Alustath Journal for Human and Social Sciences

The objective of the current research is to reveal the level of self-efficacy and its relationship with the trend towards learning Arabic language among the third grade students. Then, the selection of the research sample from the third grade students in the city of Abha, Saudi Arabia, and then apply the study tools to the research sample, and then statistical analysis and interpretation of the results and provide recommendations and proposals. Level of trend towards learning Arabic, and there is a relationship between the level of self-efficacy and the trend towards learning Arabic.

The study aimed to examine the effect of choosing the item response model (One- Parameter, Two-Parameters, Three-Parameters) in revealing the Differential Item Functioning and comparison percentage of item with Differential Item Functioning and knowing the significance of the differences in the value of the Differential Item Functioning and its mean. To achieve the objectives of the study, the researcher relied on the results of the master’s enrollment test held at the Higher Institute of Languages at the University of Aleppo, which consisted of (60) items of the objective type, dual response (0 or 1), and their response to (1000) applicants from theoretical and applied colleges. After making sure that the assumptions of the response theory of the one-dimensional singularity (using factor analysis, item saturation, double-correlation coefficient), local independence and characteristic curve of singularity, the researcher made sure of the suitability of the vocabulary for the two-dimensional models using Jmetrik, the results showed: 1. That (31.481%) of the items did not show a differential DIF according to the characteristic curve method of the paragraph in the case of the three models (1PL, 2PL, 3PL). 2. That (44.444%) of the items showed DIF according to the characteristic curve method for the item when only one model (1PL, 2PL, 3PL). 3. That (24.074%) of the items showed a DIF according to the item characteristic curve method in two models. 4. No item showed DIF according to the item characteristic curve method in all models. 5. The results showed that the individual characteristic curve method for detecting DIF of the two-parameter model showed the highest percentage of items with DIF with a percentage of (68.5%), and then the percentage of items with DIF according to the characteristic curve method for the item and the one-parameter model with a percentage of (22.222%). and then the percentage of items with DIF according to the characteristic curve method for the ITEMS and the three-parameter model at a rate of (1.9%). 6.

Quran and its contents are the main sources for poets to derive their pictures and subjects. The writer aims at analysis Quranic symbols & their appearance in Abbasy's poets, to conclude a kind of literary – analytic from the level of these symbols in Abbasy poetry. The main results of this research that is written according to analytic-descriptive method, reveal that most of these symbols been derived from Quran, don't overstep comparative aspects, because they have been plunged into poem and aren't resulting from poet experience, therefore they are insignificant from artistic point, but they have their historical & religious & cultural value, and they aren't consistent with the text& its structure. That stems from clinging Abbasy poet to material aspects and external portraits that prevents him from Appling these symbols to express internal experiences, so that the Quranic symbols are more artistical than that of poetic pattern. There are few symbols that take internal aspect, &reached the apogee in compliance with artistry aspects, especially in Ibn Alromi poems that most of them are confined to depict his suffering and his nation agony.

This study aimed to reveal the level of anger and coexistence with pressures among juvenile delinquents in northern Jordan and its relationship to some demographic variables depending on the educational level variable, the level of family relations variable, the economic level of the family and the educational level of the family (father, mother). To achieve the study objectives, the researcher used the anger test and coexistence with pressures. The validity and reliability of the test are acceptable. The sample was formed of (77) juvenile delinquents. The arithmetic means, standard deviation, T.Test were analyzed. The results showed that the level of coexistence with pressures among juvenile delinquents was medium, and there weren’t any statically differences at (α≤ 0.05) at the degrees of anger dimensions and the degrees of coexistence with stress among juvenile delinquents according to the variables: the educational level, the level of family relations, the economic level of the family and the educational level of the family (father, mother). The results were discussed in the light of the theoretical framework & previous studies, it was suggested some recommendations on the basis of the results of the study.

