GFW) & clean wool percentage (CW) 0.115 . There were a highly significant (p≤0.01) correlation between (CFW) & both of (CW) & (FD) 0.309 and 0.191 respectively , and a highly significant correlation between (CW) & both of staple length (SL) & (FL) 0.241 & 0.208 respectively , with a highly significant correlation (p≤0.01) between (SL) & (FL) 0.939 , & between (FL) &(FD) 0.860 .

The effecting of the pesticides sumcidin was tested as a control for the copepod L. cypranacea and the protozoa parasitic T. corlissi living in the fish Gambosia affinis and larva of Cyprinus carpio . The concentration used were (0.001, 0.005, 0.001, 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0) mg/L for (6 , 12 , 24 , 48 and 72 ) hours, the results showed that the concentration 0.01 mg/L have a significant effect on the activity of the larval stages and the protozoa parasite T. corlissi . No sign of pathological effect on the G. affinis and the larvae of C. Carpio before 24 hr. but the effect was significant after this time. Changes was clear in liver, muscle and blood of the fish in concentrations ( 0.1 , 0.5 and 1 ) mg\L hence these concentrations Sumcidin as lethal for the fish and the larva stage .

(280) fecal samples from sheep were examined from six regions of Baghdad during January-August 2010. the results showed that (195) samples were infected with oocysts of ten species of Eimeria with total percentage 69.6% .It was recorded that the higher percentage of infection with E.ovinoidalis (18.4%) and the lowest infection was with E.arloingi (1.5%) . The season had significant difference (p<0.05) on prevalence of Eimeria infection it is higher in winter represented in February (97.1%) and then the infection decreased in summer reached( 6.6%) in August .According to the age effect on the prevalence of infection with significant difference (p< 0.05 ) it has increased in lambs aged 3-6 months to( 30.4% ) and decreased in sheep aged 2 years to (15.3%).

The study were conducted during spring season 2002 ,using potato tubers Solanum tuberosum L. Var. Desiree(Class-A). The tubers were sprouted, the infected and mechanically damage tuber were discarded . The tuber seeds were planted using spacing of 4.5 *1.6 m. The field experiment included eight treatments as follows:- 1- Haulm distractions by hands and stopping irrigation ,22 days before harvest. 2- Haulm distractions by hands before 22 days and stopping irrigation 11 days before harvest. 3- Haulm distractions by hands before 22 days and stopping irrigation 6 days before harvest. 4- Haulm killing by gramoxone and stopping irrigation 22 days before harvest. 5- Haulm killing by gramoxone before 22 days and stopping irrigation 11 days before harvest. 6- Haulm killing by gramoxone before 22 days and stopping irrigation 6 days before harvest. 7- Haulm killing by Basta before 17 days and stopping irrigation 6 days before harvest. 8-The plants left without distractions and stopping irrigation 6 days before harvest. In this experiments the qualitative characters of the tuber yield were studied . Two groups of 5 kg tubers were taken from each replicates and bagged in bags . The first group were kept in cold store at 4 ± 1 ◦c and 85 ±5 % relative humidity with out curing. The second groups were cured at 10-15 ◦c and relative humidity of 80-85 % for 15 days then transported parts to cool store for three months and the tubers were reconditionized at 31- 35 ◦c and relative humidity of 46-53 % for 10 days. The experiment included 16 treatments distributed in factorial experimental in three replicates using R.C.B.D. and the means of the treatments were compared using L.S.D. at level of significance of 5%. The experiment results showed that :- The haulm killing with gramixone , and stopping irrigation 22 days before harvest significantly increased the corke cell layer while the haulm killing with basta before 17 days and stopping irrigation ,6 days before harvest increased the percentage of cured tubers and decreased the percentage of sprouting and the percentage of weight loss. All the haulm killing by hand treatments before 22 days and stopping irrigation before 22, 11 , 6 days from harvesting significantly reduced the percentage of microbial infection to zero level. Haulm killing with gramixone before 22 days and Stopping irrigation 11 days before harvest increased the percentage of protein , while haulm destruction by hand before 22 days and stopping irrigation 11days before harvest significantly increased the percentage of vitamin C . The curing of potato tubers significantly increased vitamin C content while the non cured tuber significantly showed a higher cork cell layer thickness and lowest percentage of sprouting and weight loss . No significant differences between the cured and non cured tubers in the percentage of cured tubers , microbial infection and protein content.

