The Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Medicine

The present study aimed to identify the efficacy of Brucella melitensis vaccine strain Rev 1 in induction of antibodies by different doses and routes of administration; also to obtain the specificity of the serological tests, the study included 28 ewes divided into four equal groups . the animals of first and second groups vaccinated subcutaneously with 2×109 and 2×107 colony forming units (CFU) respectively while the animals of third and fourth groups vaccinated conjunctively with 2×109 and 2×107 CFU respectively . The sera were collected at zero time, 2, 4, 8, 16, 20, 24 and 28 weeks of the experiment and the antibodies response were evaluated using classical tests ( Rose Bengal, serum agglutination and 2-mercaptoethanol tests ) compared with competitive ELISA test , and brucellin test was used to detect the cellular response . The results showed that antibody titers were higher and remained for longer period in subcutaneously vaccinated groups in both doses compared with those vaccinated conjunctively and the 2-mercaptoethanol test show the best specificity in all vaccinated groups; also the subcutaneously vaccinated groups recorded significant increase in skin thickness in brucellin test after 12 week post vaccination .There was a significant increase in neutrophils activity for reduction of nitrobluetetrazolium stain in all groups between 2nd and 8th post vaccination .

The effect of oral dosing of bacterial suspension of two types of lactic acid bacteria belonging to the genus lactobacilli that locally isolate on some biochemical and physiological criteria of female rats blood were studied. Three isolates of L. bulgarious and three isolates of L. delbeakli were obtained from the laboratories at the college of education-Breeding/university of Tikrit. Bacterial suspension given as a single oral dose of 2 ml(13 x 108 cell ml) for seven day.
The results showed no significant changes P≥0.05 in at the blood physiological variables, especially hemoglobin (Hb) , packed cell volume (PCV) ,and total number of white blood cells (WBCs) , while there were significant reduction in the blood biochemical variables, particularly the level of cholesterol, and glucose, but there was no significant effect on some liver enzymes, compared with the values and the results of a group of control animals.

The present study is conducted to in restigate the bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the impact of ultraviolet on the bacterial isolates under study and the resistance of these isolates to ultraviolet are studied in comparison to two standard isolates ( E . coli and Staphylococcus aureus ) which are considered sensitive to ultraviolet . The natures of the resistance of the isolates, under study, are also being investigated against the different antibiotics. The isolates are subjected to a test to examine their sensitivity to (12) types of antibiotics used routinely in the treatment of various infection of these bacteria. They are (streptomycin , cephalothin ,Gentamycin , cefotaxime ,nitrofurantion ,ampicillin, amoxicillin, rifampin, lincomycin, tetracycline, erythromycin and ciprofloxacin ).The lowest concentration installer ( MIC ) is also testified in accordance with six types of antibiotics (streptomycin, cefotaxime , rifampin , nitrofurantion , Gentamycin , amoxicillin ).The biologic effectiveness of the overlap between the bacterial isolates , under study, is examined against four bacteria (klebseilla pneumonia , Staphylococcus aureus , Enterobacter , Proteus )
The result of using the ultraviolet with different wavelength show the ability of the five local isolates used to resistance of ultraviolet reaching (180 s.) in comparison to the isolates E.coli and staph. aureus in which the ratio of killing is %100 at a time of exposing 40 , 60 sec. respectively. The results indicated that the five local bacterial isolates have high resistance to the most tested antibiotics, It is shouted that all of them have resistance to (erythromycin , tetracycline , lincomycin , Gentamycin ) but they are sensitive towards antibiotic streptomycin . as for the other antibiotics , over can find that the isolates are varied of them for being resisting or sensitive towards them .The results of testing the inhabited effectiveness of the five bacterial isolates towards some other bacterial isolates show the efficiency of the five local isolates in the inhabitation of growth of the five studied bacterial isolates.

