Al-Qadisiyah Journal of Veterinary Medicine Sciences

AbstractBacterial Swabs was taken from (412) sample ,the operative halls and Emergency operations in the hospital Diwaniya,for teaching and work took 6 month (from march until August 2010) included sample taken from(the beds of operation,table of anesthesia, system of draw fluid(sucker).the walls and floor of the hall, gauze, disinfectants, sterilization AMD clothing, surgical instruments).The study showed that the rate of contamination of the first terminal operations (14.52%) and contamination of the second terminal operations (12.82%) and the percentage of contamination of emergency room operations (31.91%).The study showed that the highest percentage of pollution recorded in the lounge operations were primarily in the walls and floor of the lounge (34.21%), followed by the beds of operation by (23.8%) followed by a sucker (16.66%) and table anesthesia (6.52%) and gauze (3.3%). The surgical instruments and sterilization AMD clothing, disinfectants and antiseptics in which the proportion of sterilization (100%).The Hall of operations per second, the pollution as follows:- Walls and floor (31.04%), followed by the by (21.42%) and table anesthesia (11.53%), and then a sucker (6.66%) the gauzes and surgical instruments were sterile. The percentage of pollution in the hall of emergency operations as follows: - A sucker (50%) and the walls and floor (44.44%), and surgical instruments (41.28%), followed by a Hall beds and AMD sterilize clothing (33.33) each table anesthesia (20%) and gauzes (16.66%).The study showed that the rate of microbial contamination of cluster in the lounge operations first is (86.11%) and other germs by (13.89%), the percentage of second hall operations was (86.67%) compared to (13.33%) for bacteria other, with the highest proportion of hall emergency operations (100%).This study showed that the types of bacteria circulating in the lounge operations are Staphylococcus , where contamination is highest in relation to the rest of the other germs (bacteria, fungi), where contamination is highest of Staphylococcus epidermidis (64.22%) and Staphylococcus aureus (23.46%) and Staphylococcus saprophyticus (12.32%).

The present study was carried out to determine the prevalence of [Entamoeba histolytica/E. dispar] in three regions of southeast of Baghdad. During the period from March, 2009 to February, 2010, a total of 300 fecal sample were collected ( in a private lab.) from male and female patients of different ages suffering intestinal disturbances. They resided in Al-Ameen, Al-Baladiyat and Al-Nahrawan. Watery and loose fecal samples that contain mucus and blood were directly examined by direct wet mount using saline solution and buffered methylene blue. The remaining portions of these fecal samples as well as the samples with soft and formed consistency were centrifuged then stained Lugol\'s iodine solution to obtain wet preparations. A total of 67 samples were infected with [Entamoeba histolytica / E. dispar] (22.3%). The differences due to the age range were significant (P < 0.05) and higher rate was observed in age range of 6 – 10 years, whereas the lowest was in the range of 19 years and over. The effect of region and season on the prevalence of infection lacked significance. Infection rate in males was higher than in females (25.6% , 18.6%, respectively) with non-significant difference (P > 0.05). Significant differences were observed between number of infected males and females of Al-Baladiyat region, as well as between females of all groups. Infected patients of the four age ranges of Al-Ameen area showed significant differences. Similar differences were noticed between infected males of the age groups.

The study was carried out at Najaf abattoir and nomadic areas , for aperiod of five months , between January and May 2000. The camels were examined clinically and skin scarping were collected from suspected animals for laboratory investigations . A total of (439) camels were examined and mange was recorded in (114) camels with an infection rate (25.9%).The higher prevalence of mange was recorded in January (38%) , while in February March and April it was (33.8%), (20%) and (20.9%) respectively , and the lowest prevalence was recorded during May (14.8%) . The main clinical signs observed were restlessness , intensive itching , and the affected areas of the skin become hairless , thickened , corrugated and gray in color .The high incidence of mange lesions occurred on neck (30.13%) , while in region of head , side of back , forelimbs , thorax , axallae ,inguinal and hind limbs it was (17.46%), (14.4%) ,(10.9%) ,(9.17%), (6.98%) ,(5.25%) and (3.9%) respectively , the lowest incidence of mange lesions occurred in the tail (1.75%) . However no lesion was observed on hump . The sex did not effect prevalence as well as severity of mange lesions and high prevalence of disease occurred in young ani1mals.

The study was carried out at Najaf abattoir and nomadic areas , for aperiod of five months , between January and May 2000. The camels were examined clinically and skin scarping were collected from suspected animals for laboratory investigations . A total of (439) camels were examined and mange was recorded in (114) camels with an infection rate (25.9%).The higher prevalence of mange was recorded in January (38%) , while in February March and April it was (33.8%), (20%) and (20.9%) respectively , and the lowest prevalence was recorded during May (14.8%) . The main clinical signs observed were restlessness , intensive itching , and the affected areas of the skin become hairless , thickened , corrugated and gray in color .The high incidence of mange lesions occurred on neck (30.13%) , while in region of head , side of back , forelimbs , thorax , axallae ,inguinal and hind limbs it was (17.46%), (14.4%) ,(10.9%) ,(9.17%), (6.98%) ,(5.25%) and (3.9%) respectively , the lowest incidence of mange lesions occurred in the tail (1.75%) . However no lesion was observed on hump . The sex did not effect prevalence as well as severity of mange lesions and high prevalence of disease occurred in young ani1mals.