The study was initiated to estimate the water requirements for some winter and summer crops using a metrological depth available from Al-Raad experimental station. Blaney – Griddle equations by FAO was used to estimate the potential evapotranspiration. The plant factors for each crops were used from those a variable from FAO. The results of this study showed that the potential evapotranspiration for central of Iraq was 1990 mm / year. Months of May , June , July , August and September showed 75% of this potential evapotranspiration . The crop water requirement for winter crops was between 305 mm for broad beans and 440 mm for bersean . Other crop water requirements were between these ranges . For the summer crops the water requirements were ranged between 950 mm for cotton to 551 mm for Potato , other crops such as sunflower , soybean , season water requirements between thexs figanes . All the finfing of crop water requirements by the calculation method were lie between the ranges recommended by FAO , except the Alfalfa crops water requirement value exceed these ranges.

A Field experiment was Conducted in a private Field at Al- Latifiya, on a Loamy soil at autumn season 2009, to study the effect of ( Cow, sheep and chicken residues at levels of 100%, 50% and 33.3% of recommended quantity which was 50 T.ha-1 of each source of residues. Three levels of mineral fertilizers were used, Which were (0, 50 % and 100 %) 0f recommended fertilizers which were (240: 120: 400) Kg NPK.ha-1 respectively, on the concentrations of N, P and K at leaves in vegetative growth,. A Randomized complete block design (RCBD) was used at three replications, total yield was determined, The results showed that: A significant incensement in N, P and K concentration ( 4.87, 0.56 and 4.47%) respectively for the treatment (33.3 % cow, 33.3 % sheep and 33.3 % chicken ) residues. Concentrations of N, P and K were ( 5.11, 0.59 and 4.62 %) when mineral fertilizers were used at rates of ( 240 – 120 – 400 ) Kg NPK.ha-1. The concentrations of N, P and K of the interaction between above organic and mineral fertilizers gave high concentrations of N, P and K at leaves which were ( 5.40, 0.65 and 4.89 %) respectively.

Field experiment was carried out during spring season 2009 on two Tomato cultivars ;superqueen and Berek under gypsiferous soil. and soil mulching with three level: with out mulching, mulching with plastic covers and mulching with strew and the other factor with out fungi inoculation and with fungi inoculation factorial experiment with in split plots design was used to study: Tomato cultivars as the main split plot . where as, the other two factors biological fertilization and soil mulching which were distributed randomly with in the main spilt plots. L.S.D test under %5 probability level was used to comparre between the means of treatments . The results could be summarized as follows; Tomato Berek cultivar was significant supereminent as compared with superqueen cultuivar in most characteres yield. Micorrhizal inoculation increased significantly most studied properties as compared with the un inoculation treatments. Black plastic covers treatment was significant supereminent in early yield, total yield, NO.of fruits,yield per plant wile With out mulch. second interation increased significantly most studied properties as compared with signle factor. interaction between berek cultuvar,black plastic mulching and micorrhizal biofertilization were supereminent for most of studied properties as compared with the effect of all single factors and the coupled interactions under investigation. Maximum early yield (13.59 t/h) by increasing percentage (338 %) and Maximum total yield (19.93 t/h) by increasing percentage (229%) and Maximum yield perplant(2.42 kg) by increasing percentage(265%) Maximum mean fruit weight funed in superqueen; with out mulching and with out fungi inoculation was (173 g) treatment by increasing percentage (119%) the interaction between superqueen cultuvar, black plastic mulching and micorrhizal biofertilization F1) Maximum, NO. of fruits (23.1) by increasing percentage(200%).

