Alustath Journal for Human and Social Sciences

The study aimed to emphasize the stages of development of the oil industry in the United States of America، since the discovery of oil in 1859، and the companies that developed that industry، as well as the study on the role of oil in the United States economy until 1918، and to achieve the aims of the study، the researcher provided a detailed explanation of the most prominent companies that developed and monopolized that industry، a company that Standard Oil، which played a major role in the development of that industry until 1911، when the Supreme Court ordered the dismantling of that company to several companies، following which it emerged. (Five American big companies)، also worked on the development and refining of oil extraction methods، And not allowing other companies to show up in the United States، The study found important results، including، American oil companies dominated foreign markets، Because of the expansion of excavation، drilling، refining and transportation to all countries of the world، The results are also increased capital for US oil companies، It has worked to strengthen its financial position، which has been employed in the search for new production centers and increase the quantities of oil extraction and thus achieve other large financial profits. It also has multiple uses inside، whether in cars، ships or trains، Transport has evolved، domestic consumption has increased، and considerable economic development has taken place.

The study was a review of the problems of agricultural production in the province of Diyala and methods of addressing them, to achieve agricultural growth, by developing appropriate solutions to these problems, as the study area has the ingredients for a distinguished renaissance capable of achieving self-sufficiency, in the event of adopting an agricultural policy supported by legislative and financial procedures, and improving agricultural supplies, Taking care of livestock, addressing the problem of desertification and drought, and taking care of agricultural investments. The study reached a number of results, most notably: the need for state intervention in providing the necessary agricultural supplies, enacting laws and legislation to invest agricultural lands, preserving the environment, and restoring its productive capacity.

The research "Mechanisms for combating family crimes in ancient Iraq in light of ancient legal legislation" sheds light on the problem of the occurrence of family crimes and the mechanisms that were followed in ancient Iraq to combat these family crimes legally, that is, through legal texts. What we mean by family crime is that which takes place between members of the same family. The legal text that reinforces the existence of this family crime is intended, and the second is through revenue A legal text that confirms the existence of this crime, and through research we have reached a number of results, all of which confirmed the preservation of the family from rivalry and disintegration by combating all related crimes that occur between its members, and that Iraqi laws confronted these crimes by preventing them first, and determining the type of punishment that is inflicted on the perpetrator second.

The research aimed to identify the reality of the spatial distribution of rural settlements in the district of Dar al-Salam in Diyala Governorate for the year 2022, and the research included in its introduction the limits of the research area, its problem and hypothesis, and its purpose, as well as the importance of research and data sources. (14) a district in the district of Dar al-Salam, and each district has a number of villages, as the number of villages has reached (37) rural villages, and there are villages without residents, the number of which has reached (2) rural villages, Through the spatial distribution and field survey, there are distribution patterns for the villages represented by the linear (longitudinal) pattern, which numbered (16 rural villages) out of the total rural settlements in the research area. Of the total rural settlements in the research area, and finally the villages whose stability pattern is the divergent (diffuse) pattern, the number reached (10 rural villages). Of the total rural settlements in the research area, the linear pattern was dominant in these settlements because of the water factor, and for the importance of this study, the natural determinants had to be known, as the water factor represented by the Khalis River and the social and clan factor emerged from the human determinants and had an impact on the distribution and stability of rural settlement in Dar al-Salam district.

The research deals with the importance of the judiciary and its role in preserving the foundations of the state in Andalusia in the era of the Umayyad dynasty, Due to the importance of the judiciary, the princes and caliphs played the role of judges to spread security and stability and to preserve the human and material aspect of the state, The importance of this topic came as it sheds light on an important topic, which is the study of the judiciary at an important stage in the history of the Arab Islamic state in Andalusia, and one of the research goals that it sought to achieve: Standing on the importance of the judiciary in that era and examples of princes and caliphs who practiced the judiciary, as well as the most important judges of that era and the institutions supporting the judiciary in that era, Due to the nature of the research, the methodology of deep and accurate historical, and the limits of research were made by the state of Andalusia, The research came out with several results,the most important of which is the practice of the princes and caliphs for the judiciary due to its great importance ,the judiciary institution is a court institution and has categories such as the capital judge and the provincial judges , Ajudge was appointed for non-Muslims and their sects .

