Journal of Petroleum Research & Studies

Microorganism isolates used in plant protection were obtained from the College of Agriculture / University of Baghdad. Its purity was assured. The microbial biokit was prepared through using several unsatisfactory and environmentally friendly isolate. The bioactivity of biokit were studied in laboratory and showed susceptibility in removing contaminants. The results showed that the biomass of the isolates prior to the loading process on a medium containing crude oil as a single carbon source of 5 g/ L, which indicates growth ability and efficiency in the decomposition of pollutants when increase the isolates biomass more than 3 g / L, as well as the appearance of turbidity in the media compared to the control sample (media without oil), and obtained bioemulsifier with a concentration of 2.3 g / L. The chemical analysis of the samples under study was carried out using Gas Chromatography (GC) and GC MS compared with a non treatment (control).
The results showed the appearance of 43 topographic peaks each indicating a chemical compound in the control sample, while a number of these peaks disappeared and a space was reduced in other peaks that refers to the concentration of compounds, in the biomass sample, and reached the number of peaks in 26, indicating the efficiency of the biokit in the oil decomposition and dismantling of hydrocarbons. The increase in the number of live microorganisms and the incubation period is more than 28 days by increasing the growth intensity in the third week may be due to decomposing oil compounds and their exploitation in nutrition, where crude oil provides a source of carbon and energy for microorganism’s isolates. In other results showed that the mass of crude oil was converted to a mass of gel and emulsification compared to the control sample after seven days period at a temperature of 28± 2°C, Which is characterized by low toxicity and easy decomposition and reduces the surface tension of hydrocarbons and makes them more solubility and preparation for the dismantling of life and increase the rate of disintegration. The biokit was tested for retention in storage conditions for a period of one year.
The results showed that the viability of the biokit was effectively compared to the isolates
at alone prior to the production of the biokit, which showed poor storage capacity. We conclude that biomass has the potential to treat hydrocarbons (oil contaminants) in the environment.

The primary objective of this study is to predict optimum refining strategy to fractionate various Iraqi crude oils into lighter fractions depending on market monthly demand along one year.
The monthly consumption of gasoline, kerosene and diesel was calculated and genetic algorithm optimization method was used to calculate optimum cut points and blending ratio of three different crude oils (light Basrah, heavy Basrah and Kirkuk).
The results prove that manipulation cut points within a year for a blend of three crude oils will decrease 12.8% of distilled crude oil to produce the required amount of light cuts produced by refining single crude oil.

One of the most important uses of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as a nanosensor for various polluted gases resulting from the burning of petroleum derivatives containing sulfur compounds or extracted from the gases associated with petroleum, which are isolated by heat.
In this investigation, we tested the adhesion of gas molecules connected with oil: we examined the adhesion of gas molecules connected with oil: sulfur dioxide (SO2) and hydrogen sulphide (H2S) on the surface of ((5,0) zigzag and length (100 nm)) CNTs using DFT calculations to explore the high sensitivity to nanosensor for these molecules, which have gotten awesome consideration because of environmental and industrial considerations.
From the results obtained in this study geometry optimization (structural properties) for nanosensor for useful assention with trial information. While the electronic properties included calculate total energy, HOMO energies, LUMO energies, ionization potential, electron affinity, potential electronic chemical, electronegativity, electrochemical hardness and electronic softness, also, the energy gap of the sensors under study has been calculated and the energy gap varies as stated by the type of gases to be detected. Moreover, we used orbital analysis counting the DOS to finding out the possible orbital hybridization between molecules and CNTs. From these results, we can say that the CNTs under study ((5,0) zigzag and the length (100 nm)) has a high susceptibility to being an effective nanosensor for the gas molecules connected with the oil. This type of sensor(CNTs/SO2 or H2S) is standout amongst those a large portion essentialpersonal protective equipment that is to warn the person of the presence of gases associated with oil, especially in areas of normal gas extraction.