The research includes a comparative histological and topographical study to the constituents of three different region : fore head intermandibular space and cheek of head skin in males and females black goat of 1_2year old. Animals were slaughtered in one season (spring). Histological study showed that the head skin of local black goat consists of two layers : epidermis and dermis. The average total thickness of epidermis varied regarding to sex , it was higher in black goat males higher than in females in all of the studied regions .Within the same sex the epidermal thickness ranging between39.49_70.49μ in male while it was between 34.19_54.86 μ in females. The dermis of frontal skin of black goat male was thicker than that of female while in both buccal skin and intermandibular skin the dermal thickness in females was higher than that of males . The hair follicles in the three studied regions were of compound type . Each compound hair is formed of a single primary follicle and a number secondary follicles of both sexes . In frontal skin region of male goats , the length of primary hair follicles is greater than those of female goats , while the depth of these follicles in cheek and intermandibular space regions was higher in females than males .In both sexes , the compound hair follicles being arranged in groups of triads in all of the studied regions but groups of five compound follicles were also observed in frontal skin region of both sexes . The hair density varied in the different regions of both sexes and being higher in females than in males .The sebaceous glands were larger in size in frontal skin of males than that those of females . All sweat glands in the different studied regions of both sexes were of apocrine type. The secretory units of sweat glands of female buccal skin region were extended deeper in the dermis than those of male .

This study conducted to determine the effect of dietary Thyme vulgaris in broiler chicks on some productive&biochemical parameters. Atotal of 60 Ross broiler chicks of one day old have been raised for 32 days under agood hygienic condition.The chicks were randomally divided into two groups:Treatment group(T) &Control group(C) each of one have 3o chicks.the Thyme Vulgaris powder added to ration of treatment group(0.5mg/kg food) along the time of experiment while the control group given the standard feed only.the results showed that the (T) group was significantly difference(p<0.05) better as acompared with (C) group in body weight gain at 32 day,but there are no significantly difference in feed conversion ratio between the two groups&also (T) group have reduce in mortility rate but insignificantly difference.also the (T) have reduced significantly difference in,cholesterol,glucose &increased significantly in total protein&globulin concentration in blood serum,.but there are no significant difference in albumin,calcium&phosphor concentration in blood serum between the two groups. From this research we can say that the dietary Thyme vulgaris will improve the production&physiological body state in broiler chicks and there are no visual side effect.

The aim of this study to show the histological and morphological feature of cells that consist the duodenal mucosa of local cows ,five samples of duodeni of each adult cows were used in this study ,the results of this study shows that the thickness of tunica mucosa and the length of villiincreased gradually backward the ileum, while the depth of crypts of lieberkuhn decreased gradually backward the ileum, the thickness of muscularis mucosa was highest in the third part of the duodenum, Number of goblet cells decreased gradually toward the ileum, the length of goblet cells in crypts of lieberkuhn decreased in the third part of duodenum, while the length of these cells increased in villi in the third part of the duodenum . The length of absorptive cells and goblet cells in crypts of lieberkuhn higher than their length in villi. The conclusion of this study showed completed digestion processes and absorption processes happened in the first part of the duodenum and the absorption increased backward the ileum, therefore the thickness of tunica mucosa ,length of villi increased gradually backward the ileum ,Crypts of Lieberkuhen contained aged goblet cells and simple columnar cells while the villi contained young and active cells therefore the length of both cells in crypts of lieberkuhn higher than their length in villi of duodenal mucosa of local cows

The work aimed to study the ruminal papillary density in different and limited regions of rumen of local Awassi sheep .10 rumens from male Awassi sheep of 8-9 months were taken .From each rumen three regions were selected i.e. : The anterior sac ,the ventral sac and caudoventral blind sac. One circular specimen from each region were taken and processed for calculation of papillary density as well as correct factor finding .The actual ruminal papillary density was calculated (taking in consideration the shrinkage of ruminal tissue in each region) .The density of the papillae of the anterior sac was 56.43 /cm2, in ventral sac the papillary density was 53.80/cm2. In the caudoventral blind sac , the density was 62.89/cm2.It may be concluded that the variation of the papillary density in different regions are related to the variation which had occure due to the shrinkage degree of the ruminal tissue in different regions.

In this study 200 of Broiler chicks at one day old of age were used to investigate changes in the weight of some lymphoid organs (spleen, bursa of Fabricia) and the (Stress Index) during feeding Vicia sativa seeds, at rate of (28%), Chicks were divided to 5 groups (40 birds /group), Group one fed (28%) raw Vicia sativa seeds ; the second group fed (28%) Vicia sativa seeds treated by1% acid acetic then Autoclaved ; Third group fed (28%) Vicia sativa seeds treated by 4% acid acetic then Autoclaved ; The fourth group fed (28%) Vicia sativa seeds treated by Autoclaving ; The fifth group was considered as a control one. Relative weights of the lymphoid organs and the Stress Index were assessed at 21, 35 days of age The results showed at the age of 21 days of the experiment an increase in the weight of the spleen and bursa of Fabricius in first group significant difference when compared with the control group, At the age of 35 days there was an increase in the weight of spleen in first group and the 4th Group in addition to the increase in the weight of bursa of Fabricius in 1st Group and the 2nd Group and 4th Group in a significantly when Compared with the control Group, The results of Stress Index showed significant increase in all groups of the study at the age of 21,35 day when compared with the control group. We conclude from this study that there was an increase weight of lymphoid organs as well as the Stress Index as a result of the use of raw and treated Vicia sativa seeds in the diets of broiler.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of Aflatoxin in different concentrations and at different periods gross and histopathological changes in liver of one-day-old broiler chicks (Ross 308), Broiler chicks were randomly assigned to five group(each with 30 chicks), They fed Aflatoxin at 4 different levels(0.5,1.0,1.5 and 2.0 mg/ kg feed), for 42 days, The results showed their intensity were positively correlated with the levels and period of Aflatoxins feed to Broilers . The gross changes were characterized by paleness, enlargement and change in Liver color, ecchymotic hemorrhage under the liver capsule, The histopathological changes were characterized by fatty changes in the liver , bile duct Proliferation, inflammatory cells infiltration in the Preportal areas . It was concluded from this study that Aflatoxins had accumulative effect in broiler chicks, and that the liver was the target organ and the most affected organ grossly and histopathologically