The present study depends on an analytical approach supported by practical applications to obtain the required results for the production of tomato paste without underestimating the economic part, since the case demands a faith in the necessity to adopt the scientific thoughts and their translation into practice in reality. The study stems from a hypothesis that the economic evaluation of investment projects aims to give the investor free choice among the available chances according to scientific bases and standards which assure overcoming the mysterious and foggy state , removing the distress annoying him in order to be more comfortable and able to adopt a scientific and economic approach and explain the vision set ahead to be more realistic in making the suitable and right decision to arrive at the best alternatives that could lower the costs and insure better economic return from the project under investment. Analysis of the expected investment according to money flow (input and output) expected during the proposed duration of the project is important in making the right decision concerning investment opportunities and determining the most efficient and most profitable flows. The present study has determined the basic requirements and necessary costs (investment and working) in addition to the labor necessary for the project. Consequently , economic evaluation was done . The study showed that the net annual incomes reached 2322.27 million dinners , the total additive value was 2528.52 million dinners and the net additive value was 2379.87 million dinners. Also , the study revealed that the return of invested dinner in the project was about 42% and the period necessary for the project in recovering investment costs was about 3 years. The study could arrive at some recommendations necessary for encouraging investment in this field

Determination of available K conducted by different methods. In Iraq; ammonium acetate (1M) consider the most widely used methods while few others prefer 0.5M CaCl2 method. Implementations of suitable assessment for available K consider an important task to evaluate the amount of K fertilizer that should apply to soil. Therefore both methods (NH4OAc and CaCl2) were investigated and compared with third suggested method (1M NaOAc) which considers a suitable technique to evaluate the available K in some investigation. Capacity of soils to release K was investigated in laboratory experiment. characterized by different texture class collected from Aurafia , Yousifiya and Jaderia. 100g of the same soils used in experiment were treated with different concentration of K (0 ,50 ,100 and 150 Kg.h-1) and subject to wetting – drying cycles 45 days. Available K was extracted and determined for five successive treatments using wet and dry soils by NH4OAc , CaCl2 and NaOAc methods. Data obtained indicate a significant correlation between extractable amount of K and the levels of applied K to soils. The extractable amount of K for different treatment increased in the following sequence : NaOAc > NH4OAc > CaCl2 .

A biological experiment was conducted in botanical garden of Biology Department/Collage of Education (Ibn Al-Haitham), University of Baghdad during winter season of 2010-1011. The aim of the experiment was to study the effect of extract of seeds of two concentration 1% and 2% of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) and also effect of vitamin C in two concentration 40 and 60 ppm on growth and yield of Vicia faba L. The results showed that the extract of seeds of fenugreek in 1% concentration increased, leaf area index 107.7%, chlorophyll content in leaves 13.4%, flowers number 183.8%, pods number 72.9%, weight of 100 grains 33.8%, the average weight of grain 51.5%, harvest index 34.2%, percentage of carbohydrate 22.6% and protein 45.9%. The vitamin C in 40 ppm increase of leaf area index 63.46%, chlorophyll content 12.7%, grains number in pod 25.3%, weight of 100 grains 23.2%, the average weight of grain 38.9% and percentage of carbohydrate and protein 21.6%, 54.3% respectively compared with control plants.