In this paper, an investigation of using corrugated passages instead of circular cross section passages was achieved in conditions simulate the case in the gas turbine blade cooling using ANSYS Fluent version (14.5) with Boundary conditions: inlet coolant air temperature of 300 K with different air flow Reynolds numbers (191000, 286000 and 382000). The surrounding constant hot air temperatures was (1700 K). The numerical simulations was done by solving the governing equations (Continuity, Reynolds Averaging Navier-stokes and Energy equation) using (k-ε) model in three dimensions by using the FLUENT version (14.5). The present case was simulated by using corrugated passage of 3 m long, internal diameter of 0.3 m, 0.01 m groove height and wall thickness of 0.01 m, was compared with circular cross section pipe for the same length, diameter and thickness. The temperature, velocity distribution contours, cooling air temperature distribution, the inner wall surface temperature, and thermal performance factor at the two passages centerline are presented in this paper. The coolant air temperature at the corrugated passage centerline was higher than that for circular one by (12.3%), the temperature distribution for the inner wall surface for the corrugated passage is lower than circular one by (4.88 %). The coolant air flow velocity seems to be accelerated and decelerated through the corrugated passage, so it was shown that the thermal performance factor along the corrugated passage is larger than 1, this is due to the fact that the corrugated walls create turbulent conditions and increasing thermal surface area, and thus increasing heat transfer coefficient than the circular case.

Metal storage tanks for liquid gas are unstable at low temperature (below zero degree centigrade), because the metal tends to be brittle and susceptible to crack. In this research studying some physical properties such as shrinkage, adhesion force and coating layer thickness of aluminum powder with ethyl silicate as a binder were performed. The results shown, that the coating with such layer has excellent resistance to low temperature and impermeable to liquid gas for example, propane, methane and nitrogen a suitable coating layer thickness is (5mm). The data and results were optimized by using Taguchi / ANOVA Technique

The Mishrif reservoir (Upper Cretaceous) considered the main discovered and developed reservoir at West Qurna I field in southern Iraq and has been on production intermittently since 1999. Mishrif reservoir has been deviated into six main zones from youngest to oldest are mA, CRI, mB1, CRII, mB2 & mC.
The West Qurna Phase I Field (WQI) has pressure depletion since production commenced in 1999. More than 450 wells penetrated Mishrif Formation, to date, almost all of the production has been from the Mishrif formation (2180 to 2505 m true vertical depth, subsea) with minor oil production from the Lower Cretaceous Zubair formations. Geoscientist and reservoir engineers are looking for producing dry oil especially there are limited surface facilities at West Qurna phase 1, for that purpose and as part of Reservoir Management, It was very important to monitor the Formation & injection water movement across Mishrif reservoir with the time. Cased hole logs (Saturation logs & Production logs) and Open hole logs for new drill wells are being integrated to describe the water encroachment in Mishrif in order to Study behavior of aquifer movement and water injection, Validate the geologic reservoir model, assess the vertical and horizontal water sweep & enhance perforation strategies.
In West Qurna 1 (from 2010 to date) have been ran more than 500 PLTs (Production logs) and 300 PNLs (Saturation logs) and open hole logs for new drill wells, all these logs have been analysis and interpreted (using Geolog &Emeraude software) then were created different water movement maps for each main productive zone mA, mB1 & mB2 in 2013, 2014 & 2016 (by Petrel).
Different water encroachment behavior among the different zones due to heterogeneity in reservoir rock quality, Integrating production rate allocated by zone with water encroachment maps shows excellent relationship between production and flood front by zone, the maps showed that quicker water movement in the Meshrif reservoir compared to the model, these maps are using for perforation strategy, and the maps will be updated periodically every 12 months.

The Mishrif reservoir (Upper Cretaceous) considered the main discovered and developed reservoir at West Qurna I field in southern Iraq and has been on production intermittently since 1999. Mishrif reservoir has been deviated into six main zones from youngest to oldest are mA, CRI, mB1, CRII, mB2 & mC.
The West Qurna Phase I Field (WQI) has pressure depletion since production commenced in 1999. More than 450 wells penetrated Mishrif Formation, to date, almost all of the production has been from the Mishrif formation (2180 to 2505 m true vertical depth, subsea) with minor oil production from the Lower Cretaceous Zubair formations. Geoscientist and reservoir engineers are looking for producing dry oil especially there are limited surface facilities at West Qurna phase 1, for that purpose and as part of Reservoir Management, It was very important to monitor the Formation & injection water movement across Mishrif reservoir with the time. Cased hole logs (Saturation logs & Production logs) and Open hole logs for new drill wells are being integrated to describe the water encroachment in Mishrif in order to Study behavior of aquifer movement and water injection, Validate the geologic reservoir model, assess the vertical and horizontal water sweep & enhance perforation strategies.
In West Qurna 1 (from 2010 to date) have been ran more than 500 PLTs (Production logs) and 300 PNLs (Saturation logs) and open hole logs for new drill wells, all these logs have been analysis and interpreted (using Geolog &Emeraude software) then were created different water movement maps for each main productive zone mA, mB1 & mB2 in 2013, 2014 & 2016 (by Petrel).
Different water encroachment behavior among the different zones due to heterogeneity in reservoir rock quality, Integrating production rate allocated by zone with water encroachment maps shows excellent relationship between production and flood front by zone, the maps showed that quicker water movement in the Meshrif reservoir compared to the model, these maps are using for perforation strategy, and the maps will be updated periodically every 12 months.