The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalences of the some infectious causes of diarrhea and study of the changes in the blood pH, gases concentration and electrolytes in calves affected with diarrhea. The study was conducted on 341 local breed calves from both sexes, aged between 1– 30 days during the period from November 2010 to March 2011.One hundred and ten calves randomly selected ( 88 calves from 95 animals affected with diarrhea and 22 clinically normal ) used for clinical examination and collection of the fecal samples, while the blood samples were collected from 40 animals (30 calves affected with diarrhea and ten clinically normal animals served as a control group). The results of the study revealed that the total prevalence rate of diarrhea in calves was 27.8 % . The main clinical signs of the newborn calves affected with diarrhea included depression, unable to sucking, dehydration and recumbency on one side of their bodies with differences in the means of the respiratory rates , heart rates and body temperature. The gross examination of the fecal samples revealed that the consistency of fecal samples were soft or watery and varies in color (brown , green , yellow ) with presences of mucus or blood , in addition to bad odor and absence of any relationship between the color of the feces and the types of the causative agents. By using polyvalent direct ELISA test , the total percentage of the infection with different causes of diarrhea in both single and mixed infections was 75.0 %. Single infection were more frequently recorded than mixed infection, while only 31.8 % of the fecal samples of clinically normal animals were positive for the single infection. The prevalence rate of the single infection in the calves affected with diarrhea indicated that the Cryptosporidium parvum was the predominant causative agent , then the percentage of infection with rotavirus and the lowest percentage of infection showed with Enterotoxogenic E.coli (F5). All the fecal samples of the clinically normal calves were negative for ELISA test except five samples were positive for rotavirus and two samples for the Enterotoxogenic E.coli (F5). The percentages of the infection with infectious causes of diarrhea either single or mixed were varies with ages of the animals affected with diarrhea

This survey study was conducted by using 9 sheep farms. It showed ewes mortality at parturition up to seven days after parturition was %3.3. This mortality will effecting the productivity of the farms. An experiment was conducted to study the effect of orphan lambs on growth rate and milk production . It showed that the growth rates of the lambs of first group (natural-single lambs) were significantly more than other groups. Also it found that twin lambs (either natural or adopted lambs) increases milk production of the ewes . The milk production of the ewes of third and forth group were significantly more than ewes of first and second group .

The research was conducted at Al-Sawera agriculture by using 21 dam goats with their kids to study the effect of Iraqi probiotic(0 ,0.4 and 0.8%) addition, to the total component ration, each treatments 7goats on the total milk production ,weights of kids from birth to weaning age and effect of treatments on estrus sycle .The results showd that treatment has significant effect (p<0.05)on milk production except the period from birth to fourth week ,the third group (0.8%) appeared high effect on milk production and increasing in weight of kids which achieved increasing weight (17 , 22,and 28%) respectively.It was concluded that the adition of Iraqi probiotic to the rations of goats was increase the milk production, kids growth and hurry estrus season

This study was conducted on laying chick breed red Saudi ,140 chicks were divided in to four group first control, second was given levimisole, third vaccine injected the forth was given vaccine and levamisole . Bivalent vaccine Respens CVI 988 and HVT was used at one day old by intramuscular Injection. Samples of spleen, liver, kidney, thymus and fabricious bursa were taken at days 3,10,16,22,28,34,42 for gross & histological study. Blood smears were taken at same days for measuring stress factor index and phagocytic index .The gross reactions vary from. Congestion to enlanyment of organs and hemorrhage after vaccination comparable to control.Histological sections showed clear changes in most organ spleen, thymus, liver and kidney representing hemorrhage of blood vessels perivascular cuffing it was more clearly lymphocytic deplesion specially in fabrious bursa. Phagocytic index showed significant increase in vaccinated group on the other hand levamisole group showed decrease in phagocytic index compared to control group .Stress index increased after giving vaccine and decrease after giving levamisole