The philosophy of Ibn Khaldu (( 1406, 808 AH )) in all its aspects related to the movement of history between poverty and wealth, and the driving force of the economy, and the most important issue in the topic of his philosophy, and treat the most important factor among the factors of the human lifespan, which is economic cooperation, and the factors influencing living and poverty, and it is not our goal in this research to discuss different aspects of this, but we wanted to deepen the consideration of one issue, which is the economic influence in building civilizations, because we believe that it is the most important problem raised by the issue of living
As for the vocabulary of this research, it is divided into: an introduction, then: 1- The importance of the philosophy of history to understand Ibn Khaldun's economic theory, 2- Important concepts for Ibn Khaldun's reading, 3- The impact of economics on building civilization, and finally the conclusions.

The phenomenon of contextual syntactic deviation has attracted a great deal of attention from linguists and rhetoricians. It is a linguistic phenomenon associated with the change of meaning that occurs when the established pattern in the grammatical rules is deviated from. In other words, it refers to a displacement or change in the linguistic structure or sentence structure. This deviation is justified by the context, and it is an intentional deviation that aims to give the literary text - of all its types - new meanings that are rhetorically directed to cause a psychological impact on the recipient. This phenomenon is one of the common phenomena in many languages, including the Arabic language. It can manifest in any type of words, including nouns, verbs, adjectives, and others. The degree of contextual syntactic deviation is determined by the context of speech and the grammatical relationships between the words in the sentence. This deviation can occur due to certain grammatical factors such as fronting and postposing, ellipsis, apostrophe, and parenthesis.
Since the Qur'anic text represents the ideal model of the literary text in eloquence and rhetoric, with its high rhetorical value, this research seeks to discuss this phenomenon in it, specifically in surat al-baqarah, through the previous grammatical factors, and how they were rhetorically directed to highlight the beauty of the Qur'anic text.

This study aimed to find out the differences in academic adjustment between desire-oriented and non-desire-oriented students of the first year of high school studying in, some secondary schools in the state of TIZI-OUZOU- ALGERIA.
The sample of the study was (104) individuals, consisting of (68) with desire-oriented and (36) with non-desire-oriented registered in the academic year 2022/2023, they were rendomly selected by the stratified randomization method.
The result of the current study reached the following conclusion :
- There are statistically significant differences between the degrees of desire-oriented and non-desire-oriented with first year secondary students in academic adjustment in favor of desire-oriented. This means that the hypothesis has been fulfilled.

The current study aimed to reveal the level of linguistic intelligence of the third intermediate grade students and its relationship to motivation to learn the Arabic language. To achieve this goal, the study tools were prepared, which were: a measure of linguistic intelligence, a measure of motivation to learn the Arabic language, then ensuring the validity and reliability of the tools, then selecting a study sample of third grade students in the city of Abha, Saudi Arabia, then applying the research tools, then Statistical analysis, interpretation of results, and presentation of recommendations and proposals. The results showed: a low level of linguistic intelligence, a low level of motivation to learn Arabic among third intermediate grade students, and a relationship between the level of linguistic intelligence and motivation to learn Arabic among third intermediate student

This study explores the opinions of ancient and contemporary critics on the issues related to Arabic prose. Given the importance of all forms of Arabic prose in the development of the Arab though and the development of Islamic civilization, this analytic-descriptive research aims to analyze the opinions of these critics about prose and also seeks to compare their critical opinions. The research concludes that ancient critics did not offer scientific or lengthy opinions about literary criticism since their primary focus was on poetry. On the contrary, contemporary critics believe that prose is the origin of science and thought and the language of civilization, society, science, culture, and politics. They have examined prose-related issues from various viewpoints, which is a clear distinction between them and their predecessors.

