Journal of University of Babylon

The poet and the writer sometimes resort to the use of stylistic techniques in his literary text to help him deliver the intended meaning, from this techniques stylistic displacement that helps the poet or the writer to get out of the context of the usual meaning to new contexts, the researcher tried to highlight the employment of this technique in the poetry of Ali El-Baz, who employed stylistic displacement in some of his poems with the intention of denying the predicate in the nominal sentence and the definition of the predicate in it, contrary to the original for rhetorical purposes. The poet Ali El-Baz used (assigned to him) in the nominal sentence denial contrary to the original for rhetorical purposes, including generalization, glorification, multiplication and others, and used the poet (predicate) in the nominal sentence knowledge contrary to the original allocation and palace in most of its places, realizing the value of (definition and denial) in the nominal sentence, employing that understanding in the service of significance according to its artistic purpose.

This study aims to reveal the syntactic structures of linguistic collocations in the pre-Islamic and early Islamic eras being the best setting of eloquence and its environment. In collecting collocations, we relied on the sermons of the two eras that were included in the book (A Collection of Arab Speeches in the Prosperous Arab Ages) so that those speeches in that book would be samples. Sufficient for the speeches of the two eras and then analyzing its structural structures according to the research plan imposed on it by the nature of matter. This plan consisted of an introduction entitled (Syntactic Structures and Linguistic Collocations), and two sections. We devoted the first section to nominal structure, and the second section dealt with verbal structure. Then we ended the study with some results of the study.

This study aims to identify the relationship between the emotive expression and its social interaction among orphaned adolescents in the city of Aleppo. It also tries to statistically reveal the significant differences in the level of emotive expression and the level of social interaction due to the social variable of sex. The researchers rely on the descriptive analytical approach and have applied one tool to measure emotive expression which consists of (11) phrases and another tool to measure social interaction which consists of other (10) phrases designed by the researchers. The sample of the study comprises (62) orphaned adolescents chosen from Aleppo. The results indicate that there is a positive direct relationship between the emotive expression and its social interaction. The results also show that the level of the emotional expression among orphaned adolescents and the level of social interaction is within the average while there are no differences in emotive expression and social interaction in relation to sex.

The subject of the research revolves around the legal Adjustment of compensation funds for damages that are established by the state to deal with damages resulting from specific actions or natural or human disasters. These funds are considered a tool for the administration to confront serious and unusual damages that individuals are unable to bear, so society stands in solidarity with them in bearing the burden. These damages by compensating them for them, which is what we will address in this research by discussing the nature of these funds by researching their concept, and that they are bodies created by the state and enjoy legal personality, and the law of their creation determines the compensation mechanism and its amount. We also discussed the reasons that prompted the adoption of the system. Compensation through funds, which turned out to be the result of the failure of traditional liability rules to compensate those affected despite the severity of the damages, which contradicts justice and logic. We also discussed the extent of the impact of compensation through funds on the functions of traditional responsibility, especially the compensatory function of responsibility and the impermissibility of combining two compensation for the same damage through the fund. Who is responsible for the damage and how to avoid this, as well as the deterrent function of liability through the responsible person alone bearing the burden of damage, not the funds, and how to maintain that? We also discussed the nature of the relationship between traditional liability and social responsibility, on which compensation funds are based, and we presented the nature of each liability in terms of the origin of each of them, as well as In terms of elements, size of compensation, legal basis and nature of procedures.

The topic of the direct and indirect speech acts is one of the important topics that has not yet received much attention by Arab linguists who have not examined it independently in their studies. This study, therefore, aims at dealing with it in an independent study in the speech of Imam Hasan Mujtaba (pbuh) because he utilized it to achieve many linguistic functions that varied between direct and indirect. The study concluded that Imam Hasan Mujtaba (pbuh) resorted, in communicating those functions, to employing two methods: employing direct speech acts so the goal is then complete and indirect speech acts that pave the way for the ultimate goal of his speech, each of which depends on the context of situation. Then these speech acts varied between the constative and the performative expressing the desired purposes for which Imam Hasan Mujtaba (pbuh) sent his messages.