The aim of this research was to use of ethanol extract Local propolis (EEP) in treatment of mastitis in ewes Locally as Intra-mammary Infusion To carry out this aim , Survey was made for mastitis in the animal fields of veterinary and Agriculture college of Baghdad University ,Where 88 ewes were examined and 168 milk samples were collected , and the results show that : The percentage of clinical mastitis was 5.11% while the percentage of subclinical mastitis was 14.20% from the total udder halves that examined , Thirty five bacterial strains were isolated from clinical and subclinical mastitis in ewes , After confirmed each strain by morphological and biochemical Characteristics , Staphylococcus aureus was the most prevalent pathogens in the clinical mastitis (44.44%) while Staphylococcus epidermidis was the most prevalent pathogens in the subclinical mastitis (53.84%), Staphylococcus aureus was the most pathogens causing elevating of Somatic Cell Count in ewe’s milk , also the result showed that Direct Microscopic Somatic Cell Count was more confident than California Mastitis Test in detection of subclinical mastitis in ewes , In addition to isolate Pseudomonas aeruginosa for the first time in Iraq compared with previous studies. This Propolis Ethanolic Extract show antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus in Vitro by Agar Diffusion Method. The antibacterial activity of propolis preparation 1% were proved clinically with bacterial Cure in 3 cases of ewes naturally infected with subclinical mastitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus and mixed infection between Streptococcus uberis and Staphylococcus epidermidis .

This study was conducted to determine the incidence and occurence of Trichomoniasis in domesticated and wild pigeon at Diwaniya city and the effect of age on the incidence.traditional techniques for the detection of parasites in the birds were carried out by using a wet amount method for direct diagnosis , the study had been studied the spread of the parasite in tow types of pigeons Columba livia , domesticated and rock pigeon .The results showed that from 130 domesticated pigeons 60birds were positive and 20 positive birds from 65 rock pigeon , the total percentage of positive results were 46%, 3057%, for the tow birds respectively.Effect of age on the rates of infection were clear as shown in this study as following in domesticated pigeon the percentage 74% in the squabs while in adult 35.3% and the percentage of infection 50% in the squabs and 27.3% in adult rock pigeon respectively.

The present study aimed to confirm a diagnosis of anaplasmosis at different ages in cattle by serological methods based on antibodies specific to Anaplasma marginalae The results showed that 68 samples ( 73.9%) were positive for Rickettsia Anaplasma. marginalae out of 92 samples collected from cows contained to the veterinary hospital in Nasiriyah for the purpose of inspection and treatment during the month of May, June and July 2010 The percentage of infection in adult cattle was 73% while the percentage of infection in calves aged 1-12 months was 78% , in calves and cows showed some clinical symptoms indicate infection with blood parasites and others did not show it

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of subtoxic doses of selenium "Selenate" on the oxidative stress in broiler chickens by determining the level of Peroxynitrite radical ONOO- in serum and glutathione in liver and kidney tissue.Two hundred one day old broiler chicks type Rose have been used . The birds were divided randomally into 4 groups. The first group was fed the normal requirement 0.3mg/kg of diet. The second group was fed 0.02 mg/kg of diet and this represented 30% of the median lethal dose LD50.The third one was fed 0.04 mg/kg of diet and this represented 60% of the median lethal dose LD50.The last group served as control.Results of this study indicated the presence of significant increase of ONOO- in the serum and also signifigant decrease in the level of glutathione in both liver and kidney tissues .The variation of these criteria was proportional synergestically with the amount fed and the length of exposure .The lowest figures were in the 3rd group fed 0.04 mg/ kg of diet, 24 days after oral administration. From results of this study it was concluded that high doses of selenium for long period of time induce an increase in oxidative stress.

The aim of this study to investigated of antibodies of Mycoplasma bovis bacteria in affected calves with arthritis by using indirect ELISA test . the study was conducted examination of 2356 head of calves , both sex and different ages , included 52 herds , in Mosul city , Mosul . Iraq . The results was revealed that Indirect ELISA test have highly sensitivity for detection of monoclonal antibodies of M. bovis bacteria , in all diseased cases in present study . also , The study revealed that the total percentage of antibodies in blood serum of affected calves was 76.09% , and the mean of antibody titers of this bacteria in examined calves was 23.77±2.26 in mild cases , 51.11±1.32 in moderate cases and 81.80±3.10 in sever cases ,and there was significantly increased in the titers of affected groups when compared with serum of animals control group. There was significantly increased body temperature , pulse and respiratory rates at the level (P<0.05) in affected groups when compared with control group . The mean clinical signs in affected calves with arthritis was pain , swelling of the affected joint , exudation , lameness and loss of the body weight .

This study was included Morphological and Morphometrical measurements of Lacrimal glands ,determined course of the external ducts system &made measurements for all the parts of this system. Twelve of healthy heads of ram awasi sheep and the same numbers of buck black goats was used for this study. Lacrimal glands included paired of dorsal Lacrimal glands , paired of proximal Lacrimal glands of third eyelids absent of distal Lacrimal glands of third eyelid( harderian glands) , while , the external ducts system consist of dorsal & ventral Lacrimal punctae , dorsal & ventral Lacrimal canacliculi ,Lacrimal sacs ,nasaolacrimal ducts and nasal opening for the both sides of the studied animals. Dorsal Lacrimal glands are flatten oval in shaped , undifferentiated in lobulation ,situated at dorsul-lateral surface of the right &left eye in both animals, while the proximal glands of the third eyelids have pyriform in shaped of awasi sheep , oval elongated in black goat situated in the beginning of occular surface of the third eyelids situated like small aggregation at the both sides of the cartilage of the third eyelids .The width of both glands of awasi sheep was greater with that of black goat in the both sides The external duct system beginning from dorsal & ventral Lacrimal punctae that located near medial canthus of the eye ,these punctae drain by paired of canacliculi that was equal in length in the same animals ,the canacliculi separated by small bony material originated from internal surface of Lacrimal bone specially in black goat. These canacliculi of both animals daring into Lacrimal sacs that resemble the funnel in awasi sheep. The Lacrimal sacs in both animals lead to nasolacrimal ducts ,there was significant increase in the total length of the external duct system ,the external duct system in both sides of awasi sheep was longer thanthat of black goat .Finally the nasolacrimal ducts of both animals end at nasal opening that was very obvious specially in awasi sheep & the right nasal opening in awasi sheep was bigger in diameter than the same opening in black goat.