This research aims to read the structure of the question in Al-Baradouni's poetry, because the question constitutes a major phenomenon that appears in objective and artistic forms and formations contained in poetry, which in itself constitutes a great question looking at the interpretation of the world, and standing on the secrets of life, homeland, history and the universe in all its details. The research concluded with the following results: The question in Al-Baradouni’s poetry is an objective phenomenon through which the homeland is composed and poetically formed, and reality is exposed with the aim of reforming and purifying it from withering, restoring history to benefit from it and evaluating life and self until it became an objective equivalent to them both ambitious and refractory. A mature artistic transformation, through which he was able to transfer the poem from its own lyrical voice to multiple voices and more objective dimensions.

This research aimed to identifying the nature of the relationship between Emotional Contagion of social media users & psychological helplessness , and determine the gender, age,& educational level differences in Emotional Contagion of social media users and psychological helplessness, The sample consisted of (500) male and female in Damascus city, It has been used in this research Emotional Contagion Scale (Doherty), and Psychological helplessness Scale, (Duha Mahmoud), the results showed that There were positive significant relationships between the Emotional Contagion of social media users and psychological helplessness, and there were differences according to the gender in each of Emotional Contagion of social media users and psychological helplessness to females, and there were differences according to the age in both emotional Contagion and psychological helplessness to adulthood in emotional Contagion and to old age in psychological helplessness, and there were differences according to the educational level in both emotional Contagion and psychological helplessness to the baccalaureate in both variables .

Abutaleb is the first poet whose language has been elaborated by the Prophet (pbuh) before and after the Ba'ath. What is written in the eulogy of the Prophet (PBUH) is divided into two categories: 1- Poems in the eulogy of the Prophet (PBUH) before the Beatitudes; The most important question of the research is what topics and subjects did Abu Talib use before and after the Prophet's (PBUH) prayers? By examining Abu al-Talib's court, we can conclude that the poet had a paternalistic view of the Prophet (PBUH) before the Prophet (PBUH). Prophet Mohammad (PBUH) has advocated as a Prophet, not as a nephew, and this indicates his firm belief in Islam; also on the issue of the Prophet's truthfulness in his invitation and his spiritual standing and his comprehensive support for the Prophet and his children. The poet also uses historical events in his poems at both stages; it was her poems without lyricism.

The Imams' words include epistemological and ontological foundations to examine various perspectives, including sign-semantics. Sign-semantics is one of the contemporary theories in the interpretation and explanation of thought systems and linguistic features. It is also a scientific tool for analyzing discourse systems that study the meaning formation and production mechanisms in texts. One of these trends is Pierce semiotics, which has extensive dimensions in the analysis of linguistic signs. The present study aimed to analyze the sign-semantic of love in the hadiths based on Pierce's semiotic approach. First, we explored some narrations concerning "love" from the perspective of substitution, companionship, and sign semantics with the descriptive-qualitative analysis method. Then, we expressed different dimensions of inter-meaning and extra-meaning of this word. The results indicated that the word “Kindness” in the narrations has the situation meaning and the basic levels of the standard language include dynamic meanings that appear in the form of the three Pierce's signs, as a symbol, icon, and index. Then, by analyzing the processes of meaning production using the signal functions of love and related semantic networks attempted to reveal the spaces governing the speaker's mind in meaning production and explain what meanings this purposeful discourse has been moving. This discourse makes meanings that contain valuable layers of the Imam's words and the ultimate goal of Islamic educational texts.

This study seeks to shed light on the reasons that led the academic community and most regional and international actors to adopt the “Indo-Pacific region” term in their declared geopolitical perceptions as a broader geostrategic space instead of the previous term “Asia-Pacific”. The new geographical space represents a regional and international polarization region that extends from the western coasts of the United States to the Indian Ocean region. This study also provides an example of the geostrategic importance posed by the Indo-Pacific region within the geopolitical perceptions of regional and international actors, by reviewing the dynamics of strategic competition between China and Japan in the Indo-Pacific region.