In order to evaluate of water stress at different growth stages and spacing between rows on yield, yield components and Water Use Efficiency of safflower (Cv. Mees ), an experiment was conducted in experimental field crop department-college of agriculture -University of Baghdad during the two successive winter seasons of 2008- 2009, 2009-2010. The experiment was conducted as factorial with randomized complete blocks design with three replicates. The first factor were assigned to the four irrigation levels (irrigation, none irrigation at branching, flowering buds and flowering stages ) and The second factor were allocated to the different plant spacing on row (75 and 100 cm). The results showed that irrigation treatment affected on branches per plant, heads per plant, 300- seeds weight, dry matter weight, seed weight per plant, total seed yield, harvest index and water use efficiency. The non-irrigation at flowering stages had the highest branches per plant (24.15 and 24.53 branch/plant). Non-irrigation at flower buds stage gave highest number heads per plant (46.73 and 45.03 head/plant), dry matter weight per plant (103.70 and 105.05gm/plant), seed weight per plant (52.02 and 50.57 gm/plant), total seed yield (2366.99 and 2279.73 kg/ha.) and water use efficiency (0.61 and 0.58 kg/m3) then our traits .The highest 300- seeds weight was 14.67 and 14.50 gm in none irrigation at branching in the two seasons respectively. Plant spacing affected heads per plant, seed per head, 300- seeds weight, dry matter weight per plant, seed weight per plant, total seed yield and harvest index .100cm plant had the highest heads per plant (40.93 and 41.10 head/plant), seed per head (30.24 and 30.71 seed/head), 300- seeds weight, (13.05 and 12.90 gm), dry matter weight per plant (93.67 and 100.18 gm/plant), seed weight per plant (47.23 and 51.14 gm/plant) total seed yield (1889.30 and 2045.60 kg/ha.) and harvest index (50.36 and 51.04%) respectively. Interaction between irrigation regime and plant spacing was significant effect heads per plant, dry matter weight per plant, seed weight per plant, total seed yield and harvest index. Highest seeds yield/ha. was obtained from non-irrigation at flower buds stage planting at 100cm. highly positive correlations were found between plant seed weight and head per plant and seed per head in both seasons.

This experiment was conducted in Cotton experiment location in Haditha local (120 Km west of Ramadi city) during 2009 and 2010 years. The objective of the study were to know the effect of planting methods ( Rows and Furrows) and verities on yield and yield components of cotton under drip irrigation. A split plot arrangement in (RCBD) design was used with three replicates. Number of all bolls, opening bolls, un opening bolls, bolls infection per plant, one boll yield (gm) and Cotton yield (t. ha-1) were determined. Results showed that furrows planting method have a significant results in all studied characters in the two years, such as number of all boll / plant (21.62 and 22.07 boll), number of opening boll / plant (15.93 and 16.22 boll), individual boll weight (3.69 and 3.46 gm) and Cotton yield (2.77 and 2.66 t. ha1) at the year 2009 and 2010 respectively. Ashoor variety surpassed the others by 21.52 and 22.41 boll, 16.91 and 17.57 boll, 3.77 and 3.54 gm and 3.26 and 3.12 t. ha-1 for the same above characters for the two years respectively. And the results showed that there were significant effects of the interaction between planting method and varieties in all studied characters at the two years.

The study were conducted during spring season 2002 , Using potato tubers Solanum tuberosum L. Var. Desiree(class –A). The tubers were sprouted and infected and mechanically damage tuber were discarded. The tuber seeds were planted using spacing of 4.5 x1.6 m. The experiment included eight treatments as follows:


1- Haulm distractions by hands and stopping irrigation ,22 days before harvest. 2- Haulm distractions by hands before 22 days and stopping irrigation 11days before harvest. 3- Haulm distractions by hands before 22 days and stopping irrigation 6 days before harvest. 4- Haulm killing by gramoxsone and stopping irrigation 22 days before harvest. 5- Haulm killing by gramoxsone , 22 days and stopping irrigation 11 days before harvest. 6- Haulm killing by gramoxsone , 22 days and stopping irrigation 6 days before harvest. 7- Haulm killing by Basta , 17 days and stopping irrigation 6 days before harvest. 8-The plants left without distractions and stopping irrigation 6 days before harvest. The treatments were distributed in three replicates according to randomized complete block design (R.C.B.D.) and comparing the means by L.S.D. test 5 % . The experimental results can be summarized follows :- Defoliation with Basta significantly increased the average weight of marketable tubers and the average plant yield , the yield and the number of large size tuber and decreased the average weight and the number of small size tubers and the marketable yield and the total yield and reduced the weight and number of non marketable tubers and increased the coker layer . The control treatment (with out hand or chemical defoliation ) significantly Increased the average number of tubers per plant and the number of marketable tubers and total number of tubers and increased the percentage of the dry matter and the carbohydrate and starch and the specific gravity of the tubers and the vitamin C content in tubers . All defoliation treatments before 22 days from harvesting significantly decreased the percentage of weight of tubers showed peeling character to zero . Hand defoliated plants before 22 days and preventing irrigation 11 days before harvesting significantly increased the percentage of weight of tubers with 35-55 mm protein and tuber firmness .