Two flocks of sheep and goats (30 and 35 animals) were vaccinated by locally produced S19 vaccine, each animal instilled with 2 X 109 cfu in each drop conjunctively. From each flock, a group of 10 heads was used to study the immune response serologically at intervals 2, 4, 6, 8, and 19 week through blood samples using the rose bengal plate test (RBPT) and serum agglutination test (SAT) to determine Ab titres.
The results of RBPT were 100% positive till 6 and 8 weeks in sheep and goats respectively, while SAT showed means of Ab titer after vaccination 100, 84, 47, 21, and 7 in sheep while in goats reached 144, 192, 100, 62, and 13. Also, the cellular immune response was evaluated by prepared Peptidoglycan Brucellin (PGB), which was injected in 10 guinea pigs through 4 concentrations 10, 100, 200, and 500 µg, 200 µg was used in brucellin test at the sixth and thirteenth week after vaccination, the antigen caused erythemia and induration in the vaccinated sheep and goats while the test give negative results in non-vaccinated animals.
The study revealed that the conjunctival route is more safe, easy, and economic, and also the rapid reduce of Abs titer compared with subcutaneous route. Also, it is noticed that there were no side effects in the conjunctival route comparatively with subcutaneous route such as inflammation, abscess, and screw worm in the worm infestation in the site of injection.
The study concluded the possibility of using conjunctival route in the vaccination campaign for controlling brucellosis in sheep and goats and also possibility of using one vaccine for different field animals against brucellosis.

The study was designed for isolation of Staphylococcus aureus from raw milk of cows at different regions of salah al-din province. A total number of 109 samples were collected form October (2010) to May (2011). The result of study showed that the number of isolates were (14) from (60) positive samples (23.33%). Antibiotic susceptibility test showed different results for susceptibility according to types of antibiotics that used in this study which include the followings: Amoxycillin, Ampicillin, Cefoxetine, Methcillin, Ciprofloxacin, Clavulinic acid and Erythromycin. The results showed that 50% of the isolates were susceptible for Methecillin, Cefoxetine, and Clavulanic acid-Amoxycillin), While Erythromycin was active against (79%) of the isolates, and Ampicillin was active against (57%), on the other hand, all isolates were susceptible to Ciprofloxacin which considered the most effective antibiotic against the bacteria in this study (100%).

The present study was designed to investigate the effect of Vitamin C (450 mg/kg diet) and sodium selenite (0.5 mg/kg diet) in adult white Leghorn male chickens (30 weeks of age), whose concomitantly exposed to oxidative stress induced by hydrogen peroxide (0.5%) supplemented with drinking water for 6 weeks on reproductive performance. Semen were collected at 0, 2, 4 and 6weeks, The study results showed that hydrogen peroxide treatment caused a significant decrease in the body weight, sperm concentration, mass motility and individual motility during experimental period. Also a decrease in testosterone and testis glutathione concentration at the 6th week of the treatment, accompanied with a significant increase in dead and abnormal sperm percentage, testis malondialdehyde level compared with the control group.
Histopathological changes revealed presence of necrosis and sloughing in the epithelial lining of the semineferous tubules and vacuolar degeneration of the supporting cells that fall in the lumen of the semineferous tubules and necrosis of interstitial cells. Vitamin C and sodium selenite with hydrogen peroxide caused a significant increase in body weight, sperm concentration, mass motility and individual motility during the experimental period, testosterone and glutathione level, accompanied with a significant decrease in dead and abnormal sperm percentages and Malondialdehyde level compared with hydrogen peroxide. In addition to the improvement in the histological picture of the semineferous tubules, mitosis germ cells were observed through their arrangement in circular tubules. It was concluded from this study that Vitamin C and Sodium selenite reverse the adverse effects produced by hydrogen peroxide on certain physiological and reproductive aspects in adult male chickens.

This study aimed to recognize the different effects of administration of sodium tungstate in developmental indices of the offspring till weaning. Four groups of Albino Wistar pregnant female rats were used, the first one was control while the remaining three groups intubated with Na- tungstate 75, 150 and 300 mg/ kg/ day respectively since the first day of parturition throughout 21 days. Results referred to an elevation in weight gain of rat dams treated with 75 mg/ kg while weight gain of offspring elevated in both doses of 75 and 300 mg/ kg throughout 21 days, teeth and eye orifice were observed in doses of 75 and 300 mg/ kg faster than control while the mean of ovary weight elevated in both 75 and 300 mg/ kg however the dose 300 mg/ kg revealed the less value of testes weight. The conclusion of present study is that Na- tungstate has positive effects on developmental indices in offspring when administered through nursing until weaning.

