Al-Qadisiyah Journal of Veterinary Medicine Sciences

Avian infectious bronchitis (AIB) causes economic losses in many flocks of poultry; the causative agent is the avian coronavirus which belongs to coronaviridae that causes multiple diseases in the human and animals. AIB is one of the main causes of economic harm; it causes respiratory disease, lesions, as well as decline in egg production with deformity. Infectious bronchitis virus IBV has many serotypes without creating cross-protection against each other. This study aimed to detect IBV infection in broiler flocks in Babylon province depending on the clinical symptoms, postmortem lesions, IBV Rapid kit, and real-time polymerase chain reaction rt-PCR. Fifty broiler flocks were shown respiratory signs, a rapid examination was performed using the IBV Rapid kit, 13 flocks revealed positive results, Samples were collected from the trachea and the kidney for RNA extract then complementary DNA cDNA synthesis, the result-product entered a real-time PCR with XCE2+ and XCE2- Primers, only 7 samples showed positive results.

This study was conducted in Basrah during the period from July 2019 till June 2020; 1022 cattle was concluded in this study; the tissue samples was collected from 80 clinically suspected cattle. This study revealed that the incidence of Lumpy skin disease (LSD) in Basrah according to clinical picture was 7.82% (80 out of 1022). All 80 samples of cows with clinical signs were positive to PCR examination. The study also revealed that, the incidence of LSD in calve was significantly higher than that reported in adult cows (P < 0.05). The study also revealed that there was no significant difference in the incidence of LSD between male and female (P > 0.05). The main clinical finding of LSD was fever, skin lumps, increase respiratory rate, nasal discharge, and limb edema, loss of weight, depression, diarrhea, lameness, enlarged lymph node, and dyspnea. The monthly distribution of disease revealed that the disease was higher incidence in spring months compared with other months (p < 0.05).

The current article has been planned to provide highlights on the immune response and its protective role in chickens under natural field infection of M. gallisepticum MG that cause to vigorous inflammation in the trachea, lungs, and air sacs.
This article will converge on the host immune response to Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection, also will be clarify a brief illustration of antigenic structure of Mycoplasma spp., and basic immunological interactions between MG and the host that include innate immunity, adaptive immunity (humoral and cellular immune response), finally will discuss the most common serological tests.
Mycoplasma gallisepticum is tenuous living microorganism and the smallest one, can reproduce autonomously, cause world famed disease known as chronic respiratory disease for chicken that led to increased mortality, increased mortality, losing weight and negatively affects breeder flocks performance, in addition to the importance of the vertical transmission and prevailing among bird types, thereby it regarded as one of the most worldwide expensive poultry pathogens.
Depending on the antigenic structure, and pathogenicity, Mycoplasmas are located in variable clusters, these two features affect the relation between Mycoplasmas and immune system, andbecause the chronic process of infection it may indicate that all immune components are involved in the disease pathogenesis as well as pathogenicity.
Primary confrontation of invading organisms occurs via natural or innate immunity with considerable resistance and participates in minimizing the infection progress although the adaptive immunity is critical in both sides as it contributes or has a role in the controlling the infection alongside with contrast role in the immunopathogenesis.
In conclusion the relationship between Mycoplasma gallisepticum and host immune response is controlled by several factors that elucidated in the present article, which complicate this mutual interaction, thereby the clinical manifestation of MG infection could be differed and the prognosis may be variable.

Nanoparticles were atoms with smaller than one micron. The size of nanoparticles to 1 to 100 nm, poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) PLGA had important features including: biocompatibility, biodegradability, drug delivery systems (DDS) and constant release. The study assessed nano-precipitation method of PLGA loaded Fadrozole on induced endometrial periglandular fibrosis (EPF) in female mice compared with the reference Fadrozole. A technology was used to create PLGA nanoparticles, the features of PLGA nanoparticles, included an ultraviolet (UV) spectrophotometer test, which resulted a PLGA-loaded Fadrozole absorbance (4.5452) with a wave length of 336.32 nm, as well as other tests included (scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope and zeta potential). According to the description of PLGA revealed in this study, the DMSO associated organic phase alone had specified the form, particle size with a small diameter, charged particles in addition to suitable nanoparticle yield percent, encapsulation efficiency and drug loading with sufficient stabilizer. Finally, we concluded that female mice who were subjected artificially induced endometrial periglandular fibrosis by daily 17 – estradiol S/C injection and H2O2 treatment with drinking water for 12 weeks were able to cure with the Poly (lactic- co-glycolic acid) -Fadozole regimen therapy at various doses.