The current research aims to extract the standard characteristics of the technical thinking test for vocational education students using the three-parameter model. To achieve this goal, the researcher followed the scientific steps starting with adopting the (Hassan 2021) scale prepared for university students. It was presented to arbitrators in educational and psychological sciences, to ensure the availability of appropriate characteristics for it and its alternatives in terms of form and content, and the researcher took their opinions, and all test items were considered valid. Logically measure what you set out to measure. In order to ensure the clarity of the test instructions and paragraphs and to determine the performance time, the test was applied to a survey sample of (60) male and female students other than the statistical analysis sample. The results of this application indicated that the test instructions and paragraphs are clear, and the performance time was determined. Then, the test was applied to a sample of (1000) male and female students from (Universities in Baghdad) who were selected using the multi-stage random sample method. The researcher relied on the three-teacher model, which is one of the paragraph response theory models to analyze the test items. It comes: Statistical analysis according to the paragraph response theory. The researcher relied on the three-teacher model as one of the models of the paragraph response theory in analyzing the paragraphs of the technical thinking test as calculated by the Bilog-m3 program. To achieve the assumptions of the model, the researcher followed the following: The relationship of the paragraph with the total score, as well as the matching of the paragraphs to the three-teacher model is evidence that the paragraphs measure a one-dimensional feature, based on the chi-square value at the level of significance (0.05), accepting the difficulty of the paragraph (-2.5) to (+2.5), accepting the paragraph discrimination (( 5.0) to (5.2), and it was found that all paragraphs are within acceptable limits, and therefore no paragraph was deleted. The validity and reliability of the test were verified by means of two indicators: the ratio of variance to estimate the stability of the test and the information function to estimate the stability of the ability. For the test, which consists of (68) items, and in the light of the results of the current research, the researcher reached recommendations and proposals.

The idea of the research revolves around the fate of the books of scholars that were sold exclusively after their death, and the fate they experienced and their contribution to enriching scientific life in one way or another, Of course, this is a refuge and sympathy for its owners who had no desire to sell it after their death, and perhaps they wanted to reward one of them by keeping his library so that the student of knowledge would benefit from it without resorting to selling it, Because many of those who sold books caused their owners to waste their efforts, and on the contrary, some of those who picked up those books and put them in the hands of those who appreciate their value and benefit from them, and the place of selling these books differed between markets, palaces, and private sales circles, At the same time, it differs in the time period for its sale, It is no secret that their prices varied as well, and that many scholars were aware of the value of their books, so they should be honored to sell them in their lifetime, They regret that act if they had to sell it, but unfortunately it was sold against their will after their death.

The studies that dealt with Su Sir’s thought and its truth were equal to the studies that dealt with his theory of language, in their abundance. Indeed, many of them were found to deal with Su Sir’s thought and theory under one research, and yet this linguist is still a subject of curiosity and suspicion by scholars; because he did not publish what he wrote, nor did he write what was published about him. Therefore, this research deems that Su Sir did not intend to put the concepts of the language that he studied in contrasting binaries, and perhaps this research is not the first to say that, but he intended to clarify how this happened, by tracking Su Sir's research and his thinking in his lectures that he published His students, Bali and Sishai in linguistics, and it is known that many researchers made their witness, and what supports their opinion - that Su Sir adopted dualities as a method in his study is the discovery a century after his death of manuscripts he wrote with his own hand, entitled (On the dual essence of language). As for this research, it cites this discoverer as well. To prove the opposite, that is, Su Sir did not intend the dualities intentionally, and did not make them a method for his study, and the research according to this vision raises a question that no research before him had dared to raise for discussion, namely: What if (in the dual essence of the language) were written manuscripts, and not an intellectual product Inherited from Su Sir.

The current research aimed to identify irrational thoughts and its relationship to moral behavior among adolescent students. A male and female student from secondary schools/fourth preparatory grade, and psychometric characteristics were extracted, the results of the research found that the research sample of adolescent students suffers from a moderate rate of irrational thoughts and a large degree of moral behavior, and there is a direct relationship between irrational thoughts and moral behavior.Irrationality in educational institutions and dissemination of awareness programs within educational institutions.