The current research aims to identify the technological Competencies necessary for mathematics teachers in the basic education stage, as well as to know the importance of empowering them with such Competencies. In order to accomplish the current research and achieve its objectives, the descriptive approach was used, and work was also done to prepare the research tools, which were an interview card that was designed and included a group Of the open questions, the entire original population of the current research consisted of mathematics teachers who underwent training courses within the project of integrating technology into education, in addition to the trainers who supervised the implementation of these training courses affiliated with the Directorate of Education in Latakia Governorate within the Syrian Arab Republic. A sample was chosen. Randomly from these teachers and trainers who underwent and supervised these courses, the number of sample members reached (75) teachers and trainers, (50 teachers - 25 trainers), and after conducting interviews with the sample members and transcribing the answers, the results of the research revealed the most prominent and important technological competencies that teachers need. Mathematics, which includes the skill of using the computer with its applications and programs, the skill of using all kinds of technologies and technological innovations, in addition to the skill of designing presentations and electronic tests. The results also showed the importance of empowering mathematics teachers with these competencies, in that they develop the skills of using information sources and employing technologies. Modern and effective in the classroom.

Commonly, the topic of humanitarianism (i.e., the embodiment of an ideology of human compassion) has not been given its due concern neither in terms of Critical Discourse Analysis studies nor in political speeches. Moreover, there is lack of studies that handle the topic in president Biden’s speeches.As such, the current study tries to bridge this gap by answering the questions of :What are the strategies of the ideology of humanitarianism in Biden’s speeches on the Palestine-Israel conflict? What are the most and the least employed strategies in the speeches in question?, And finally, why does Biden employ these strategies?
The study employs Van Dijk’s model that involves appropriate tactics for the overall strategy of "positive self-representation" and "negative other-representation" as ideological constructions in discourse.
The study finds that Biden implements various strategies like actor description, metaphor, victimization, lexicalization, empathy, presupposition number game, and compassion. In terms of the most employed strategies, they are compassion, empathy and lexicalization, yet the least utilized ones are presupposition, and number game. Finally, the ideology of humanitarianism in Biden’s speeches is mainly done throughout his ideologized plans of positive self –representation as feeling the suffering, and having compassion towards people of Israel, while Hamas, as a representative of Palestinians, is portrayed as terrorist organization, slaughtering scores of Israeli people and committing many vicious massacres, as such humanitarian. As such the strategies of humanitarianism are ideological.

The current research aims to identify (the effect of teaching strategies based on multiple intelligences on the achievement and scientific thinking of second-grade students in the middle school in science (physics)), and for the purpose of verifying the research objective, the following two hypotheses were formulated:-
1- There is no statistically significant difference at the level (0.05) between the average scores of the experimental group who study physics according to teaching strategies based on multiple intelligences, and the average scores of the control group who
2-There is no statistically significant difference at the level (0.05) between the average scores of the experimental group who study physics according to teaching strategies based on multiple intelligences, and the average scores of the control group who study the same subject according to the usual method of scientific thinking.

The study aims to estimate the size and discharge of rain flood waves for the Suef valley basin this is done through statistical cartography modeling based on the Snyder model, which is one of the mathematical models that depend on the quantitative approach in hydrological studies, in this study, geological formations and sediments, surface, soil types and vegetation cover were identified, as well as the climatic water balance of the basin, the study found after applying the model that the maximum flow of the torrent in Suef valley basin amounted to about (177.48) m 3 / s, the speed of surface runoff has reached approximately (5.51) km / h, the volume of flow of the torrent is about (1.092) million m3 / s, the depth of runoff of the basin has reached (149.6) mm.

The established principle in public international law is that states abide by customary international rules related to the law of the sea, including those related to the rules of the continental shelf, without this being dependent on their will. When a customary international rule emerges, it will be binding on all states, whether these states have contributed to its formation and consented to it. Or not, in order not to create a disparity in the legal status of maritime states at a time when such a disparity should not exist within the scope of customary international law.
International unilateral actions on the subject of the continental shelf derive their international validity from their conformity and non-contradiction with the principles of international legal action in general, which are issued by a group of countries by adopting texts of similar legal legislation on the subject of the continental shelf, that is, by jointly adopting specific international legal rules. However, they remain like These texts are unilateral acts that have no legal effect vis-à-vis other countries unless they are gradually transformed into the ranks of rules Customary international rules on this subject, and thus it can be said that the legal framework provided by the customary rules on the subject of the continental shelf and its relationship with the official sources of international law cannot encompass all the legal rules that govern international relations at the present time, and the extent of the capacity of these unilateral actions and their role in forming customary international rules. Continental shelf.