The survey began in December 2008 & finished in June 2009 in three governorates; Al-Qadissiya, Al-Najaf & Al-Muthanna in different locations inspecting 2412 dromedaries, we found 55 affected camels with demodectic mange, samples were carried out to detect the mange, they present 2.3% of the total inspected camels. Demodectic mange was diagnosed in 58.2% of camels ranged in 5-10 years old & 16.4% of camels more than 10 years old & 25.4% in camels less than 5 years old which indicate the high incidence in camels aged in 5-10 years.

The objective of the present study was to investigate the histopathological changes of the sub chronic toxicity of Malathion as organphosphorus insecticide in Rock dove pigeons ( Columba livia) treated orally with 6mg/kg and 4mg/kg body weight. The histopathological changes of central and peripheral nervous systems , liver, kidney, skin of pigeon after three month of treatment were included, marked vacuolation of nerve fibers of spinal cord and sciatic nerve, periportal fibrosis and liver congestion ,degenerate renal cortical tubules ,associated with loss of epithelial lining and disorganization of epithelial lining , and cortical areas of inflammatory cells with congestion of blood vessels, and dermal fibrosis and inflammatory cells of the skin

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of subtoxic doses of selenium "Selenate" on the oxidative stress in broiler chickens by determining the level of Peroxynitrite radical ONOO- in serum and glutathione in liver and kidney tissue.Two hundred one day old broiler chicks type Rose have been used . The birds were divided randomally into 4 groups. The first group was fed the normal requirement 0.3mg/kg of diet. The second group was fed 0.02 mg/kg of diet and this represented 30% of the median lethal dose LD50.The third one was fed 0.04 mg/kg of diet and this represented 60% of the median lethal dose LD50.The last group served as control.Results of this study indicated the presence of significant increase of ONOO- in the serum and also signifigant decrease in the level of glutathione in both liver and kidney tissues .The variation of these criteria was proportional synergestically with the amount fed and the length of exposure .The lowest figures were in the 3rd group fed 0.04 mg/ kg of diet, 24 days after oral administration. From results of this study it was concluded that high doses of selenium for long period of time induce an increase in oxidative stress.

This study was planned to reveal the changes in blood gases after long exposure to formaldehyde vapor on the respiratory system of rabbits. Treated animals were housed in closed room and exposed to formaldehyde fume using 10% formalin solution for a period of six months. Exposure was twenty-three hours for the whole period of experiment, and one hour a day was left for ventilation. Control group was exposed to distilled water humidity. There were significant differences between PO2, PCO2 (Partial Pressure) and HCO3- in addition to pH, hemoglobin, packed cell volume and reticulocyte counts

This study was conducted to investigate the percentages of infestation of mange Mites in sheep in different regions of Al-Diwaniyah province and the effects of age, sex of animals on the prevalence of the disease were studied also.The results of the microscopical examination of the skin scraping were revealed that 186 of the sheep were infested with mites with an overall percentage of infestation 3.65%.In this study four genera of Mange Mites were recorded that parasitized sheep: Sarcoptes scabiei , Psoroptes ovis , Chorioptes spp. , Chirodiscoides caviae (fur mite) with rates 31.18%, 52.15%, 8.06%, 2.15% respectively where the genera of Chorioptes spp. and Chirodiscoides caviae recorded for the first time in Iraq, in addition to the presence a mixed infestation such as Sarcoptes with Psoroptes 5.91% and Psoroptes with Chorioptes 0.53%.The prevalence of the infestation was highest in sheep more than two years old (3.74%) and the lowest in sheep with age less than two years old (3.40%). The prevalence of Mange Mites in male sheep was 3.93% versus 3.59% in females. Statistically there were no significant differences (P>0.05) according to the age and sex of animals, but the differences in percentages of infestation were significant ( p< 0.05) according to different regions of study.

Trypanosoma sp., Microfilaria, Babesia sp.and Theileria sp.are detected from the gut of the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans, which demonstrating an environmental reservoir for these parasites and raising the possibility that environmental contamination by insects may be important in the spread of these organisms. This study refers to isolate (Microfilaria, Babesia sp.and Theileria sp.) from Stable fly for first time in Iraq. The results were discussed with ratios of prevalence of these parasites in Baghdad.

