Journal of Petroleum Research & Studies

The composite coating is used to protect carbon steel pipeline from corrosion by Surface modification using thermal spraying technique to enhance the corrosion resistance of carbon steel. In this study the influence of sour hydrocarbon on carbon steel was investigated on samples taken from Alloys with (API 5L) that used for oil transport pipe lines in North Oil Company in Kirkuk fields and specifically from well (No. K-130) which the oil sample was brought as well. The cermets coating (Ni-Al /ZrO2-8Y2O3) were prepared in different mixing ratios of Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia (YSZ) with Ni-Al as a self-bonding. Several mixing ratios of the binder (Ni-Al) were used to prepare the cermets for thermal spraying coating namely 15% and 50%. In order to study the effect of roughness on the binding of the cermets and hence the corrosion behavior of the carbon steel another specimen was mechanically abraded to a surface finish 800 grit by SiC paper and the cermets mixing ratio (50% YSZ+ 50% Ni-Al) .The thermal spraying gun was located in an angle of 90º in front of the carbon steel specimen and the distance between them was 16 cm. The corrosion behavior of the modified surface in comparison with untreated one was investigated by electrochemical techniques. Two electrochemical techniques (DC and AC techniques) were used. The AC technique was potentiodynamic cyclic polarization using Solatron 1287, USA) potentiostat/galvanostate. The EIS measurements for all coated specimens show enhancement in the impedance parameters (total impedance |Z|, polarization resistance (Rp) and the capacitance (C)) comparing to the uncoated one. The cermets thermally sprayed coating show improvement in the corrosion parameters.

Welding of pipeline in active operation (called in-service welding) is an advanced technique employed to repair pipelines to safe transmission of petroleum or gas. A thermal experimental study is accomplished on welding process of gas pipeline in this work. An experimental setup had been designed, manufactured and instrumented to estimate the method for repairing locally pipelines defects (such as cracks and holes wall surface) under the influence of internal pressure. Also the thermal history of welding process was investigated experimentally to three cases which are : traditional welding process with no fluid flows inside the test pipe, an in-service welding process considering air as the flowing fluid inside test pipe, and an in-service welding process considering the liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) as flowing fluid inside test pipe. Results show that direct deposition of welding metal on a through hole under the influence of internal pressure succeeded for flow rate less than (12lpm) and failed for flow equal or higher than (12lpm) in which a sleeve repair is considered. The calculations are followed by a separate thermal stress analysis based on the thermal history.

Lead (II) ions are a very toxic element known to cause detrimental effects to human health even at very low concentrations. An adsorbent prepared using Cane Papyrus was used for the adsorption of lead (II) ion from aqueous solution. Batch experiments were performed on simulated aqueous solutions under optimized conditions of adsorbent dosage, contact time, pH and initial lead (II) ion concentration at 25Co. The Freundlich isotherm model more suitably described the adsorption process than the Langmuir model with linearized coefficients of 0.986 and 0.9733, respectively. Pseudo-second order kinetic equation best described the kinetics of the reaction. Fourier transform infra-red analysis confirmed the presence of amino (–NH), carbonyl (–C=O) and hydroxyl (–OH) functional groups. Furthermore, 0.2M HCl was a better desorbing agent than 0.2 M NaOH and de-ionized water. The experimental data obtained demonstrated that Cane Papyrus can be used as a suitable adsorbent for lead (II) ions removal from wastewater.

The most important constituent of drilling operation success is keeping the drilling fluid rheological properties within a certain limit to maintain continuing their functions in a good manner. To achieve that, the drilling mud system needs continuous and direct supervision such as measuring its rheological properties and treating any deviation in their values. Viscosity is the most important property in hydraulic program success due to its direct relation with bottom hole cleaning during drilling, thus related with the drilling rate, so this property should be kept basically to ensure bottom hole cleaning and high drilling rate at the same time.
Some chemicals such as thinner should be added to the mud system to keep both viscosity and other properties within certain standards and required limits; these materials have a high cost, increasing both the metric cost and the final cost of such well.
The aim of this research is to test the physical and chemical properties for a local material, as a thinner, which tends to decrease the rheological properties of drilling mud .Thirty nine samples of different types of drilling mud are tested with both the native and foreign imported materials.
The results for both additive materials are compared and concluded that the local thinner has the same trend with the imported material to a certain limit.

The solar chimney and power tower are two of modern promised energy which can develop by low losses, simplicity and high power.
In this paper, the solar chimney and fossil fuel power tower parameters are studied by using theoretical equations in computational fluid dynamics CFD that substituted in some computer programs such as MATLAP and FLUENT codes with additional related expressions. Five different models are used in this paper (Chimney height is: 12, 15, 20, 25, and 35 meter), (Diameter of collector base is: 5, 8, 10, 15, and 20 meter). The effect of inlet collector height, collector absorbability, solar radiation, ambient temperature, solar collector thickness and solar collector tilt angle are studied to find the other parameters and properties such as velocity distribution, power and efficiency of system. The erecting of power turbine is predicted by findings the velocity distribution between the base and chimney assembly. The numerical analysis was presented by using GAMBIT and FLUENT 6.3 to predict that high velocity at the expansion of chimney near the center of base – chimney bond position because of low density of air as a result to solar radiation flux (and burned gases cover collector in case of using the chimney for combustion of gases in oil refineries).. This position is very suitable for promoting and building the power turbine. The maximum power accumulated from these techniques is more than (6.7×105 Watt) where the velocity is (17.5 m/s). The study concluded that it is easy work to erect these chimney and power tower techniques closed to drilling and oil facilities in remote areas. So, all factors were studied to coincide with previous papers in this field.

This research exhibits a method for the fabrication of nano molecular size ceramic porous hollow fibers, using the internal diffusion technique. This method is based on preparation a spinning solution consists from nano gamma alumina < 50nm in an aqueous mixture of sodium alginate, and calcium carbonate. The mixture is spun into a lactic acid coagulation bath of pH= 1.6 to achieve ionic cross-linking. The green transparent ceramic hollow fibers were dried under ventilation at ambient temperature for 48h and sintered at different temperatures 1100 oC-1350 oC for 2h. The synthesized fibers were characterized and the effect of sintering temperature on surface morphology was studied. The phase transformation from gamma to alpha was specified by x-ray diffraction, at 1100 oC a few small and sharp peaks of α-alumina started while at 1250 oC α-alumina with a highly crystalline structure was obtained. Microstructure and surface morphology of nano ceramic fibers were studied at different sintering temperatures, a homogeneous particle distribution was gained at a temperature of 1250 oC. The thermal gravimetric analysis was referred to an existence of two thermal steps occurred during thermal treatment, dehydration up to 250 oC and alginate dehydration and decomposition from 250 oC to 400 oC. The nitrogen isotherm behavior indicates to a mesoporous / macroporous substance, an appearance of type H-2 hysteresis loop. BJH adsorption and desorption average pore diameter (4V/A) 14.4408 nm and 17.7124 nm respectively. Single point surface area is 9.268 m²/g, single point adsorption total pore volume is 0.023 cm³/g. The average interior and exterior pore size by mercury intrusion were 20 nm and 50 nm respectively.