A batch system has been used for removal of chloride, sulfate and sodium pollutants from wastewater of Daura refinery. The fine grained resin lewatit was used in this study, batch experiments were performed to examine the effects amount of resin and mixing time on the removal efficiency and residual of pollutants. The kinetics and thermodynamics of adsorption were also analyzed. Various thermodynamic parameters such as enthalpy (ΔH◦), free energy (ΔG◦) and entropy (ΔS◦) showed that the adsorption was endothermic, spontaneous and feasible. The removal efficiency of sulfate, chloride and sodium is (91%, 88%, 82%), respectively. The optimum mixing time is (12min) for sulfate and sodium, and (14 min) for chloride. Sulfate adsorption on lewatit fitted well to the pseudo second order kinetic model, but adsorption of chloride and sodium on lewatit behaves to the pseudo
first order kinetic model.

This study aims to calculate cementation factor and water saturation exponent for four different lithological formations from different oil fields in south of Iraq and compare the results with typical values of these reservoir parameters. The formations that being selected for this study are: Yamama Formation in West Quran (WQ 60 well), Zubair Formation in south Rumaila (Ru 64 well), Nahr Umr Formation in Luhais oil field (Lu 5 well), and Mishrif Formation in Tuba oil field (Tu 4 well). The cementation factor for clastic formations (Zubair and Nuhr Umr) was calculated via Wyllie (1949) and He (2005) empirical equations. It is found that the value of this parameter is estimated to be 1.1 and 1.90 m for the Zubair formation using Wyllie equation and is equal to 2.4 and 1.6 m for Nahr Umr Formation according to the He equation. For the carbonate formations (Yamama and Mishrif), the cementation factor was estimated using Borai (1987) and Focke and Munn (1987) equations. This parameter was equal to 1.3 for both formations according to Focke and Munn (1978) and estimated to be 1.95 and 1.98 for Yamama and Mishrif formations according to equation developed by the Borai. The calculated saturation exponent was 2.5, 2, 2.21 and 0.5 in Zubair, Nahr Umr, Mishrif, and Yamama formations, respectively. The new calculated values were then applied in the Archi equation to estimate water saturation. The obtained results were compared with that calculated in laboratory (from core). Results showed that Wyille equation is better than the He equation. The final result confirmed that Wyllie equation is more accurate than He equation for calculating cementation factor in sandstone, while Borai equation was more accurate than Focke and Munn equations for the cementation factor in limestone rocks.

The only way to stabilize the Earth’s climate is to stabilize the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. In this study, the conversion of methane and CO2 to synthesis gas using dry reforming over catalysts Ni/Mg1-XCeXO (x= 0, 0.03, 0.07, 0.15; 1 wt% Ni each), dry reforming of methane was performed. The catalysts were prepared by K2CO3 co
precipitation from aqueous cerium nitrate hexahydrate and magnesium nitrate hexahydrate.
Impregnation of nickel (II) acetylacetonate onto MgO Ce2O3 was then conducted. TEM, XRD, FTIR, XRF, XPS, and BET characterizations of the catalysts were carried out. Results showed that the catalysts were reduced at 700 °C by H2 prior to each reaction. CH4 and CO2 conversions at 900 °C of the catalysts after being tested for 200h decreased in the order Ni/Mg0.85Ce0.15O, Ni/Mg0.93Ce0.07O, Ni/Mg0.97Ce0.03O, and Ni/MgO. The highest H2 and CO selectivities, was observed at a 1:1 CH4:CO2 mole ratio. We further performed a dry reforming in the presence of low concentration oxygen flow (1.25 Vol %) and found an increased CH4 conversion.