A field experiment was conducted during growing season (2008 – 2009) at Univ. of Tikrit -College of Agriculture. Horticulture and Landscape Experimental Station. to study the response of Allium sativum L. for humic acid treatments and spraying by nutrient solution Prosol at four concentration (0 ,0.5 , 1 , 2 ) g/L . The experiment was in split plot design in RCBD with three replications , The humic treatment considered as the main plot. The results showed that humic treatment gave significant increases in most characteristics studied, and gave production of 3.38 ton / donum . Spray treatment with 2 gm/ L concentration gave production of 3.34 ton/ donum . Treatment interaction between humic treatment and spraying with Prosol 2 g/L concentration gave the highest content from Fatty acid ( 20.75 , 78.63 , 322.61 , 662.70 , 23.63 , 677.59) microgram/ gm for (Myristic acid , Stearic acid , Palmatic acid , Linolenic acid , Oleic acid and Linoleic acid) respectively .

This study was conducted in the edible fungi production unit in the dept. of Hort. Coll. Of Argric. Univ. of Baghdad and in the project for the production of organic fertilizers and mushroom in Karbala / The National Center for organic Agriculture / The Ministry of Agriculture in Iraq, Starting in March / 12 / 2010 to use the date palm byproducts for the cultivation of the oyster mushroom ( pleurotus ostreatus Jaq.Fr.)as a replacement for wheat straw. Date palm byproducts / as dry leaves ( saaf ), leaf base ( Karba ) and steam fibers ( Leef ) was used as substrates after they were miled and sterilized using chemical or physical methods. Commercial formaldehyde (2%) and bivestin ( 100 ppm ) were used in the chemical method. Autoclave at 15 PSi and 121º C for one hour was used two times in the physical method. The three substrates were socked for 20 hours in water containing 1 g / l nitrogen and 0.3g / l potsasium for the two methods of sterilization. Moist and sterilized substrate were filled in plastic bags ( 1 kg ) and used for spawning.Wheat straw was used as control and treated in the same way as the date palm substrates. Supplements of wheat bran, sawdust and crushed date seeds ( Newa ) was added to the substrates in three percentages : 0% , 10% and 20%. The three supplements were sterilized with the same method of sterilization of the substrates. The spawn of the while strain (PX22) of the oyster mushroom (50 g)was added to each bag and transferred to the incubation room at 25 ± 2º C for on month then to the growth room. The humidity was raised to 80-90% and the light to 400 Lux. The fruting bodies were harvested and stored at the following degrees: 2 ± 1 ºC for 21 days or 8 ± 1º C for 14 days or 20 ± 2 ºC for 7 days. The results should that the fresh yield, dry yield Biological Efficiency (BE) and the percentage of the protein in the fruiting bodies were increased significantly when the three date substrates(Leef, Karab or Saaf)were used compaired with the wheat straw substrate. Protein concentration in the fruiting bodies was increases from 24.4% with wheat straw to 40.12% with the leef and 39.49% with the Karab and to 40.12% with the saaf. The results showed that the physical method of sterilization reduced the contamination of the susbtrate from 28.32% with the chemical method to 0.00% with the physical method and increase the fresh yield for all the three substrates from 473.09g/kg substrate to 639.09g / kg substrates for chemical sterilization for the physical sterilization. Supplementation with newa increased fresh yield of all substrates significantly compared with saw dust and wheat bran. The result showed that cold storage at 2 ± 1 ºC decreased the percentage of decay significantly compared with 8 ± 1 ºC .Weight loss was decreased significantly during cold storage at 2 ± 1º C compared with 8 ± 1º C. The loss in protein content in the fruiting bodies were decreased significantly during cold storage at 2± 1º C compared with8 ± 1 ºC. Marketing at 20 ± 2 ºC increased weight loss and decay significantly compared with 8 ± 1 ºC. We recommend that the oyster mushroom must be marketed in a cold shilves.

