Alustath Journal for Human and Social Sciences

The research paper studies some examples of Ibn Malik in his Alfiyah, which includes the basic rules of the grammatical chapters contained therein, and the topic under investigation is being manipulated by studying the examples of Ibn Malik in his brief summary to prove the essential grammatical rules and studying them semantically, and then relating that to what was mentioned in the grammatical books. Alfiyah commentators can make use of these examples in their explanations. The significance of this topic is due to the fact that it sheds light on an important topic, which is: studying the examples of Alfiyat ibn Malik grammatically and semantically. The research objectives endeavor to achieve revolves round: tackling examples of Alfiyat ibn Malik to prove the grammatical rule. According to the nature of the research, the descriptive approach was adopted; particularly analysis as one of its tools, and it is being restricted to Malik examples in terms of grammatical summary in order to be examined grammatically and semantically. The study was divided into two axes, the first one was concerned with introducing Ibn Malik and his Alfiyah, and the other was devoted to talking about the concept of examples, and studying some examples of Ibn Malik as a grammatical semantic study, and then a conclusion in which the most important findings and recommendations were mentioned.

Ahmad Shawqi led his words and his letters reigned as Persians to her knight, he was crowned King, and he was crowned Emir. The tribe was Arab if a poet came to congratulate the tribes, because it was the protection of their symptoms, immortalization of their monuments, mention of them, and they congratulated only a boy born, a poet who grew, or a horse who produced "known for his patriotic attitudes that affected him. His homeland carried a bleeding wound and wounded his pen with a patter sword. He was fined in Damascus and fiancée and ha. He was the fiancée's yes in her grief, her unity and her struggle against her enemies, who desecrated her soil and excelled. He stood in the wall of Azbakiyah in 1926 on an occasion dedicated to helping the people of Syria after their land was bombed and destroyed. He created his poem "Damascus Nakba", in which his feelings were manifested by genuine sincerity, the monolith of powerful meanings, without cost, live, beautiful, expressive by rhetorical artistic methods, and a university between news and creation. . The results of the study are: The poem “The Nakba of Damascus” is a poem full of patriotic and national meanings, through which we discover the true personality of the Prince of Poets and hi national concern. Likewise, the poem “The Nakba of Damascus” is considered a true historical document through which it embodies the history of Syria and transmits it faithfully, with its honorable, distant past – and the painful relative, who embodied the Nakba in all its forms from the greed of the invaders and the pity of the French, as well as the courage and strength of its people.

This study aimed to reveal the effectiveness of multi-stage adaptive testing using the Delta- Scoring Method. The data resulting from the application of the Otis- Lennon Test of General Mental Ability (Figure J) was used on Ibb University students. The size of the staging sample was (1600) male and female students, and the data were graded using the Delta program. The adaptive testing sample consisted of (130) students, and the data of their responses were used in the adaptive testing, which consisted of four stages. The first stage consisted of five items, followed by the second, third and fourth stages, each of which consisted of five items as well. Then the score for each student in the four stages was cumulatively calculated, and it was compared to the student's estimated score from the written test with its eighty items. The results showed that the correlation coefficient between the estimated score from the adaptive test and the estimated score from the written test with its eighty items was (0.878), and the average difference in the estimated score was (5.728). The standard error of the mean was (0.096). In addition, the difference between the square root of the mean of the error squares in the mean was (0.053) which indicates the effectiveness of the adaptive testing built using the Delta method.

Comparative literature is a type of interdisciplinary studies that deals with the relationships between the literatures of different nations of the world, and studies the relationship between literature and other human sciences, including the social sciences. The usefulness of these studies is generally due to the fact that they end in obtaining important information, a better understanding of the literary works of different nations and the establishment of a bridge between them, as well as leading to more knowledge through contact with other world literatures. This research paper, by adopting the descriptive and analytical approach and within the framework of the Slavic or Russian School of Comparative Literature, especially the views of Victor Maksimovich Zhirmunsky, aims to study the situation of the Iranian and Lebanese societies during and after World War I in my collections ""Yaki Boud Yaki Naboud”) by Muhammad Ali Jamalzadeh” and “Kan Ma Kan” for Mikhail Naima”. The authors coexist in two similar societies to some extent, and the social implications of both groups and their method of dealing with social issues, as well as their similarities in various fields, including the title, justifies the necessity and importance of conducting this research. The results of the research showed that the two communities were very similar in the midst of the First World War and suffered from similar social problems that led to the creation of the two works, and the similarities between them in various social fields arise from the great similarity in the reality of the two communities. The deplorable status of women, the migration crisis, poverty, division, class divides; identity crisis and other bleak social risks such as suicide, betrayal, bribery and nepotism were among the most common social problems of that time period.