The aim of this experiment is to study the effect of antithyroid agent (propylthiouracil) (PTU) on some physiological parameters in domestic chicks. 36 local one 4 week of age day old chicks were used .chicks were distributed randomly in to three groups: (control group) fed on standard diet , while 2nd and 3rd groups were fed diet contain 0.01 and 0.1℅ of antithyroid agent propylthiouracil (PTU) respectively from 1-25 days of age . blood sample were taken from jugular vein at the end of the 4th week in order to study the effect of PTU treatment on blood picture .result revealed that PTU treatment in group treated with 0.1℅ PTU compared with control group significantly increased in red blood cell count ,Heterophils ,basophiles percentage and stress index at 4th weeks of age in group treated with 0.1℅ PTU compared with 0.01℅ PTU and control group significantly decreased in lymphocytes percentage, beside that no significant difference in total leukocytic count ,hemoglobin ,packed cell volume ,eosinophils , monocytes percentage and erythrocytes indexes in treated groups with compared group.

This experiment were conducted to compare the effect of aqueous leaves extract of Melia azedarach and Anastatica hierochuntic with the antibiotic (Enrofloxaccin) for 49 days, 270 chicks one day old (Ross 308) were randomly distributed into 6 treatments with 3 replicates per treatment and 15 chicks per replicate (45 chicks/treatment). The first treatment were the control, antibiotic (enrofloxaccin) were used in the second treatment at rate of 0.5 ml per liter of tap water, in the 3rd and 4th treatment the aqueous leaves extract of Anastatica hierochuntic were used at rate of 10 and 15 mg/L respectively, and in the 5th and 6th treatment the aqueous leaves extract of Melia azedarach were used at rate of 10 and 15 mg / ml resp. At the end of experiment, blood samples were collected for whole blood tests; Red and White Blood Cells count, biochemical serum tests were also involved ; the concentrate of total cholesterol, glucose, and total protein.
The Data showed that using aqueous leaves extract of Anastatica hierochuntic at rate of 10 and 15 mg/L leading to significant increase in serum cholesterol concentration , while , protein serum concentration were significantly decreased in control and in 6th treatment where the aqueous extract of Melia azedarach were used at rate of 15 mg /ml , and there is no significant differences between the treatments in RBC , WBC count , and glucose concentration.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of adding different levels of rocket salad seeds powder to the diet on seminal plasma traits of roosters subjected to oxidative stress induced by hydrogen peroxide. A total of 60 Hy – line laying breeder roosters 57 weeks old were used in this study. Roosters were randomly distributed into 5 treatments with 3 replicates each. Each replicate constituted of 4 roosters (12 roosters for each treatment). Experimental treatments were as following: T1: Males fed control diet and normal water, T2: Males fed diet supplemented with 3 gm rocket salad powder / kg of diet + 0.25 ml hydrogen peroxide (0.5%) / litter of water, T3: Males fed diet supplemented with 3 gm rocket salad powder / kg of diet + 0.5 ml hydrogen peroxide (0.5%) / litter of water, T4: Males fed diet supplemented with 3 gm rocket salad powder / kg of diet + 1 ml hydrogen peroxide (0.5%) / litter of water, and T5: Males fed control diet and drink tap water supplemented with 1 ml hydrogen peroxide (0.5%) / litter of water. Males were treated with hydrogen peroxide (6%) and rocket salad for 12 weeks starting from 59 week of male ages. Results revealed that treated the roosters with hydrogen peroxide without adding rocket salad powder to the diet of these roosters (T5) resulted in highly significant (p< 0.01) decrease as regards concentrations of phospholipids, cholesterol, glutathione, the activity of superoxide desmutase and catalase, and total antioxidant activity in seminal plasma and highly significant (p< 0.01) increase concerning concentrations of tyrosine and malondialdehyde as compared with control group (T1) and rocket salad powder treatments (T2, T3, T4) after 12 weeks of experiment. However, supplementing diet of roosters with rocket salad powder (T2, T3, T4) resulted in highly significant (p< 0.01) increase with relation to concentrations of phospholipids, cholesterol, glutathione, the activity of superoxide desmutase and catalase, and total antioxidant activity in seminal plasma and highly significant (p< 0.01) decrease respecting concentrations of tyrosine and malondialdehyde as compared with (T5) In conclusion adding rocket salad powder to the diet of roosters had important role in limiting the negative effect of oxidative stress induced by hydrogen peroxide on seminal plasma quality of roosters. Therefore, dietary supplementation with rocket salad powder could be used as one of important tools for improving semen quality of roosters.