Water in Diesel Nano Emulsions (WiDNE) fuel are an important environmental fuels for decreasing the combustion pollution of diesel engines. WiDNE fuel is a dispersion stable thermodynamic and kinetic system consisting of diesel oil, surfactant and water phase. WiDNE fuel due to their nano scale droplet size (20 200 nm) and large surface area burns more completely and hence a reduction in emissions than straight diesel.
The objective of this project is to evaluate the combustion characteristics of WiDNE fuel prepared by rotor stator homogenizer using mixed surfactants based on nonionic emulsifiers Span™ 80, Tween™ 80. Direct injection (DI), Fiat engine was used and run at 1500 rpm, constant fuel pressure (400 bar) with varying the operation load.
Multi gas analyzer model 4880 was used to measure the concentration of the emission gases such as NOx, unburned total hydrocarbon HC, CO2 and CO. The AVL 415 meter was used for smoke emissions. The experimental results of WiDNE imposes the capability to improve fuel properties, the engine efficiency as well as reduction of gas emissions

Cuttings transportation from the bit up the annulus to the surface is one the essential functions that are performed by drilling fluid. Predication of drilling fluid efficiency to transport cuttings in the annulus is very complicated due to numerous parameters that have affected drilling operations. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is widely used as a numerical technique in handling complex multiphase flow problems in different operational conditions.
The present work has taken the advancement of CFD to computationally analyse the influence of the effects of various parameters like drilling fluid rheology, flow rate, pipe rotation, cuttings density, shape, concentration and drilling fluid cuttings particle coupling regimes on the cuttings transport in a vertical wellbore. The CFD simulation was carried out by using transient solver of ANSYS FLUENT CFD commercial code.
The dense discrete phase model (DDPM) is suggested in this work to overcome the main shortcomings of Eulerian Eulerian and CFD DEM approaches in simulating drilling fluid cuttings flow. Also, some of the experimental investigations were involved in determining the fluid physical properties and essential input data to perform the CFD simulations. Regarding the results validation and verification, well agreement has been achieved between results obtained in this study with those reported in other studies

One of the most important factors that cause formation damage is drilling fluid invasion caused by mud filtration. Hence, it is essential to minimize the mud filtration in order to reduce its damage to the formation using drilling fluid additives that control and minimize the filtration rate. Magnesium Oxide (MgO) nanoparticles at different masses (0.01, 0.05, 0.07, 0.1, and 0.2) gm with water base mud have been investigated in this research to measure its effect on the filtration rate. Four types of drilling fluid are used in this research; API water base mud WBM, Saturated salt water mud, DURA THERM mud and polymer mud. Filtration rate was tested under high temperature high pressure (HTHP) conditions; at (75 and 100) C and (500 psi), and at room temperature and pressure at (100 psi). The viscosity of all drilling fluid types is measured using a rotational viscometer at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. In general, the results showed that adding MgO nano particle helped in reducing the filtration rate of drilling fluid, the best results were gained in DURA THERM mud and Saturated Salt Water Mud at MgO concentrationof 0.07gm and 0.2gm, respectively; where the filtrate reduction 60% at 100 C. Also, MgO addition improves rheological properties and drilling fluid stability

The most important constituents of drilling operation success is keeping the drilling fluid rheological properties within a certain limit to maintain continuity of their functions in a good manner. To achieve that, the drilling mud system needs continuous and direct supervision such as measuring its rheological properties and treating any deviation in their values. Viscosity is the most important property in hydraulic program success due to its direct relation with a bottom hole cleaning during well drilling, thus related with the drilling rate, so this property should be kept essentially to ensure bottom hole cleaning and high drilling rate at the same time.
Some chemicals should be added to the mud system to keep both viscosity and other properties within certain standards and the required limit ,the high cost of such chemicals increase both the metric cost and the final cost of such wells.
The aim of this research is to test the physical and chemical properties of a local material, as a thinner and a filtration rate reducer, which tends to decrease the rheological properties of drilling mud. Twenty six samples of different types of drilling mud are tested with both the local and imported foreign materials.
The results for both additive materials are compared and it is found that the local thinner has the same trend as the foreign material to a certain extent. Also, in this work, the ideal rheological model is detected among six rheological models by preparing an excel system program to determine the Average Absolute Percentage Error (AAPE). This program compares the calculated shear stress values and the measured values obtained from high pressure high temperature viscometer.
The selected models are Bingham plastic model, Power law model, Modified power law model, Robertson stiff model, and Modified Robertson stiff model and Casson model.
The results show that the Power law and Casson models coincide with the tested samples.