Reification is a serious human problem that has touched the doors of our modem age, after its roots that were planted in the past were nourished on the remnants of ancient inhuman practices up to the prehistoric era of slavery, self-monopolization, and crushing human values, modem narrative studies, like other sciences, have discussed these phenomena, including the narration of the virgin of sinjar which talked about the objectification of woman and their transformation from a being enjoying human rights into a tool and a tool that benefits from them for the purposes of displaying morals, religion and human rights in general, and women in particular, during the isis invasion of the lands of sinjar, what happened to her was the most heinous and humiliating of all human and humanity throughout history, this research was a field to talk about the
manifestations of reication and its causes in the novel 'the virgin of sinjar' by the writer wared badr al-salem.

Reification is a serious human problem that has touched the doors of our modem age, after its roots that were planted in the past were nourished on the remnants of ancient inhuman practices up to the prehistoric era of slavery, self-monopolization, and crushing human values, modem narrative studies, like other sciences, have discussed these phenomena, including the narration of the virgin of sinjar which talked about the objectification of woman and their transformation from a being enjoying human rights into a tool and a tool that benefits from them for the purposes of displaying morals, religion and human rights in general, and women in particular, during the isis invasion of the lands of sinjar, what happened to her was the most heinous and humiliating of all human and humanity throughout history, this research was a field to talk about the
manifestations of reication and its causes in the novel 'the virgin of sinjar' by the writer wared badr al-salem.

The research deals with the method of rhythmic formation in the poem of lamentation for one of the contemporary Iraqi poets, as he subjected that Stylistics through the study of the internal rhythm and the external rhythm, and since the poetry of (Rushdi Al-Amel) is more general than it is an activation poetry, so the rhythmic structure varies in it, and this leads to the contrast of the rhythmic stylistic visions. From here it can be said: The studies that dealt with Rushdie’s working poetry, especially the poems of lamentation, did not give the poet his right in terms of study, that is, there is no holistic analysis of this type of poems (a recent critical study), and the importance of this study lies in highlighting the impact of the rhythmic formation stylistics In the poems of lamentation in the poetry of Rushdi al-Amil, with the clarification of the tender emotion that is manifested in the poet as he laments family and friends, and the aim of the study revealed the levels of polymorphic repetition, and the clear presence of the techniques of contrast and spin, as well as the diversity of the weights of the poetic seas in the passages of one poem, including , (the repetition, the light, the repetition and the convergent And fast and sand

The research studies the two standards of textual consistency and harmony by standing on the two elements (casting and knitting) between the word and the meaning on which the Sufi poet’s speech is based as it parallels the literary discourse. Several readings, including the aspect of language that has not been studied in all its parts and manifestations. This research came to shed light on this aspect and shows the words and meanings that are formed with the set of seven criteria that occupied the rhetorical and critical lesson, ancient and modern, although there is no place for agreement in them, and that the sum of these criteria makes the text a communicative event between the speaker and the addressee within a text that is considered one of the most important. The most important texts of the mystical literature of the poets of the Abbasid era, which is the poetry of the mystic Sultan of the Lovers Omar Ibn Al-Farid (632 AH), his poetry is an expression of the beauty of the image.

Sentimentalist poetry is undoubtedly a landmark in the course of early and modern Arab poetry, as poetry and emotion are strongly connected in the very structure of human beings. When poets composing a poem, regardless of intentions or purposes, such poem must echo those heart-touching, internal feelings. Al-Samawi has been one of those sentimentalist poets whose emotions have dominated poetic structure or whose words have dominated their emotions. The poems made, therefore, have proved to be purely emotional and sentimentalist. This paper investigates sentimentalism in Al-Samawi's poems as to language, mainly the lexicographic structure. The paper, therefore, surveys sentimentalist words in the said poems. The paper finds that lexical sentimentalism in Al-Samawi's poems have mainly taken two aspects; sadness.