Phages are nonliving agents and require use of the host‟s metabolic processes to replicate itself. In this study, interest on phage that infect and lyses staph. aurous host cells. When phage are released from the ruptured host, distinct zones of clearing (plaques) form. the original staph aureus host cells for this experiment came from a sample of raw sewage. in order to obtain the bacteriophage, a procedure of enrichment, isolation, dilution and seeding was followed, the presence of distinct plaques indicated that lytic bacteriophage had been successfully amplified, separated and grown.This study included determination of phage titre, latent period , rise period and the burst size of the phage and effect of some factors on phage titre as (temperature, ether and chloroform) .For determination of phage titre used series of dilutions(10-1, 10-2, 10-3, 10-4,10-5 10-6, 10-7, 10-8, 10-9) the dilution factor gave the best countable number of plaques was(103). this dilution factor was then used for all other experiments, the latent period , rise period and the burst size of the phage are determined by countable number of plaques and phage titre(titer: plaque-forming unit(p.f.u)) during 10,20,30,40,50, and 60 minutes . it was (28x104 , 36x104 and 51x104) during 10,20 and 30 minutes respectively in the latent period ,but it was (58x104 ,67x104 ,77x104)during 40,50,and 60 minutes respectively in the rise period .then the burst size of the phage is counted by the ratio of the phage titer after rise period to that during the latent period it was(1.422) this study also included effect of temperature on phage titre the statistical analysis revealed significantly increase P<0.05 in phage titre at the temperature37 Comparing with phage titre at the temperature 50 C° and phage titre at the temperature 65 C°. effects of ether and chloroform on number of plaques and phage titre during 5,10,15 ,20,25 ,30,35 and 40 minutes was(0.7x105 , 0.3x105 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0, 0 and 0) respectively in ether sensitivity, but the phage titre in chloroform sensitivity was completely inactivated by chloroform treatment, the statistical analysis revealed high significant increase (P<0.05) in phage titre in normal saline comparing with phage titre in ether and chloroform sensitivity.

This study was aimed to investigate the effect of probiotics ( Salinomycin and Poultrystar) on the challenger infection with Eimeria Tenella ( coccidiosis ) depending on 120 Lowman broiler chicks divided into three groups (G1: received Salinomycin 60 ppm; G2: Poultrystar 0.05% and G3: served as control group ) and the following blood parameters were studied RBC ( Red Blood Cell ) count, Hb ( Heamoglubin ) concentration and PCV ( Packed Cell Volume ) concentration which were decreased significantly in treated groups ( P<0.05 ) in a comparison with control group; WBC was increased significantly in treated groups in a comparison with control group; total protein and globulin were increased while albumin, total cholesterol and triglyceride were decreased significantly in treated groups when compare with control group. Conclusion: The addition of probiotics enforces the tolerance of body against the coccidian infestation incidence.

This study was conducted to assess the pathological changes in kidneys after twenty day from induction of diabetes mellitus in male rabbits.Sixteen male rabbits were used in this study and divided into two equal groups: diabetic group (Dm) and control group (Cm). Diabetes mellitus was induced by i.v injection of alloxan monohydrate at dose rate 100 mg/kg dissolved in 1 ml of normal saline. Blood was collected after three days to check fasting serum glucose.Serum glucose level was elevated starting from the 1st 3 days after induction of diabetes mellitus. The histopathological results revealed that there were: edema, glomerular hypertrophy and hypercellularity, as well as glomerular necrosis, glomerular swelling, glomerular congestion with glomerular cast and rupture. The conclusion that renal glomeruli and tubules affected progressively after short period from beginning of diabetes mellitus.

A total of 447 cows , 114 cows were naturally infected with Theileria annulata clinically normal cows were served as control. The clinical result indicated that the cows exhibited sings of fever, enlargement of superficial lymph nodes , respiratory signs with corneal opacity, soft yellowish diarrhea with subcutaneous accumulation of fluid. The blood examination showed the high level of parasitemia varied between 13-53% and observed all parasite stages; erythrocyte stage 69.43% the lymphocytic stage 25.43% while both stage (erythrocytes and lymphocytic)5.26%. The hematological parameter showed the Hypochromic macrocytic anemia with significant decreases in Hb(6.95±0.59) g/l , PCV(29.06±4.56)%, MCHC(24.71±4.55)%, RBCC(4689482±638753) 10/ mm , WBCC (5013.2±711.1)10/ mm , neutrophils(19±3.7)% while recorded a significant increases in the lymphocytes(69.74± 4.9)% and MCV(61.09±7.55)fl . The biochemical parameter recorded a significant increases in total serum bilirobin(1.19±0.40) and active serum enzyme ALT(19.77±2.94) and AST(67.98± 16.36)with recorded a significant decreases in the total serum protein( 4.27±0.40)and albumin(1.56±0.36).

Thirty young domesticated rabbits (age 2-2.5 mo) of sexes showed clinical signs of anorexia, debilitation, diarrhea, icterus, rough hair coat and pendulous abdomen with hepatomegaly. Fecal samples were collected for demonstrated the presence of oocyts. Postmortem examination revealed presence of discrete yellowish-white nodules of 1mm to 2 cm size on the surface and throughout the parenchyma containing a thick creamy white fluid. The histopathological changes showed biliary hyperplasia with different developmental stages of Eimeria stiedae in the epithelial cells, cholangitis and peribiliary fibrosis with newly formed bile ductules, severe congestion and dilation of central veins and sinusoids with disruption hemorrhagic areas. The hepatocytes showed degenerative changes to necrosis with areas of fibrosis and mononuclear cell aggregation, obstructive jaundice and a tendency to form oocyst granuloma. In conclusion hepatic coccidiosis lead to severe pathological changes both in bile ducts and liver parenchyma especially in young animals.

The survey began in December 2008 and finished in June 2009 in three governorates; Al-Qadissiya, Al-Najaf and Al-Muthanna in different locations inspecting 2412 dromedaries, we found 102 affected camels with papilloma, samples were carried out to detect the papillomatosis histologically which present 4.2% of the total inspected camels. There was an obvious age-depending infection; papillomatosis was diagnosed in 77.5% of camels ranged in 5-10 years old and 22.5% of camels more than 10 years old and 0% in camels less than 5 years old.