The current research aims to identify the leadership skill and its relationship to the optimistic bias of educational counselors for both sexes. The sample of the current research included (200) male and female male and female counselors from the Directorate of Education of Baghdad / Al-Rusafa 1. The leadership skill scale was built and the optimism bias scale was adopted. After using the statistical bag (SPSS) to process the data, the results of the research showed that the educational counselors have the skill of leadership in their work. There is no statistically significant difference between males and females in their possession of leadership skill, While the results showed that the educational counselors have an optimistic bias and that there is a difference in the optimistic bias in favor of females.

Fennel deaths are among the population problems that the different countries of the world suffer from, but in various proportions of their connection after variables, which are a reflection of the different circumstances that society is going through, and that highlighting this phenomenon and addressing it is an urgent necessity to achieve comprehensive spatial development, and research problem was asking about the size of the phenomenon of embryos and its spatial contrast in Babil Governorate for the year 2021, and the importance of this comes from its association with human life and its effects on pregnant women, the research aims to reach the size of this phenomenon and its spatial variation and spatial relationships that cause it, and to achieve this, it was used as a set of procedures As the statistical bag was adopted by using the correlation and cluster analysis, and the descriptive and analytical approach was adopted and the quantitative style.
The research reached a set of results, the most important of which is that the phenomenon of embryo deaths in Babil Governorate for the year 2021 amounted to (1443) deaths, and its lineage varied at the level of administrative units, as the Hashemite Judicial Center came first with (1.27%), while Al -Shomali came in the last rank By (0.24%), the reason for this is a range of variables in the forefront (diseases) by (31%), and the variable (the inadequacy of housing) came with the last rank with (4.2%).

This study aims to investigate the level of life skills and psychological immunity among university students in the Southern governorates in Palestine. Moreover, it checks the feasibility of predicting psychological immunity in the light of the life skills of students. Further, it explores the relationship between psychosocial skills and innate immunity. Furthermore, it examines the difference between university students based on demographic variables (gender, academic level, specialization. The study sample consists of 1116 male and female students from institution. This survey also uses study tool variables (tools the life skills scale and the psychological immunity scale). The findings demonstrate high level of life skills at 82.12% and a very high rate of psychological immunity 84.43% among the Palestinian University students, psychological immunity in the view of life skills a long with acceptable degree of (57.3%). As a result, there is positive statistically correlation at the level of (0.01) between the degree of each life skills scale besides psychological immunity among the students in the Palestinian universities a long with high and positive correlation coefficient of (0.757). on he one hand, there are no statistically significant differences between life skills, psychological immunity and joint interactions (gender, academic level, specialization).

The present research paper aims at studying the concept of pleonasm in English which is defined as the repetition of the same idea by utilising the two or more diverse words within the same sentence such as," I saw with my own eyes"," I heard with my own ears". The data is taken from a number of interviews with two politicians whose native languages are English and Arabic. Two interviews are selected; one for the former British Prime Minister Tony Blair in 2004 and the other one is for the former Iraqi Prime Minister Ayad Alawi also in 2004. The study has concluded that the redundancy of words found in the analysed Arabic and English political speeches is apparent in the sense that the words used in both texts are really superfluous and useless. However, these words seem to be sometimes necessary to emphasise or clarify a particular idea depending on the culture of the speakers and receivers of such words. The analyses also have revealed that the presence of superfluous words in the speech of some characters is a matter of style and is a part of the speaker's character.