Patience is the characteristic of the righteous who desire the pleasure of God Almighty and win the gardens of bliss. God, the prophets, the imams, and the scholars all urged it, and He, the Most High, said: And be patient over what befalls you. Winning the pleasure of God Almighty, His forgiveness, and His gardens. As for the world, patience is the key to relief, and we have drawn the curriculum in the light of scientific research. The study of patience among the prophets and guardians, as they took it as a means to face adversity and obey God's commands. As for the third topic, it contained the reward and reward of patience and the satisfaction of the Creator, so that a person feels psychological comfort and not panic. In addition to its divisions, which are patience at calamity and not to panic, and patience to obey in performing the obligatory duties and enduring their hardships such as fasting, as well as patience to avoid sin and avoiding it and not to fall into error so as not to allow the devil to whisper, and this is the control of desires, and finally we mentioned the conclusion and the results of the research: There was a relationship Interconnected between patience language and idiomatically. God emphasized the concept of patience in the Holy Qur’an with many verses, and the prophets, scholars and jurists all emphasized that concept. Patience is a means to face the misfortunes and concerns of life, and the believer derives strength from God Almighty seeking his help. The consequence of patience is good in this world and the Hereafter, while anxiety leads to loss of reward and reward, and the wrath of God Almighty is upon His servant. Because he objected to his destiny and spend the Almighty. The patient believer who realizes that this world is fleeting and that the Hereafter is the abode of survival has won the approval of God Almighty and entered Paradise without reckoning. The whole world follows the meaning of patience, like the growth of a fetus in its mother’s womb, and all trees and crops grow and grow gradually and in succession of day and night. The building of the individual, society and the state also depends on patience.

The aim of the study was to check how language teachers employed in Polish schools assessed students' progress in learning during the period of remote learning. This study used the original questionnaire, which consisted of 15 questions regarding the implementation of a specific research goal. 110 language teachers employed in state primary, secondary and vocational schools located in the central and northern part of Poland participated in the study. In assessing students' progress in school learning during the remote learning period, language teachers most often used: homework assigned to students; various types of oral and written assignments (essays, tests, oral class assignments); semester tests; short tests commencing the lesson; and partial grades to assess the class performance. Research shows that language teachers adopted various forms and methods of assessing students' progress in school learning during the distance learning period, but the dominant ones were the forms and methods of assessment that required the least amount of time from them.

The teaching of the speaking skill is given very little weight in the EFL curriculum at many educational institutions due to decision makers' conviction that listening and speaking are not as important as the "academic" skills of reading, writing, and grammar. The present study investigates the attitudes of students and English teachers toward the importance of teaching the speaking skill within the EFL curriculum. Forty-two students and ten English teachers participated in the study, which was designed on a survey basis using an open-ended questionnaire. Analysis of the data revealed participants' appreciation of the role that this skill plays in communication and their enthusiasm for a more prominent place for speaking in the program. Results also showed differences between the two groups of participants regarding how speaking should be taught, what needs to be emphasized, and the factors that lead to a successful speaking session.

The social, political, and cultural scene of post-world war II America witnessed considerable changes where lack of communication, meaninglessness, solitude, class distinction, and other related issues prevailed, stripping man of his humanity. In the mid-twentieth century, dramatists including Edward Albee, among other writers, tried to revive a new vitalized social ideology to transform the current mode of human's thought whose effect exceeded the limits leading man to segregate himself from others. Albee was resentful of the cultural orientation during his time and he criticized the contemporary social standards in his attempt to sublimate human's life experiences partly as a self-healing process, and partly as his contribution to creating a new wave of humanistic culture. In The Zoo Story, he voices human suffering proving that both an introvert (Peter) and an extrovert (Jerry) are victims of the social norms and are struggling with the imposed socio-cultural regulations. However, the type of personality traits proves to be decisive in redirecting the mode of human thought and can help to bring an individual back again to socialites where communication is the core. The aim of this research is to elucidate how human nature may interact with each other and with the varying situations in life to create new perspectives on humanistic culture, or in a broader context, to create a new ideology away from the psychological death of post-world war II modern man.