The study dealt with (CAD) in the Holy Qur’an: its definition, its behavior, its adverbs, and its negation. The study aimed at emphasizing the need to study transcribers in the Holy Qur’an, and applying the functional grammar approach and graduating with it from the wombs of grammar books, to the horizons of application, and the study included: A preface entitled (The Naskh) its types and its work and three sections, the first topic came under the title (Actions of Approach, its Definition, Types and Work). The second topic was entitled (CAD) its definition and behavior, the conditions of its circumstance, and the entry of denial to it. The third topic (cad) came in the Holy Quran. The method followed by this study is the inductive analytical method. In conclusion, the study reached the conclusions of the recommendations, which are: 1. The necessity of applying the functional grammar approach. 2. Inviting researchers to study transcribers, and their types, through the Noble Qur’an and the Noble Hadith.

The aim of this research is to reveal the relationship between addiction to self-portrait and body image among adolescent girls in the city of Aleppo. Their ages ranged between (19-16) years, with a mean (16.8) and a standard deviation (0.642), and a questionnaire was used to take a selfie prepared by Rehab Yahya Ahmed 2019 and a questionnaire for satisfaction with body image prepared by Omar Taj Al-Din 2021, and the results of the research showed that there is a relationship between addiction Self-portrait and body image among adolescent girls, where the correlation coefficient was (0.328_) and there were differences between females of the scientific and literary branches in selfie addiction in favor of females of the literary branch, where the calculated T value reached (2.84), and there are no differences between females of the scientific and literary branch in body image

The study aimed to identify the degree of contribution of distance education platforms in reducing cyberbullying from the point of view of elementary school teachers, to achieve the objectives of the study, the researchers adopted the descriptive analytical approach, while the questionnaire was used as a main tool for collecting data from the study sample, which consisted of (116) elementary school teachers in the Asir region, which were selected in a simple random way. The study reached several results, the most important of which were: that the degree of contribution of distance education platforms in reducing (mockery and defamation) from the point of view of elementary school teachers was high, and the degree of contribution of distance education platforms in reducing (nuisance and violation of privacy) from the point of view of elementary school teachers were very high, and the degree of contribution of distance education platforms to reducing (insult and threat) from the point of view of elementary school teachers was high, and finally the results indicated that there were no statistically significant differences in the degree of contribution of distance education platforms in reducing cyberbullying from the view point of elementary school teachers according to years of experience. The study recommended teaching parents and children ways to protect against the dangers that target future generations through the use of prevention and protection programs that address bullying in all its forms, and to develop students' awareness of the safe use of modern technology to ensure that they do not fall victim to bullying.

The research aims at revealing the relationship between dimensions of psychological fitness and the feeling of satisfaction among young people, as well as showing the relationship between psychological fitness and the feeling of satisfaction among young people in the light of some variables such as gender (males, females) and educational tracks (human, scientific, health), and the interactions as mediating factors. It also attempts to reveal the significant differences in satisfaction and psychological fitness according to the interaction of the variables. The psychological fitness scale and the satisfaction scale were applied to a sample of young people consisting of (248) young men, of whom (144) were males and (104) were female university graduates. The results showed a relationship between the feeling of satisfaction and psychological fitness among young people, a function at the level (0.01). There is a relationship between satisfaction, psychological fitness and gender (M, F) after controlling it at a statistically significant level (0.01). And also exists a statistically significant relationship at the level (0.01) between satisfaction, psychological fitness and the educational track (H, S, H) after controlling it, which is a strong and positive correlation. The structural relationships of satisfaction and psychological fitness among young people reflected a correlational relationship, not a predictive causal relationship. The results also showed significant differences for the gender variable (M, F) in feeling satisfied in favor of females. There were no significant differences for the gender variable (M, F) in psychological fitness, and no significant differences in favor of the educational track variable (human, scientific, health).