The purpose of this research is to explore Saudi early childhood special education (ECSE) teachers' attitudes towards professional development programs in ECSE. For this reason, survey data was obtained from 30 Saudi ECSE teachers who worked in Saudi Arabian early childhood stages, and then an interview was conducted with five of them to find out their training needs and the challenges they face. The researchers used the qualitative technique, which included a pre-survey and interviews. An online questionnaire was provided to the participants in order to examine their impressions of the professional development programs and assess their judgments of the success of these programs. The findings indicated teachers' positive impressions of these programs, as they regard them as useful tools that can help them get their teaching license. Therefore, participants perceived professional development programs to be valuable and capable of assisting and improving their teaching skills. These findings imply that prioritizing professional development programs for early childhood teachers in Saudi Arabia may result in greater proficiency as well as the capacity to overcome the requisite teaching license. The research ends with recommendations for further research on how to improve professional development programs to better fulfill the necessities of teachers.

In recent years, global university rankings have gained popularity as a means of evaluating the quality of higher education institutions because they provide valuable insights into the best institutions around the globe; therefore, employers, academics, and students use this ranking to decide from where to hire new employees, where to pursue higher education, and where to conduct research. This holds true for Iraqi universities as well, as they strive to assess their standing and competitiveness on a global scale. In this study, the findings of Baghdad and Babylon universities in the Times Ranking are analyzed and compared. Additionally, the factors, that affected their ranking, over six years (2017-2022) are also examined. This study aims to shed light on the advantages and disadvantages of every educational institution by analyzing a variety of variables, including teaching, international outputs, industry outcome, quality of research, academic performance metrics, and citations. It also strives to identify the features that set each one apart from the others. In order to conduct a comparative analysis, this study use the data of the Times World University Rankings, which is regarded as one of the most trustworthy and that provide accurate indicators of any university performance and Elsevier's Scopus databases. The results of this study point out areas for development and give legislators, administrators, and prospective students a thorough grasp of the major factors affecting these two universities’ rankings.

Bilingualism has become an increasingly common phenomenon in today’s globalized world, with many children growing up exposed to two or more languages. As a result, there has been growing interest among researchers in understanding the impact of bilingualism on thinking development in young and children. Some studies have confirmed that bilingualism can have a positive effect on children’s perception cognitive development, particularly in the zones of attention control, operational memory, and cognitive flexibility. Dual-language learners may also have better planning and organization skills, such as task-switching and inhibitory control, compared to monolingual children. These cognitive advantages may be due to the cognitive demands of managing two languages, which can lead to increased cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. Research also has indicated that bilinguals may experience interference or facilitation effects in lexical access, depending on the degree of overlap between the two languages. However, other studies have failed to find a significant effect of bilingualism on cognitive development. Some researchers have suggested that the there is a strong relationship between bilingual individuals and their cognitive development which may depend on a variety of factors, such as the age at which a child begins to learn a second language , and the amount he learns from each language , socio-economic background of the child and, level of proficiency that a person has in each language can affect their cognitive and linguistic abilities. Despite mixed guidance, potential benefits of bilingualism on cognitive development have important implications for both policy and education. Those in charge should consider designing specific educational programs for children from linguistically diverse backgrounds to help enhance their cognitive development.

Due to the spread of various types of epidemics in the modern era and the large number of deaths, and after researching them, it became clear that these epidemics have long chronological dimensions that go back to before Islam. However, these modern epidemics are more advanced and more dangerous to human life, so I wanted to shed light on them in Islam and the modern era, while clarifying their types, causes, and methods of treatment, ancient and modern, through this research.

Time is a contributing aesthetic element that has the ability to create meaning and connotation, and participates in the narrative strategy as it moves from a mere narrative element to an incitement for the recipient. It is the inner human time.

In the contemporary critical study, the study of textual thresholds (parallel text) is an extension of post-structural studies that made the view of the text move from that it is a structure It is controlled by internal relationships to an open structure that has multiple extensions outside the text that calls for a group of texts parallel to it. With the technological development witnessed in our current era, critics have benefited from many visual techniques that contribute to the semantic formation of literary texts as visual publications.