The corrosion inhibition of mild carbon steel in 1???? ???????????? solution was studied in presence of Cardaria Draba leaf extracts and his absence; it is a nontoxic and environmentally friendly inhibitor. The study was at different temperatures (30−60℃) and different concentrations of extract using weight loss technique. the inhibition efficiency increases with increase in the concentration of the extract (????????????) also with rising in temperature, where the maximum inhibition is around (94.3%). the results obtained showed that (????????????) extract act as an inhibitor for mild carbon steel in ???????????? and reduces the corrosion rate. the adsorption of Cardaria Draba leaf extracts was found to follow Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The values of the free energy of adsorption were more than (-20kJ/mol), which is indicative of a mixed mode of chemical and physical adsorption, but chemical adsorption is the predominant mode of adsorption.

The purpose of the present research is to study the dissolution and transport of LNAPL (toluene) from a circular pool in heterogeneous sand soil. An aquifer was constructed to conduct this aim with dimension of (100 * 50 * 30) cm. The aquifer was packed with heterogeneous sand soil. Eight points at three depths along the aquifer were selected for sampling procedures. Samples were analysis for toluene concentration using gas chromatography devise. Three velocities of five were selected to explain the transport phenomena. Statistical analysis was applied to the data to find the correlation between measured concentrations. It was found that, the concentrations of toluene were fluctuated in the low and max porous medium flow velocities (0.408 and 5.118) cm/day effect of flow through porous media on. The statistical analysis showed that there a correlation between concentrations of toluene in the vertical direction (depth) of the medium.

The research aims to detect the possibility of implementing the Cleaner Production System in the Iraqi Oil Company. Basra Petroleum Company was chosen as a field of study. The check list was distributed to Intended sample of the operation and environment engineers in the AlBargesia Operations association. The research reached a number of results. The weakness of the technical and administrative staff in the company to understand the concepts and practices of cleaner production and clean techniques and how to use them.

Electrocoagulation has turned out to be a rapidly growing area of wastewater treatment due to its ability to remove contaminants that are generally more difficult to remove by filtration or chemical treatment systems. These pollutants may include emulsified oil, petroleum hydrocarbons, suspended solids, and heavy metals. In this novel technology, metal cations are released into the wastewater through dissolving metal electrodes. Simultaneously, beneficial side reactions can help in removing flocculated material from the water.
Oily wastewater represents a dangerous threat when discharged to the environment; therefore treating it becomes vital in oil industry. This research has investigated electrocoagulation as a simple, effective and economic technique for treatment of such wastewater. Bench scale reactor was used to evaluate the factors that may affect the treatment of oily wastewater. Aluminum was used as a sacrificial anode. Electrodes were arranged at different configurations to select the optimal one. Other tested operation parameters include time of treatment, current density, distance between the electrodes, and the electrolyte concentration of the emulsion. The experimental results indicated that electrocoagulation was very efficient and able to achieve 94% turbidity removal in less 60 min, pH:7, current density of 45 (A/m2).
Also the effect of initial concentration of oil (100-1000 ppm) in wastewater, applied voltage (10-20 v), the dose of NaCl electrolyte (0-1 g) and temperature (35-60 oC) were optimized. What distinguishes this work is the the type of the electrodes configuration. Circular horizontal Al/Al electrodes (Ø12 cm) with 17 holes (Ø7 mm) have been found to give the best electrocoagulation environment and thus optimum results. The associated electrical energy consumption is 1.6 kW h/m3 for flotation times of 60 min.

Basrah oil fields carry multiple drilling problems that are drilled with difficulty, these problems are often treated incompetently. This inefficiency in the procedures in handling the problems often results in a long wait around time. This study aims to offer the best precautionary procedures that can be taken in the form of a smartphone’s application (Precautions Enhancer) to reach trustworthy precautions anywhere needed on the oil field.
The introduction of smartphones to the drilling engineering in particular and the petroleum industry in general is a critical and a very useful tool that could be developed to gain accuracy and speed on field.
The plans of precautions for the expected drilling problems is carried out. The included formations extend from the upper and lower Faris to Mishrif. The precautions that are set as the best practice are based on field experience and standardized IWCF methods. The used programming techniques are: the classify algorithm (forward) technique is used to enhance Precautions Enhancer’s (PE) abilities to avoid the problems.
An application called Precautions Enhancer (PE) having a friendly user interface that can be used in the field is built with a full secure database of the fields’ problems and precautions with a database of the drilling problems in Basra oil fields in PE; all of the drilling problems that could encountered while drilling with their precautionary procedures are all mounted in the database of PE.