Mustansiriyah Journal of Arts

sports reporting which tends to make much use of them. These nicknames are frequently used to dub players, clubs, stadiums, coaches, etc. that sometimes their original names are no longer used by journalists, commentators or fans. Thus, it seems very interesting to deal with such brand- new field full of twists and turns, oddities and quiddities. The transfer of nicknames may seem easy which is not true for it poses crucial problems for translators owing to the fact that they reflect not only the English culture and language but also even other ones like Italian, Spanish, etc. That is also due to the phenomenon of globalization of such sports as soccer, tennis, baseball and so on. This requires the translator to gauge the target language (TL) familiarity before adopting any translation strategy. At the outset and before embarking upon discussing the translation strategies proposed for sports nicknames, the present researcher finds it worth while to put these nicknames under the microscope, giving her classifications of them. Moreover the paper examines relevant issues: language of sports (LS) and translator versus (vs.) knowledge. Finally, it is worth mentioning that the study is limited to investigate nicknames in two sports, viz. football and tennis.

The paper considers how to account for the distribution and reference of the reflexive pronouns nafsahu / nafsuhu in Arabic within the Binding Theory. Anaphoric nafsahu can appear in argument positions, whereas emphatic nafsuhu / nafsahu can appear mainly in non-argument positions. It is shown that the Binding Theory can handle adequately the facts of Arabic reflexives. Unlike the traditional view, it is proposed that reflexive should be treated as a compound word for this will help to capture the facts neatly. It is also shown that Arabic lacks long distance reflexives because it does not have a morphologically simple reflexive nafs.

In “The Iceman Cometh”, O’Neill presents a group ofcharacters who withdraw from society because of their failure to cope with its demands and find in Harry Hope’s inn a refuge which protects them from outer threats. They spend their time in drinking alcohol and deceiving themselves that tomorrow they will prove that they are not failures. Each of them dreams of going out, looking for a job or getting their old jobs back . However, they do not put their promises to action but they go on dreaming. Even Harry Hope, the owner of the inn who hasn’t set a foot outside his inn for twenty years dreams that one day he will walk out and take part in the social activities of his city as he used to do in the past. The women characters are also building a world of dreams and illusions to compensate for the harsh life they lead. These women are street walkers who have been manipulated and exploited badly by the bartender Rocky but they keep on saying that they are only ‘tarts” who like to pass a good time, while Cora dreams of getting married and settling in a farm. Those characters are waiting for Hickey, a hardware businessman who usually comes to the inn and pays for their drinks . But his sudden change leads to the collapse of their false world. He tells them that he does not need alcohol anymore because he has been liberated from his pipe dream and he comes this time with the task of helping each one of them to free himself from his pipe dream. They received his change with resentment and confusion, when he forces each character to go out and face the world , they come back horrified , and after their failure to put their promises to action, he declares his real intention which is to strip them of their dreams and illusions because this will give them the peace of mind which he gained, and he goes on to the revelation that he killed his wife because he loved her and he wanted to liberate her from the illusion that one day he will stop drinking and be a good husband , but suddenly, this leads him to the realization that he hated his wife and this was the real motive for killing her. Startled by this revelation, the characters think that Hickey is insane and they finally regain their composure and their illusion. Hickey’s argument has an effect on two characters, Parriitt, the young radical who realizes that he was motivated by hatred in betraying his mother and with Larry’s help, learns that only by killing himself he can ever become free of her.
In this play, O’Neill presents his viewpoint that getting rid of illusions and pipe dreams doesn’t bring contentment to man, on the contrary, without illusions life looks bleaker and the future fearful. But living in this way will change man into a passive creature and it will strip him of his will to change things and to direct his life. Therefore, facing reality with all its contradictions and disappointments is more constructive than to bask in dreams and illusions.

his essay was mainly written with the students of the English departments in our universities in mind. After having taught in different English departments at different colleges for over thirty seven years now, my judgment is that the students enter and finish their four years in college and are never given a comprehensive knowledge about the backgrounds of the literature they study which is English literature. They are also not given any idea as to how to make connections with world literature. In fact they are not made aware of the historical fact that not only Western classical literature but also Eastern classical literature and the Mesopotamian literature in particular, are connected with the English literature they study. Hopefully, this essay will illuminate and pave the way for creating enough curiosity in the readers to dig deeper for more detailed information in general. The essay may also serve as the raw material for a course syllabus with the same title, i.e. “Backgrounds to English Literature” to be given to undergraduate or postgraduate students of English literature.

Un auteur ne pourrait écrire une pièce de théâtre sans la moindre connaissance des éléments dramatiques. Nous voulons dire par éléments dramatiques non seulement, décor, mise en scène, durée de la pièce, mais aussi la relation auteur-acteur-spectateur ; toute affaire réalisée sur scène doit être prise en compte par l'auteur. C'est pourquoi nous voyons que les pièces les plus célèbres sont celles écrites sur papier avant qu'elles soient jouées sur scène. Certains auteurs préfèrent être présents dans tous les détails de leurs pièces. L'effet exercé par le mot sur le spectateur dépend du niveau culturel de celui-ci. En plus, lorsque nous voyons une scène classique, le mot ne nous émeut pas de la même façon qu'une scène contemporaine. Sans oublier que l'acteur joue un rôle principal dans sa représentation d'un personnage ainsi que sa façon de dire les messages écrits par l'auteur, c'est-à-dire les mots prononcés.

Paul et Virginie de Bernardin de Saint-Pierre est considéré comme un roman pastoral dont les intentions sont à montrer que le bonheur consiste à vivre selon la vertu et la pureté de la nature. L’action du roman se déroule sur une île éloignée de la civilisation où il y a deux femmes isolées, se sont rencontrées séparément pour vivre sur l’île. Chacune a un enfant ; l'une a un garçon, l’autre une fille. Toutes les deux se prennent pour sœurs. Elles élèvent ensemble leurs enfants en partageant la vie. Mais, un désastre est venu détruire leur bonheur, c’est la mort de Virginie. On peut prévoir le drame qui se passe à cause du conflit entre la pureté de la nature et le désastre emporté par la civilisation, lorsque le bateau, symbole de la civilisation, emporte l'héroïne morte devant les yeux de son amant. C’est la conséquence du premier contact avec Paris, symbole de la civilisation. Le conflit se montre à travers l’union amoureuse au refuge de la nature et la séparation à travers la civilisation qui tranche entre les deux cœurs un fossé à jamais. C’est une légende du conflit entre la pureté de la nature et la sauvagerie de la civilisation.