Field studies were conducted at the college of Agriculture, Abu-Ghraib, Baghdad during the growing season 2010/2011 to evaluate the efficacy of some biopesticides Spinosad, the commercial formulation of the fungus Lecanicillium muscarium (Mycotal) and colored sticky traps to reduce the population density of onion thrips, Thrips tabaci Lindeman and their effects on yield and quality of onion bulbs of variety Texas Early Grano. Results indicated that foliar spraying with Spinosad in combination with blue or white sticky traps has led to a significant reduction in numerical density of onion Thrips , T. tabaci, population density were decreased by percentage of 37.80 and 56.30 and 45.54% for treatments of Spinosad, Spinosad with white and Spinosad with blue traps respectively, A continued effect of Spinosad on onion thrips until the end of seasons .Treatments increased onion yields by 19.7, 27.2 and 27.1% for the Spinosad, spinosad with white or blue traps respectively. Application of Mycotal significantly reduced thrips density by 36.58% , 73.83% , 72.11% and 44.63% after a week, two weeks, three weeks and four weeks after spraying respectively and keep the population density low till the end of the season. Mycotal treatment increased onion yields and the first class onions size by 72% and 78% for the tow sampling yield methods, 3 meters and a yield of 25 plants respectively. The possibility of using these bio-pesticides in combination with white or blue sticky traps as alternatives to chemical pesticides in the IPM for onion thrips, T. tabaci also discussed .

The experiment was conducted to study the effect of sieves holes diameter and different types of crop grain on some mechanical and volumetric of hammer mill properties attached with the grinding process using two levels of diameter for the sieves holes included 2.5 and 4.5 mm with three types of crop grain included barely, sorghum and maize in Specific capacity, Specific energy as a mechanical properties, Average particle size, standard deviation as volumetric properties were studied. The experiment carried out using complete randomized design (CRD), with three replications. Results showed with the increasing of sieve holes diameter from 2.5 to 4.5 mm resulted a lower significant effect in the Specific energy, a significant increase in Specific Capacity and Average particle size and standard deviation. Types of grain got significant effect on Specific capacity, Average particle size and no significant effect in Specific energy and Standard deviation. The interaction between factors led to lower Specific energy 0.127 kw.h/kg with hole diameter 2.5 mm and sorghum and the lower Average particle size 0.765 mm and lower standard deviation 0.990 with hole diameter 2.5 mm and maize. The highest Specific capacity with holes sieves diameter 4.5 mm and sorghum.

Field experiment was conducted to assess the actual water consumptive use ETa, references water consumptive use ET0 and crop factor Kc for cabbage under micro-sprinkler irrigation (MSI), drip irrigation (DI), sub surface drip irrigation (SDI), and furrow irrigation (FI). The experiment was conducted at a farm northern of Baghdad (latitude 33 north and longitude 45 east) at autumn season 2009. The experiment was designed according to RCBD in four replications. Time of irrigation and amount of water applied were in accordance with soil moisture content and water applied up to field capacity limit. Water balance equation was used to determine ETa for plant growth stages (vegetative growth, leaves wrap, maturity and harvest). Penman-Monteith equation was used for ET0 estimation. Cabbage crop factor was calculated From ETa and ET0 for each growth stage and for each method of irrigation. The results indicated that ETa varied with irrigation systems. ETa were 406, 381, 365 and 393 mm.season-1 for MSI, DI, SDI and FI, respectively. Maximum ETa values were at vegetative growth and maturity stages the relative values about 19% to 38% of total ETa for all treatments. ETa decreased about 3% to 10% for DI and SDI compared to MSI and FI. ETa increased by 3% in MSI comparing with FI. ET0 value was 434 mm.season-1 during cabbage growth season. Kc values varied with irrigation systems with 0.94, 0.88, 0.84 and 0.91 for MSI, DI, SDI and FI respectively. The maximum value of Kc occurred at maturity stage with 0.965, 0.910, 1.141, and 1.140 for irrigation treatment respectively. It is clear that micro-irrigation systems reduced cabbage ETa at stages growth so it reflected on Kc values.