This study was conducted to isolate of Enterobacteriace family and designed to determine the prevalence of this bacteria in goats in 6 residance area in Baghdad Governorate ( Yousifia, Mahmodia, Shoulla, Sader city, Khadmia and farm of College of Veterinary Medicine ). 300 fecal samples were collacted from diarrheaic goats aged between (1 day to 2 year) from male and female for many month, Diagnostic study depending upon the morphological and cultural properties of the isolates on some selective media in addItion to different biochemical tests and API-20E and serological tests isolates of Salmonella. The results showed Isolation of 111bacterial Isolates which included 6 different species of enterobacteriace, Citrobacte braackii) 48)isolates, Protues mirabilis(36) isolates, Protues vulgaris( 4) isolates , Enterobacter cloacae (14)isolates , Klebsiella pneumonia isolates( 5 ) , Salmonella enteritidis (2) isolates , Salmonella Newport(1)isolate and Providenica rettgeri(1)isolate. Results showed significant difference at p<0.05 in distribution of infection according to age of animals and months of year and didn’t showed significant difference at p<0.05 to all of bacteria isolated. In Salmonella infection the animals suffered from increase body temperature, pulse and respiratory rates, diarrhea and sever dehydration, the feces was white to green in colour containing blood , while the animals infected with other bacteria suffering from similar sings but less in severity than occurred in Salmonella.

This study was conducted on local breed goats to determine the changes in biochemical parameters in anemic cases by using morphological classification, one hundred and seventyserum samples were collected randomly from goats of both sexes aged 3 months – 6 years, they were grazing on pasture from the different districts of Baghdad, Bakuba and Falluja. The total protein, albumin and fibrinogen in the normal bucks were 73.1 – 84.1 g/L, 35.3- 37.1 g/ L, 9.8- 11.1 g/ L, respectively and in the normal does were 66.1 – 77.4 g/ L, 35.6 – 37.2 g/ L and 6 – 15 g/ L, respectively, the average of these parameters differed significantly at (p> 0.05) between the normal and the anemic animals. The mean level of copper in the serum of normal goats was 21.66 µmol/L and the the mean level of iron in serum was 29.24 µmol/L these averages value were declined in the anemic goats was significantas compared with apparently healthy goats.

Forty seven blood samples were collected from local house cats 25 male , 22 female , ranging in age from 1-15 year for both sexes for measuring the following parameters coagulation tests (total Platelets count, Clotting time, Prothrombin Time & Fibrinogen concentration ) and proteins concentration tests (Total protein concentration, Albumin , Globulin concentration ) and iron and copper concentration tests .the results as were follow (228.5 –1,537) X 109L , (2-5)min , (6 - 15) sec , (0.5 -4) gL , ( 61 - 83 ) gL , (23.1 -38.2) gL , (25.9-54.2) gL , (5.21 – 45.56) μmol/L , (2.29 - 36.52) μmol/L) .the result showed significant differences at level (P<0.05) between the male and female of local house cats in total Platelets count and Prothrombin Time . Other studied parameters showed no significant differences at level (P<0.05) between the male and female in local house cats.

This study was conducted to know thehematological changes of anemia in horsesat equestrian club in Baghdad. Blood samples were collected from 151 horses of both sexes(74 male and 77 female) and different agesrandomly. The study includedred blood cells count, white blood cells, hemoglobin, packed cell volume and differential blood smears, togetherwith erythrocyte sedimentation rate readings. The study showed increased white blood cells count mainly neutrophilwith decreased hemoglobinand red blood cell countin addition to erythrocyte sedimentation rate.The blood smears showeddifferent changes of red blood cell.

The aim of this study is to investigate the sexual desire and semen characteristics of Friesian bulls born in Iraq by adding different concentration of Glycyrrhizin glabra to nutrient of these bulls and study the interaction between months and these treatments. Nine bulls divided randomly to three equal groups ,first group control T1 ,second and third group T2 ,T3 adding 200,400 mg/ kg body weight of Glycyrrhizin glabra respect .Sexual desire was measured according to reaction time and ejaculates collection by artificial vagina and examined using the following parameters: volume, mass, individual motility ,dead and abnormal sperm , concentration of sperms`/ml and total number of sperms , during December, January and February. Results revealed that the treatment T3 showed significant (P < 0.05) superior sexual desire and some semen characteristics in most month of this study comparative with treatment T2 and control , but treatment T2 it is didn’t appear to causes deleterious changes in reproductive performance of this bulls . Results also indicated that best (P < 0.05) sexual desire was in February and best (P < 0.05) some semen parameters were in January and February.