The study aimed to reveal the level of academic writing skills of master's students majoring in curricula and teaching methods at King Khalid University in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. To achieve this goal, the analytical descriptive approach was used, and study materials and tools were prepared, which were: a list of academic writing skills, and tools for measuring academic writing skills, then selecting the study sample from master’s students majoring in curricula and teaching methods at King Khalid University, the third level, and the study sample was formed From (17) students, then applying the study tools, statistical analysis, reaching and interpreting the results, and making recommendations and proposals. The results revealed: a list of academic writing skills suitable for master's students, and that the level of academic writing skills of the study sample students was low.

Most of the counselors were able to motivate their students to carry out humanitarian volunteer work among each other, and for the community surrounding them as well, through electronic directives in addition to directives and instructions within the school, so that many students generate the motivation to work voluntarily, and among the simplest volunteer work that Most of the male and female students learned it by carrying out campaigns to clean the classrooms with self-motivation after they received guidance from the class counselor, or the educational counselor, for one time, and then their campaigns were self-voluntary. Therefore, the current research aims to know: the electronic counseling for middle school students, the motivation of voluntary work among middle school students and the correlation between electronic counseling and volunteer work motivation among middle school students. In order to achieve the aims of the research, the researcher built research tools (electronic counseling, and volunteer work motivation), and the tools were applied to a research sample of (400) middle school students, and after collecting data and processing them statistically, the research concluded that there is a strong direct relationship between counseling E-mail and volunteer work motivation among middle school students

University students face many changes, especially that the university stage is a stage of self-determination for them, in terms of their determination to continue studying, and choose the specialization that suits their abilities and inclinations, and at the same time they are challenging the current health conditions from the Corona crisis, and the achievement struggle is an important factor In guiding students’ behavior, as well as helping them understand and explain the behavior of those around them, as Iraqi universities are an important cultural center, they have a great responsibility to prepare and create the appropriate university environment, to be at the level of challenges in order to refine the personality of the Iraqi university student by promoting the values of bearing They have social responsibility.
But the problem is that not all students have the ability to assume social responsibility, and this entails several negative things, since in such a case we find that most university students are unable to take responsibility for themselves, and therefore they will be unable to take responsibility for their families when they seek to form family, and therefore unable to take responsibility for the work entrusted to them. Accordingly, the current research aims to know: 1- Achievement struggle among university students. 2- Assuming the social responsibility of university students. 3- Correlational relationship between achievement struggle and social responsibility among university students. In order to achieve the objectives of the research, the researcher built a scale of achievement struggle, and built a scale of social responsibility, and the two scales were applied to the research sample consisting of (379) male and female students, from the University of Baghdad. They have an achievement struggle in the face of difficult circumstances, and that university students are able to assume social responsibility, and that there is a correlation between the achievement struggle and social responsibility among university students, and in light of this, the researcher came up with a number of recommendations, and suggestions.

Cognitive-behavioral therapy is one of the most important relatively recent; treatment programs that attempt to modify behavior and control psychological disorders by modifying the individual's thinking style and awareness of himself and his environment, and cognitive reconstruction by replacing negative thoughts with positive ones. The current study aimed to know the effectiveness of a cognitive behavioral treatment program in reducing nervous fatigue among mothers of children with cerebral palsy. The sample on which the nervous fatigue scale was applied consisted of (30) mothers whose son suffers from cerebral palsy, and the results indicated that (24) mothers suffer from nervous fatigue. This sample was divided into two groups, the first group to which the treatment program was applied, which is the experimental sample, and the number of its members was (12) mothers, and the second group, which is the control group, which consisted of (12) mothers. The results indicated the effectiveness of the cognitive-behavioral treatment program to reduce nervous fatigue among mothers of children with cerebral palsy, and there were a set of recommendations that help mothers.