This research included separate experiments under the same circumstances and treatments, the first experiment included planting two cultivars of bread wheat (Bohouth-4) and (Cham-8) in a sandy soil and the second experiment was planted two cultivars of durum wheat (65-Acsad and Doma -1) in a clay soil then were added algae-type Albeleomaraa for both experiments with three quantities of moss is (zero, 20 and 40g/ pot). The results of bread wheat showed superior significant in the dry weight of plant \ pot with adding(40g\ pot) of the moss note that the product (Sham -8) was most responsive to this superiority, the percentage of chlorophyll in the leaves\ pot decreased significantly with the addition of second and third level of moss, this decrease was more obvious in the cultivar (Bohouth -4), but in length of spike (cm) \ pot the control treatment was superior in both cultivars compared with other levels of adding moss. In plant height (cm) \ pot trait there was no difference between the three levels of moss but the cultivar (Bohouth- 4) record the highest value in his interaction with the concentrations (20 and 40) g \ pot of moss. In number of spikes\pottrait cultivar (Sham-8) value was significant superior in its interaction with concentration (40g \ pot) of the moss comparing with (Bohouth-4) and so on in number of non fertile tillers\ pot the addition treatments showed superiority in reducing the number non fertile tillers\pot noting that the cultivar (Sham -8) with its interaction with(40) g of moss did not give any presence of non fertile tillers\ pot. As for durum wheat, the 2 cultivars has risen significantly in dry weight of the total plant\ pot with adding the moss and the cultivar (Doma -1) is the most superior especially with its interaction with(40g\ pot) of the moss, while there are no any significant difference in percentage of chlorophyll in leaves \ pot with the three levels to add moss note that the cultivar (ACSAD -65) was significantly better. In length of spike\pot trait the cultivar (ACSAD -65) was significantly better, especially in its interaction with the level (40)g\ pot add the moss. There was a significant increase in plant height for both cultivars, but the cultivar (Doma -1) was superior, especially in its interaction with the level (40g\ pot) of the moss and such was the case with the trait of the number of spikes\ pot ,the cultivar (Doma-1) has significantly value than the other cultivar, especially with its interaction with the level (40) g\ pot of moss, In number of non fertile tillers\ pot there is no significant differences between the 2 cultivars.

This research was conducted at tissue culture lab./College of Agriculture/University of Baghdad during september2011. The study included treated Atropa belladonna seeds with different concentrations of HCl for different period, and using culture media contained different concentrations of GA3. The objective of using HCl and GA3 was to break the dormancy of the seeds and shorten the period of germination . Results showed that the highest percentage of germination 100% was obtained from seed treated with 50% HCl for 5 min . and cultured in media contained 0.6 mgGA3/litter It also showed that increasing GA3 concentration in the media resulted increasing in the percentage of germination.

This experiment was conducted in field of Diyala Agricultural director in Baquba in spring season 2011 to study the water stress by using foliar application concentrations of each boron and Manganese on weight of 1000seed, Grain yield, protein content and WUE. The experiment was designed as RCBD with three concentration of spraying (0,25,50)mgMn.L-1added as Mn-EDTA(13%Mn) and used three Manganes concentration of spraying Boron (0,2,4) mgB.L-1 used Boric acid (17.4%B) and three period of irrigation after(25,50,75%) of available water . Folair fertilizer were applied at three time during of plant growth, to use Maize cultivar 5012 . Results showed the following: weight of 1000seed, Grain yield, and WUE increased with the increase in Manganese and Boron concentrations The varieties differ significantly between Manganese levels and water stress levels in most of characters. weight of 1000seed increased with the interaction between water stress levels x Boron levels . Also the most of characters were significantly influenced by interaction between moisture levels x Manganese and boron concentrations . The use of nutrient application can improve plant performance under water stress and can be used as away to increase water use efficiency especially under water shortage conditions.