This study was designed to evaluate the physiological effects of the mastic tree (Pistacia lenticus)resins on some blood parameters in rabbits.Fourteen local domestic rabbits were used, were randomly assigned into two equal groups :control and treatment groups. Treated animals were received mastic tree resin as infusion at a dose of 2g\ rabbit daily for seven days. The studied blood parameters have been estimated at the end of experiment period. The results showed that the use of mastic tree lead to significant increase in RBC, Hb, and MCHC, significant decrease in WBC, MCV, MCH and PLT count, and insignificant changes in the percentage of PCV, monocytes and lymphocytes, and decrease in the

In order to know the influence of whole sonicated S.aureus antigens (WSSAgs) on S.aureus septic arthritis, 15, white local rabbits, both sex, their weights ranged between 1.25-1.50 Kg ,were randomly divided into 3 equal groups and treated as follow:
1-the 1ST group was immunized with 0.5 ml of WSSAgs (3.3mg/ml protein concentration), two doses,14 days interval, at 28 days post-immunized .skin test was done by used soluble sonicatated S. aureus antigens and at day 30,Ab titers was recorded ,then the Vt and 2nd groups were challenged with 0.5ml of bacterial suspension containing 1X1OCFU/ml ,intra -synovial. the 3 group was inoculated with 0.5 ml of sterile normal saline and served as control negative group. All animals were sacrificed at 30 days post- challenge, sample from knee joint were taken for bacterial isolation and pathological examination. The results showed that WSSAgs elicited both humoral and cellular immune responses against S.aureus infection .severe swelling of the knee joint was noticed in the 2 group as well as the animals unable to use their legs. heavy bacterial isolation from infected joints was recorded in the 2nd group with severe histopathological lesions in the infected joints characterized by suppurative inflammation of the perchondral area with inflammatory reaction, necrosis and erosion of the articular cartilage and these changes were extended to subchondral bone trabeculae and bone marrow lead to suppurative inflammaion and necrosis of the bone trabeculae .while there was no clinical signs and no bacterial isolation reported in immunized infected animals as well as no clear pathological changes t noticed in joints of immunized-infected animals.

This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of intra-testicular injection of formalin and external ligation of the spermatic cord in inducing sterilization in bucks. Twelve's adult bucks were used which allocated randomly and equally into three groups. The first group served as a control group injected (5) ml distilled water intra-testicular, while the second group injected (5) ml of 3% formalin and in the third group external ligation of spermatic cord with silk was used.Blood samples were collected from all bucks prior and post to treatment to assay serum testosterone level. In addition, semen samples were collected via artificial vagina to evaluate some semen parameters.Clinical follow-up of animals revealed no any secondary complications in control group, while treatment group showed certain minor complications such as testicular swelling, hydrocele, scrotal ulcer and lameness which disappeared in a short time.Results indicated that testosterone level were significantly decline P<0.05 in the second and third groups, it reached to (0.30±0.05) and (1.66±0.25) ng/ml respectively at the end of experiment.All semen parameters were significantly P<0.05 decreased on days 21 and 28 in treatment groups, in which there was seminal plasma only, absence of sperm motility, zero sperm concentration and no viable sperms.All animals subjected to traditional castration on 30 and 60 days post-injection or ligation to harvested testicular biopsies for histopathological examination. Testicular sections revealed depletion of sertoli cells and interstitial fibrosis which replaced leydig cells. These changes were more severe in chemical group when compared with ligation group. This means that both techniques reflected their ability to impair or stop the testicular functions with superiority of chemical castration.

A Seroepidemiological study of Neospora caninum was conducted in Al-Muthana and Al-Nasseria provinces, Iraq on 800 cows serum sample by using commercial Elisa kit. the overall seroprevalence ratio of Neospora caninum was 17.5%, on provincial basis Neospora caninum infection was present in these provinces that was 16 %, 18.4% in Al-Muthana, and Al-Nasseria provinces respectively,which non significant differences between provinces (P<0.05), Comparisons of N.caninum serological status with age groups (5-8 y) showed seropositive rate 21.32% that higher thanother groups with significant differences (P<0.05). antibodies of N.caninum showed in aborted cows 32.29% higher than non aborted cows 7.53% with significant differences (P<0.05). Also the infection rate in dairy cows 19.17% higher than beef cows 12.5% with significant differences (P<0.05).

The aim of this study was to determine the adverse effects of cadmium sulfate administration & role vit E in correction these adverse effect on urinary system parameters, 30 six mouth old ,clinically healthy new Zealand white rabbits were divided in to three group (ten in each group)T1 control group,T2 givin normal diet and tap water has 250mg/L for 60days,T3givin also normal diet, tap water has 250mg/ml & 500mg/day dietary administration of Alpha-tocophenol there were a significant variation (p≤0.01) between T2&T3groups in the levels of blood urea nitrogen, uric acid &plasma glutathione peroxidase, while the there were some improvement in the levels of creatinin & kidney glutathione peroxidase for T3group than T2 group, but this improvement don't reach the significant value. urine protein percentage for T3group was less sever than T2 group. histopathological alteration in the kidney tissue for T3&T2 groups were confirm these results as general, Alpha-tocophenol play important role in diminishing oxidative stress of urinary system that resulted from chronic cadmium exposure.