The grain milling industry is one of the oldest and most famous industries. It has been known to man since a long time ago. Stone was used for grinding, and then water and air were used to run the mills until the machines and machines represented by cylinders and cylinders powered by electric power were used. This industry also witnessed a great development in Iraq over the years. The eras that passed by, especially in the second half of the twentieth century, as a result of the increase in population numbers and being the basic food for humans, several mills were established in Baghdad and the rest of the other provinces, including the Dora Mill, which was established in 1979 affiliated with the General Company for Grain Manufacturing, This industry goes through several stages, starting from receiving the raw material (wheat) from the silos until it is milled and converted into flour to be packed and transported to agents and then distributed to the citizens. There are several factors that constitute a key factor in the extent of its success, including the factor of locations, availability of water, electric power and fuel, and the transport factor, which is one of the important factors that contribute to its success as it uses large and cheap raw materials, as well as government policy and direct and indirect state interventions in it.

There is no doubt that the name of Iraq has been associated with the United States of America as well as its strategy in recent decades, especially during the first and second Gulf wars, leading to its occupation of it in 2003, so this study attempts to deal with the American strategy towards Iraq between these two wars, to identify the merits of this strategy, And its goals, as well as the reasons for its transformations, the repercussions of which continued until the present time. The study reached several conclusions, the most important of which is that the American strategy towards Iraq during this period was in the form of a declared policy represented in deceiving the Iraqi regime that the United States is a supportive country for it, during the first Gulf War and beyond, by continuing to provide its army with weapons, equipment, and training. At the same time, an undeclared policy was to implicate Iraq and push it to occupy Kuwait through several means, with the aim of destroying its military and economic strength. First, to keep it away from threatening its allies and interests in the region, and also to give it a justification for entering forcefully into the Arabian Gulf region and controlling it second, this is what the second Gulf War achieved.

The research aims to know (the effect of the strategy (stop, put a star, arrange) on the reading comprehension of the reading material for the students of the second intermediate grade). The average scores of intermediate second-grade students who study reading using the strategy (stop, put a star, arrange), and between the average achievement scores of second-grade intermediate students who study reading in the traditional way. Baghdad Education / Al-Rusafa, the third, has distributed (31) students in the control group, and (30) students in the experimental group, the researcher studied the experimental group using the strategy (stop, put a star, arrange) and the control group in the traditional way. Which may affect this type of experimental design? The following result showed: There is a statistically significant difference at the level (0.05) between the average scores of the experimental group that studied reading according to the strategy (stop, put a star, arrange) and the average scores of the control group that studied reading According to the traditional (usual) method of collection combined for the benefit of the experimental group. . The need to adopt a strategic method (stop, put a star, arrange) in teaching reading to the second intermediate grade, because of its useful advantages, carrying out subsequent studies in the same field as an extension and completion of current research.

The current research aims to investigate the reality of e-learning (its advantages and disadvantages) from the point of view of students in the Directorate General of Education in Anbar Governorate, as well as to identify the significance of the differences in the students' perspectives according to the variables of gender and academic specialization. To achieve the goal of the research, the researcher adopted a questionnaire of (Aisan and Al-Ani, 2007), which consists of (46) items. Of which (25) items measure the positives of e-learning and (21) measure the negatives of e- learning. The apparent validity of the questionnaire was verified by presenting it to (12) arbitrators specialized in psychological and educational sciences. The arbitrators agreed to accept (44) items and delete two items from the field of negative aspects of e- learning. In addition, the stability of the questionnaire was verified and then it was applied to a sample of secondary school students in Anbar Governorate, their number reached (150) students, males and females. After the statistical treatment of the data obtained from the sample using the weighted mean method, relative weight and two-way analysis of variance with interaction, the research reached the following results: The field of e-learning negatives ranked first, as there were (16) items verified out of a total of (19) items. The field of e-learning advantages came in second place, as there were (13) items verified out of a total of (25). This indicates that e-learning has more negatives than positives from students’ point of view. In addition, the results showed there is no statistically significant difference in their views according to the academic achievement variable, while there was a difference in those of the students of the scientific specialization. The researcher has made a number of recommendations, among which, seeking to find an electronic learning environment in which the infrastructure for this type of education is available. The researcher also suggested a number of future studies, among which, the availability of e-learning infrastructure throughout the republic of Iraq.