The histological study of the pecten oculi of falcon eyeball is consists from 11-12 pecten plates connected to the pectin bridge. The pectin oculi extending from optic nerve toward the virtous body. Its characterization are highly visualization and continuous capillary network which infiltrated by melanocyte. The pecten oculi without muscles and nerve fibers. The study revealed that cornea of falcon eyeball was characterized by fine curvature, translucent with peripheral thickness. The cornea occupied the quarter of fibrous tunica. It consists from five layers: - anterior corneal epithelium, Bowman's membrane, stroma, Descement's membrane and endothelium.

The present Study Showed that the falciform process and vitereal vessels is extended upper to retina, which are found only in S. triostegus . The visual cells in both fishes have cones and rods with myoid element, myoids are inconspicuous in S. triostegus . The cones in S. triostegus are large but in L. abu found in four types, long single cones, short single cones, dwarf cones and twin cones. It appears that the cones in L. abu arranged as mosaic include square and row patterns, but they are distributed randomly in S. triostegus , also the cones in L. abu have lateral fins which are lack in S. triostegus .The result showed that three types of ganglion cells, long, medium and small as well as there is additional type called Giant ganglion cell found in L. abu .The head of optic nerve has multiple papillae in S. triostegus , while it is smooth in L. abu .

A histological study was conducted to examine the structure of optic tectum in Clemmys caspica caspica. The results showed that the optic tectum consist of seven strata and the third stratum consists of three substrata, as follows: The stratum zonula (SZ), the stratum opticum (SO), the stratum griseum et fibrosum superficiale (SGFS) which consist of three substrata are a, b, c, the stratum griseum centrale (SGC), the stratum album centrale (SAC), the stratum griseum periventriculare (SGP), and the stratum album periventriculare (SAP). The stratum zonula (SZ) was the thinnest stratum in the optic tectum and its main thickness was (17-19) μm, while the stratum griseum et fibrosum superficiale (SGFS) was the thickest and its main thickness was (234-243) μm.The stratum opticum (SO), which represents the second stratum called the optic fibers tract, it was found that the optic fibers enter the optic tectum through this stratum while these fibers goout from optic tectum through the (SGP) which is the sixth stratum.The stratum griseum et fibrosum superficiale (SGFS) which represents the third stratum contain a large number of stallete and piriform multipolar neurons and fusiform neurons.

This study was aimed to find out the effect of Zingiber 2.5% and vit.E (administrated a dose of 400mg/head) on some reproductive traits of 18 Awassi male lambs. Divided randomly into three groups equally. The result showed significant (P<0.05) increase in serum testosterone concentration and semen traits in animals group one which received ginger and group two where the animals received vit E and ginger comparing to the control group , that vit.E gave better results in these measurements in group two.

The study was aimed to know the effect of adding 3% of grind zingiber officinale or 8% of petroselinum sativum seeds in the concentrate diet (400g/head/ daily) of the Black Iraqi Does (19 does) in some physiological traits. Nineteen healthy weak-medium does were divided into three groups, the first group of 6 does fed concentrate diet containing zingiber, while in the second group (6) does were fed on a diet containing 8% grind petroselinum sativum seeds, however, the other does kept as control group and fed the concentrate diet free of the herbal medical additives during mid December 2009 up to end of May 2010. The results revealed that group, The first and second groups were highly significant (p>0.05) in their Hb and PCV during the late months of the study, also both feed additives caused significant (p>0.05) increase in WBCs, lymphocyte and monocytes ratio, while they caused significant decrease in neutrophils compared with the control group. The total serum protein and albumin of Animals of both groups fed herbal medicine were highly significant (p>0.05) in comparing with the control group. While the globulin level was not affected, also blood sugar of both groups fed zingiber or petroselinum seeds showed significant (p> 0.05) lower levels during the late months of the study.

