Political Sciences Journal

The research confirmed that oil still has an impact on international politics, as the developed world's continued need and the entry of countries competing for it is not to control its sources as it was in the past, but rather to compete within the framework of protecting its supply routes, diversifying import sources, supporting its naval forces, relying on reliable allies, and adopting a policy of strategic storage. The United States no longer relies heavily on supplies from the Arabian Gulf region and has begun to rely on imports from new regions. Africa, Latin America, and Canada have become arenas for American-Chinese-Indian competition over oil.

The call for the end of ideology and utopia is not a new call, and this call had a strong echo within Western cultural circles in the fifties of the last century and continues to this day. Studying this call through its supporters and opponents is the subject of this research. Perhaps the best methodology for studying such a subject is the methodology that links the rise of the age of high culture with the decline of the age of ideologies on the one hand, and that links the end of the age of class struggle with the end of the age of ideologies on the other hand, which links the theory of the end of history with the end of the age of ideologies. We touch on all these intellectual and political preoccupations in this research.

Today, Iraq is witnessing a democratic openness and a clear trend towards multi-partyism, which came after a long experience that lasted 35 years of central rule and the dominance of the single-party system. The developments following the fall of the Iraqi regime have produced a political movement and opened the door wide to establish diverse political movements and organizations. Since 2003, parties and organizational structures have appeared in the Iraqi political arena with various names, some of which are Islamic and others secular. Some parties are large and strong, while others are small and weak, carrying no party meaning other than the name. Some have a broad popular base, while others lack it. Some are known to the Iraqi street and have a long history and experience in the field of political work in the ranks of the opposition, while others did not appear until after 2003. What is taken on the multi-party system in Iraq is that it still operates according to the Law of Political Parties and Bodies No. (97) of 2004 issued by the Authority of the Interim Coalition, as a new Iraqi parties law has not been issued yet. The sensitive nature of this law and its great impact on the political parties in the country was the reason for the delay in its approval. The success of the political process in the country was the reason for the delay in its approval. The success of the political process in Iraq and the ability to build a democratic political system require the existence of a real multi-party system governed by legal controls that regulate its work and determine its existence, which helps in the existence of a stable and continuous multi-party system as the basis for the party system in Iraq for the near and distant future.

When the cell began to reveal some of its secrets as a result of the numerous studies of cell scientists, ideas appeared in the minds of some of them to intervene and modify its components. As usual, every work begins with an idea, followed by an implementation phase until the tangible results appear one after the other. Thus, the process of cloning or parthenogenesis began in the echoes. The matter began in the form of thinking that some were convinced of and remained in their laboratory, studying and analyzing to reach a result that would satisfy their vanity.

Israel has focused on adopting a strategy of nuclear ambiguity based on establishing a conviction in the minds of opponents and allies that there is a nuclear option, while adopting transparency in demonstrating the existence of this option because it carries more credibility than direct traditional deterrence. This strategy is followed to achieve a number of goals, including that the shift to a strategy of overt nuclear deterrence means starting a nuclear race in the region, which is what Israel does not want. Deliberate ambiguity leaves many options open, while an official announcement is an irreversible step, which reduces the room for maneuver available to it. Continuing nuclear ambiguity provides it with basic security through the view of Arab countries and a high degree of credibility for Israeli nuclear deterrence.

The term terrorism is loaded with a huge number of different and contradictory concepts and connotations. Therefore, the research tried to emphasize the importance of setting a specific definition for the phenomenon of terrorism, and then clarifying what are the real reasons behind the growth of terrorism in Iraq after 2003, and what are the social and political variables that contributed to the escalation of the pace of terrorist operations in Iraq, especially since Iraqi society is a society with multiple social classes, in a way that may enable terrorists to invest in it to pass their suspicious projects, which It threatens the entire political project in Iraq.

The opinions of contemporary Islamic thinkers about the Islamic state varied after the fall of the Ottoman Caliphate in particular, as a result of the influence of these thinkers on the concepts that prevailed in Western culture, including the concept of the state, as Islamic thought did not discuss the concept of the Islamic state before this period, because their interest was focused on theorizing about the subject of authority. This research will address the concept of the state among contemporary Islamic thinkers and clarify the difference between what contemporary Islamic thought adopts about the concept of the state and the concept of the state among Westerners and Marxists, in addition to its pillars and the extent to which these pillars approach what Western thought has proposed in this context.

The developments taking place in the advanced world, both political and economic, are likely to constitute an incentive for developing countries to establish regional economic blocs that serve their interests and enable them to confront today's world, which is a world of major economic blocs, as economic integration has become today an agreed-upon means by those interested in the subject of development, as it is the most guaranteed means to reach significant levels of economic development, and increase The welfare of peoples, no matter how different the methods, approaches and concepts used and expressing this means. In order to build economic blocs between developing countries that can keep up with the spirit of the times, it requires developing human resources, forming skills, reducing the degree of dependence on foreign aid, working to reject the differences arising between developing countries, and taking serious steps towards building democratic institutions, considering it the right way to reach political stability and maintain gains.

This research sheds light on the nature of the political system in the new Iraq, which has become, according to the permanent Iraqi constitution of 2005, a free, democratic, unified, and parliamentary state with a federal system based on the separation of the three powers: legislative, executive, and judicial. Iraq has witnessed the largest democratic demonstration in its contemporary history since the establishment of the Iraqi state until March 7, 2010. The Iraqi political scene has witnessed five important constitutional milestones since 4/9/2003 until now, which changed the political map of Iraq and laid the foundations for the largest democratic process in the region, through which Iraqis exercised the right to vote. It has become a model experience to be emulated worldwide. The research also analyzes the political, constitutional and democratic developments witnessed by the new Iraq since 2003. It analyzes the method and mechanism followed by the new leaders in establishing security and stability and in building the important transformation stations witnessed by Iraq at various levels. Thus, this research is a serious attempt to know the extent of the developments that occurred in the new Iraq and the role played by the state for the sake of Iraq's unity and stability. The Iraqi democratic experience, despite its modernity, represented an important turning point in the contemporary political history of Iraq. This experience has become qualified to bring about comprehensive development in various aspects of political, social, economic and cultural life. The issue of establishing security, stability and the rule of law in the new Iraq has positive regional and international repercussions that will cast a positive shadow on neighboring countries and contribute to strengthening regional stability and global security. We all, government and people, bear the responsibility of preserving and sustaining the gains achieved in the new Iraq and seriously contributing to strengthening security, peace, harmony and love among all spectrums and components of the Iraqi people.