The research problem comes as a renewal attempt to extrapolate Andalusian poetry and its phenomenon according to the requirements of contemporary criticism.The aim of the research is to determine the extent of the response of Andalusian poetry to contemporary theories of criticism, identification with its premises, and the extent of influence and influence whose features became evident in the texts of Andalusian poets. The study resorted to an applied procedure on a number of poetic texts, in which the extents of change that occurred in Arabic poetry became clear. As a result of the spatial shift that occurred to the Andalusian poet; In terms of words, meanings, and images, and the extent of their reflection on poetry in Andalusia for non-Arabs, through an applied and analytical research approach that appeals to contemporary critical visions in deconstructing texts and re-extrapolating them again. It turned out that the Andalusian poetic text is able to respond to the requirements of contemporary criticism, and it proved the impact left by the Arab poets in Andalusia on the content of Andalusian life, and its reflection on European poets in the poetry of the troubadours.

Our aim in this research is to highlight the cognitive and methodological tools on which Al-Khalil bin Ahmed Al-Farahidi built his poetic performances, and to explain the mathematical principles that he used in his performance circles, and how exercise was adopted in determining poetic meters, which did not take a final abstract nature that entered him into the field of abandoned or dead hypotheses that required by the mathematical cracking of the phenomenon; Rather, the hypotheses were working to organize the state of investigation of the live weights that are supported by the use and subject to the exact scientific method accompanied by the accuracy of the observation and the scientific procedure and the depth of the analysis that was carried out by Al-Khalil, and thus opened horizons for research that would not have been if it had not been.

The paper dealt with the problem of semantic concepts in the Hausa language, describing and analyzing some of its terms, and how to conceive them in the multiplicity of meaning, metaphor and semantic taboos. It also aimed to know the semantic characteristics of Hausa language that are rarely found together in another language, seeking to increase the ability to interpret meaning, to determine the level of the exact correctness of translation from and to Hausa language, understanding the ways of thinking of its people in generating meanings, and the effect of that on social life. The paper reviewed the definition of the concept, the perception, the connotation and the meaning, then explained the means of obtaining the meaning in the Hausa language, and some words were used as examples, The paper reached into some conclusions, including that the study of semantic concepts helps in determining the second meaning, and developing new terms and the historical study of language, There are terms borrowed by Hausa language as a result of concept contrast and their connotations are included in other terms.

This study deals with one of the essential topics in English linguistics and politics silence, which plays a significant role in politics given the numerous functions it serves. Particularly, it examines and analyses the meaning and function of silence of some well-known current politicians, namely former US presidents, George W. Bush, Barack Obama and Donald Trump. The rationale behind this choice stems from that these political figures tend to have silent pauses for particular purposes such as disagreement, and insulting. Drawing on Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann's "Spiral of Silence" paradigm and van Dijk's Critical Discourse Analysis, this study also seeks to answer the following main question: what types of silence can be deduced from former US presidents and how can we explain silence from this and other perspectives. It also reviews the interpretation of silence in different contexts and discusses the functions and types of this concept. Results this study has obtained from analysing the data show that silence can showcase a range of categories of communicative functions. This study presents evidence for a number of functions that can be conveyed by the use of silence in speech in political discourse. These include face-saving, affecting, evaluating and linking. Results also suggest that since speakers (politicians) do not identify specific victims by name, they may want to achieve victim equity. This is due to the possibility that bringing up a certain name could bring up issues related to race, religion, politics, etc. Additionally, a speaker could appear depressed while attempting to avoid mentioning the name of a certain family member. As a result, that family’s sorrow can deepen.

The paradigms within human relationship are shaped by a multitude of factors which tug at the edges of the ability to form interpersonal bonds with the influence of experience. What constitutes experience, then, can be argued in several different manners. However, it is the interpretation of conventional, institutional education in the minds of the characters in Williams Faulkner’s Light in August, Virginia Woolf’s To the Lighthouse, and Boris Vian’s Mood Indigo that sets a course for the trajectory of their relationships with others and with themselves. The various frameworks of the characters’ respective educations allow them to express what has been fed to them and how to interpret, knowledge. Once they are able to identify what constitutes experience through learning, these concepts, religious tenets, the awareness of factual circumstances, fixed categories imposed on reality, and ostensible truth as defined by ideology, are applied to models of human relationship, often with disastrous or emotionally numbing results through sticking to a pre-defined notion of how to apply what one is taught to one’s personal life. The characters of Light in August utilize an organic absorption of conventional education and religion as a form of teaching, as well as relying on past experience and intuition to traverse through their relationships, while the intellectual pursuits of the Ramsays and their acquaintances (particularly the male figures) in To the Lighthouse lead them to define relationship using ideas instead of raw emotion and experience. In comparison, the beautiful and tragic youth of Mood Indigo transform conventional education into goods for material consumption, as notions of the intellectual become synonymous with an indulgence in objectifying traditional forms of knowledge in monetary, and even human, form. The point at which education and desires converge and possibly become inseparable, then, marks the intersection not only between the compromise of relationships co-existing with powerful, learned ideas, but also the parallels between how self-acquired education through experience can differ from institutionalized thought. Can the distinctions between these methods lead to more or less successful relationships, or do they arrive at the same conclusion; the disintegration of previously cherished relationships? Is it then possible for education and relationship to co-exist peacefully? If not, perhaps it is this collision in the world of fiction that catalyzes the characters’ perpetual uncertainty with regard to both ideas.