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of stress which caused by academic examination on some physiological parameters of students of college of veterinary medicine in university of Al-qadisyia and for this objective we measure The studied physiological parameters for twenty five students from veterinary medicine college five students from each
stage ;in day of examination ,also these parameters were measured for five volunteers as control group .the age of students and volunteers ranged from ( - 32 91) years the studied
parameters were include , systolic blood pressure ,red blood cells count, packed cell volume , thrombocytes count , neutrophils count , eosinophils count , monocytes count , and lymphocytes count .and heart rate. heart rate and systolic blood pressure and neutrophils count were significantly increase (p<,,,0) .in all students groups compared with control group . which indicate affected of these parameters by stress . while other parameters were not revealed significant changes

The study aim to explain the anatomical description of the larynx in the indigenous male turkey (Meleagris gallopava). For making use as a basic information in the study of the respiratory physiology, histopathology, the respiratory diseases diagnosis, and surgery and anesthesia of turkey. Five healthy birds (first year of age and weighing (4715 ± 43.3 gm)) employed in this study. After well bleeding, the larynx detected, and then the shape, position, dimensions of each specimen and its components were recorded. The larynx appeared as a heart-shaped mound in the caudal part of the oropharyngeal cavity. It consisted of a single hyaline cricoid cartilage which consisted of body and left and right wings, double hyaline arytenoid cartilages which consisting of body and rostral and caudal processes, and single hyaline procricoid cartilage which consisted of body dorsally and tail ventrally. Also there were superficial and deep intrinsic and rostral, caudolateral, and caudomedial extrinsic laryngeal skeletal muscles.

This study was conducted to investigate the safety of the most commonly used Newcastle disease vaccines in Al-Sulaimaniyah province (LaSota and Clone30). A total of 225 one-day old broiler chicks of Ross 308 breed were investigated for their maternal-derived antibody (MDA) titers by ELISA test. Subsequently, these chicks were divided randomly into 3 equal groups; ( 2 treatment groups, T1 group which was vaccinated by LaSota vaccine and T2 group which was vaccinated by Clone30 vaccine). and control non-vaccinated group. ELISA test was used to investigate the antibody titers against NDV in all groups on day 10 post second vaccination at 34 days of chicks age and tissue biopsies were obtained for histopathological examination from the trachea, spleen, Bursa of Fabricious and thymus to explore the tissue changes that may induced by the vaccine.Significant variation was observed in the means of antibody titers against NDV between the control and treatment groups, whereas, no significant variation was observed between the treatment groups themselves. The histopatological examination results showed that a reactive lymphocytic response was observed in both treatment groups compared to the control group. In addition, focal epithelial sloughing and mucopurulent exudates was observed in the trachea of T1 group chicks only. The result of this study showed that the NDV vaccine of clone30 is approximately of the same efficiency and more secure than LaSota vaccine.

In this study, infected lung samples of pigeons at Al-Diwaniya province were tested for the presence of some aerobic bacteria. The identification of bacteria were proved by swabs culturing and biochemical tests. A total of 100 pigeons were examined at post-mortem, and 100 samples with pneumonia were collected. All lungs were collected from different local pigeon’s market showing respiratory disorders. Blood agar supplemented with 7% sheep blood was used for isolation of the agents.Two methods were used for culturing the samples collecting from lung which include direct and indirect methods. In both methods bacterial colonies were identified on blood agar and MacConkey agar after that differential media was used for bacterial purification; various biochemical tests were used to study the properties of each bacterium. The aim of this work was to isolate and identify the aerobic bacteria associated with cases showing typical signs of respiratory infections.Bacteriological result showed (107) bacterial isolates which include Escherchia coli represent high percentage (29.9%) and ,Staphylococcus spp.(14.%) were considered the most predominant bacteria in comparison to other isolated bacteria which include Streptococcus pneumonia, K. pneumonia, E. aerogenense and P. vulgaris. This study showed that E. coli is the most prevalent bacterial infection among pigeon population in Al-Diwaniya province

The study was included hundred of fecal samples of horses and donkeys (44 horses and 56 donkeys) males and females at age (2-6) years were collected from the period (1/11/2009– 30/10/2010). The parasites were encounter in 100% of horses and donkeys. Among the parasites that detected in horses, the prevalence of Strongylidae, Parascaris equorum, Strongyloides westri, Trichostrongylus axei, Oxyuris equi Cryptosporidium spp., Balantidium coli and Eimeria spp. were 50% , 40.90%, 22.72%, 25% ,11.36%, 20.45% 15.90% 6.81% respectively. In donkeys, the prevalence of Strongylidae, Parascaris equorum, Strongyloides westri, Trichostrongylus axei, Oxyuris equi, Dictyocaulus arnfieldi, Cryptosporidium spp., Balantidium coli, Eimeria spp. and Entamoeba coli were 57.14%, 32.14%, 28.57%, 17.85%, 17.85%, 17.85%, 19.64, 17.85%, 10.71% and 3.57% respectively. The single parasitic infection in this research was 50%, 28.57% and the mixed infection was 50%, 71.42% in horses and donkeys respectively. The statistical analysis reveal significant differences in the percentages of infections in different ages in horses and donkeys (p<0.01), while there were no significant differences in the percentages of infections of males and females of horses and donkeys (p<0.05).