This study investigates the translation of the Qur’anic allusions in the poetry of Mahmoud Darwish and how transtextuality has shaped his literary work. This study’s analysis of the translation of Mahmoud Darwish’s poem, ʾanā Yūsuf yā ʾabī incorporated Ritva Leppihalme’s (1994) classification of references as well as Julia Kristeva’s (1980) and Gérard Genette’s (1992) transtextuality models to construct a translation transtextual- based model. It is mainly qualitative in nature, which allows the translation to be analyzed based on an eclectic approach. This study concludes that the literal translation of the poem captures only the surface meaning of the original. Therefore, the translation lacks the textual dimensions that connect it to the original text and to the poem’s Qur’anic references.

This paper has applied the theoretical framework of conceptual metaphor theory to the analysis of the source and target domains of metaphors that are used in two English nineteenth century sonnets, both written by contemporaneous female poets. The quantitative and qualitative results of the textual analysis have clearly revealed that Elizabeth Barrett Browning’s sonnet 23 centres around the conceptual mapping of the journey of love and life with that of possession. In contrast, Christina Rossetti’s sonnet Remember tackles the central conceptual mapping of death as a journey in relation to its further experiential connections. In addition, the application of conceptual metaphor theory (Lakoff and Johnson, 1980) in identifying the frequencies and densities of metaphors’ conceptual domains has resulted in unravelling the thematic structures of both poems. Discovering such a textually attested relationship between the densities of metaphorical conceptual domains and textual thematic structure has neither been fully explored nor identified before in the genre of English female sonnets.

Scott Fitzgerald’s perspective on the film industry is very complicated. His interest in the visual discourse of the cinema can be regarded as an aesthetic yearning for a meaningful and deliberate discourse that would highlight the importance of visual and spatial descriptions over linguistic ones. This research paper aims to provide some new insight into Tender Is the Night (1934). The argument of this article is based on the fact that Fitzgerald’s familiarity with the cinematic sphere did not guarantee him artistic success. Nevertheless, he used the cinematic strategies of visual description to add meaning and imagination to his fiction using nonlinguistic details. The cinematic perspective of Dick Diver represents Fitzgerald’s inner battle as an artist. In other words, we want to demonstrate that Dick’s cinematic conduct reflects Fitzgerald’s genuine concern for understanding what is not readily grasped or stated. Dick’s cinematic vision allows him to gather different fragments, which is an essential step for both Dick and Fitzgerald since fragments have their origins in the subconscious.

The present study focuses on the points of similarities and differences found in English, Arabic and Kurdish languages in terms of negation. The three languages belong to different families and they all exist in the researchers own country (Iraq). Arabic is spoken natively in the middle, the western and the southern parts. Kurdish is spoken natively in the northern part called Kurdistan Region. English is a foreign language in all parts of Iraq. All the three languages under study are taught as school subjects all over Iraq in general and higher education. Negation is dealt with in the three languages mentioned above in terms of word negation and sentence negation. Word negation discusses the way in which a word is negated, i.e., how prefixes and suffixes are used to reverse the meaning of the word an affix is added to. Sentence negation is dealt with in terms of how the affirmative declarative sentence is negated in all the three languages mentioned above. Findings show that negation in the three languages under examination is different parametrically.

The major goal of this research is to determine the impact of using the Vark learning style to teach idioms to Iraqi EFL university students. To fulfill the study's goal, the Vark learning style tactics and features were presented as a style for teaching Iraqi EFL idioms, with the goal of determining if there is a statically significant difference in the experimental group's achievement and the control group's achievement in the posttest. In fact, there is a large disparity in the degrees of recognition and productivity. The study's sample consists of 35 EFL Iraqi students in their 3rd year at the Department of English, College of Education Ibn Rushd- University of Baghdad (18 students in the experimental group and 17 students in the control group). The two groups were given a number of texts containing idioms to study for two weeks. The experimental group was taught using the Vark learning style, whereas the control group was taught using standard techniques. The researcher next conducted an accomplishment posttest as well as validation in order to apply the findings to the two groups. The gathered data demonstrated that there is a substantial difference between the mean accomplishment scores in the posttest between the two groups, with the experimental group prevailing. i.e., the experimental group's performance in English idioms is much higher than the control group's.