This study was carried out at the College of VeterinaryMedicine, University of Baghdad, for two months, to study the beef luncheon meat in Baghdad city by evalutuation some Physicochemical and bacteriological features the obtained data revealed the following results: Physicochemical indicated that myoglobin concentration, was low for all sample of meat with no significant differences in marks which were 163.3 – 178.7 mg/100g meat. Total volatile nitrogen (TVN) values were more the allowance limits especially in food and mark which were 20.4mgN/100g meat with no significant differences in marks. Thiobarbituric acid (TBA) values and Free Fatty acid (FFA) percentages were withen the allowance limits in all marks. Bacteriological results indicated that total Bacterial count (TPC) were low of meat sample which were140 - 220 cfu /g, with significant differences (P<0.05) in Marks. The total coliform count were less than allowance limits, were the same with Anaerobic total Bacterial count( A.T.P.C.) which Were 3 - 41cfu/g and30 – 260 cfu/g with significant differences (P<0.05) in marks. The results indicated that beef luncheon was low in some Physicochemical especially in food land mark. Therefore it is necessary to make Evaluation cautiously of the imported meats and meat processing to safe public health

The aim of the study is to isolation and diagnose types of external parasites and diagnosis in some family members Columbidae and seasonal distribution of these parasites and the effect of temperature and humidity on the different infection rates are also examining the relationship of sex and incidence of external parasitesStudy was conducted to detect parasitic infections in some types of foreign family erythematosus where The results revealed that infestation of pigeons with one type of flies Pseudolynchia canariensis with total infestation rate was 3.33%, the highest infestation rate was in March (13.04%) and the lowest infestation rate was in December (3.12%), this record is consider a first record in Baghdad.

This study was conducted to determine the biological effects of both Artemisia herba alba and Urtica dioica on the pathogenesis of Eimeria tenella, so 150 broilers, 7days old (Ross breed) were used, divided randomly into 6 groups. The first fourth groups include 30 chicks for each group, while fifth and sixth groups have 15 chicks for each, consider as positive and negative groups.The first five groups infected orally with 1000 oocysts of E.tenella directly into the crop at 17 days old. Histopathological examination of cecae in the treated groups with Urtica dioica revealed moderate mononuclear cells (MNCs) infiltration, while sever lymphocytic aggregations were seen in the treated group of water extract comparing with less cellular inflammatory infiltration was seen in the treated group with Artemisia herba alba .Severe degeneration and necrotic changes were appeared in epithelial layer of mucus glands as well as appearance of degenerated schizonts in the section of the control group.

The aim of this study is to follow the changes in proteins and some enzyme activities in intestine of common carp exposed to magnetized water. Fish Cyprinus carpio were exposed to magnetized water for 8 days. Magnetic intensities of 750, 1500 and 3000 gauss were used to magnetize water. The activities of enzymes (alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, ALT and AST) were followed in the fish intestine. Besides, an electrophoresis change in esterase enzyme was used to fallow. Activities of all enzymes were increased in the intestine of fish exposed to magnetized water. A new bands of esterase were induced which stained with alpha naphthyl acetate on polyacrylamid gel electrophoresis, while no changes in protein bands were observed.

A total of 15 Turkish- Awassi rams at ages ranged 2 - 2.5 years, and their weight ranged between 79.5 – 80.3 kg, Rams were randomly divided into 3 equal groups of 5 rams each group. The first group were taken1000 while the second group were taken 2000 gauss magnetic water, the third group were taken normal streaming water which is considered as a (control group). Blood sample were taken at the beginning of the experiment, and repeated every two weeks during the experimental period (four months). Results revealed that treated the rams with magnetically treated water resulted in significantly decreased (p<0.01) in cholesterol (1.78-4.08), triglycerides (0.94-0.054), low density lipoprotein (LDL) (1.4-0.2), Very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) (1.87-0.14) and significant increase (p<0.01) in high density lipoprotein (HDL)(0.17-0.49) .It could be concluded that rams received magnetically treated water resulted in significant improvement in level of lipid involved in this experiment.

The aim of this study is to detected the morphology of the alimentary canal in two freshwater fish species, Gattan Barbus xanthopterus and Grass carp Ctenopharyngodo idella which belonged to cyprinidae.. Increasing in mouth width with body length. Generally pharyngeal teeth arranged according to the following formulas. Gattan : 4-3-2 and 2-3-4 Grass carp: 2-5 and 4-2. Variations in the shape, size of pharyngeal teeth were noticed. They appear short and wide compact in gattan, but hard and serrated, comb like in grass carp. Different intestinal length were seen indicating differ in feeding natures.