Current linguistic theory presumes languages to be essentially similar because individuals have a genetic inclination to acquire language. Linguists strive to create a model of this abstract universal grammar that captures the core commonalities among different languages while allowing room for all the subtle differences that naturally occur in human speech. This all-encompassing theory of universal grammar would accurately distinguish between possible grammars and impossible grammars. This paper examines the main tenets of the two major generative phonology models of universal grammar: SPE’s Generative Phonology theory representing rule-based, derivational universal grammar models, and Optimality Theory as a representative of constraint-based models of universal grammar.

Linguistic literacy is one of the learning outcomes that language education seeks to achieve because it works to develop students' awareness and understanding of all aspects of the language, and it also enables students to use the language with skill, and provide them with a linguistic wealth that develops the ability to communicate effectively in different life situations, as well as enlightenment Linguistically students avoid avoiding linguistic errors, and is an indication of the judgment of students' levels, as it gives them the ability to control the language, and to view the grammar as a tool for understanding the language and its taste and a means to ensure the integrity of the linguistic performance, not as dry and complicated rules. An analytical descriptive approach is used to suit the nature of this research.

'Lamma' is chosen as an example of having or not equivalence or equivalences in four English translations of the H. Quran. Dealing with it semantically, 'Lamma' as an adverbial noun or a particle (conjunction) has certain meanings in Arabic grammar. It has more than one type that carries different meanings. Assessment of rendering 'lamma' relies on Nida's (1964) types of equivalences (formal and dynamic); both kinds are reflected in different terms by Newmark’s (1988) type of translations, i.e. semantic and communicative. The aim of the study is to investigate the translation of these types and to high light the differences in the translations as well as to detect the equivalences of 'lamma' in English.The research is trying to answer the following questions: Have the translators succeeded in rendering the grammatical meanings of 'lamma'? and how they tackle the difference in meanings. Are renderings of 'lamma' different from one translator to another; is that depends on time (old or modern), or culture (Muslim or Christian, Knowing Arabic (the source language) or not. Relatively speaking, translators have found a formal and dynamic equivalence of 'lamma' as far as the meaning is clear, as in the first type of 'lamma'. However, when the meaning of 'lamma' is not clear enough, as in the second and third type of 'lamma', the translators didn't grasp the whole meaning of 'lamma'. Moreover, rarely there are differences between the translators concerning their time and culture.

Intensifiers are adverbials or adverbial phrases that are used to enhance the meanings of certain constructions. The study aims to investigate English intensifiers and their functions as devices of emotional enhancement .Moreover; they identify students with this grammatical item. The significance of the research is that intensifiers function as linguistic devices to maximize the meaning or, in a certain sense, intensify the emotional tone of words and expressions. Some commonly used intensifiers include very, too, at all, absolutely, extremely, really, wh-words or expressions, etc. e.g. what on earth are you doing? In terms of their semantic classes, intensifiers can be divided into Amplifiers, Emphasizers and Downtoners. The problem of this research is that the students find it difficult to comprehend the functions of English intensifiers. In terms of the method used in this research, the researcher tries to give a detailed analysis of the most common English intensifiers. An exercise relevant to the topic is adopted to enhance the research. The analysis of the results reveals that the third-year Iraqi college students succeed in operating intensifiers in a way that shows their ability to handle this grammatical item.