Al-iraqia University The college of law and political science journal

The state its activities in its departments through its employees, understanding the tools to achieve its goals, and the public position in it has received the care of the legislator and legal scholars, as it is a national assignment that aims to serve the citizens and the public interest.Among these jobs is the job concerned with preserving security and stability within the country, spreading a spirit of peace and tranquility in the hearts of people, and helping to establish justice and equity between them. manage its affairs and achieve its aforementioned goals and objectives, This institution in which those in charge have been granted influence and authority that enables them to carry out the duties imposed on them by law in order to run its affairs and achieve its aforementioned purpose and objectives. At the same time, the legislator worked to define and restrict this influence in order not to misuse it. The issue of abuse of police power had a share in the Iraqi Penal Code No. 111 of 1969, as amended, and the Iraqi Internal Security Forces Penal Code No. 14 of 2008 (amended). Where the legislator worked to criminalize a group of acts and behaviors that are considered as abuse of police power

The interrelationship between knowledge and the resulting digital progress and the law and its rules concerned with social life is a strong interdependence and close cooperation between them, both of which affect the other and are affected by it.

The truth is that the novelty of the emergence of blockchain contracts and their finding in the legal arena has resulted in several legal problems and great difficulties in proof, due to the lack of legal studies and the lack of clarity about their precise and stable features in terms of technology, technology and art for these digital algorithms .

As a result, there are risks facing this process, sometimes legal and sometimes technical, so the legislator is required to give the appropriate legal cover in order to achieve the legal value of these contractual models of evidence .

The risks that the worker during his work, such as accidents, injuries, disability, illness, death and others, have led the international community to assume its collective responsibility in providing the necessary protection for him and securing him from these risks, so collective and bilateral international agreements have been concluded, so that these risks become insured and secured. As a result of these accidents, the worker receives different benefits according to the injury or disability that he receives during his work.

The idea of the contract requirement is one of the issues that occupy an important aspect of the dispute in legal jurisprudence. As the word jurists do not agree on what is meant by this word. The idea of ​​the contract requirement may mean the basic obligation arising from the contract. Or, according to the expression of the Muslim jurists, By this they mean the main obligation in the contract. If we wanted, we would say that it means the essence of the contract, However, the contract may include, in addition to the main obligation arising from the nature of the contract, There are other obligations as a result of the terms agreed upon in the contract. On this basis, the idea of the contract requirement does not have an agreed upon meaning. This research is an attempt to study the concept of the contract requirement by studying the legal position of the laws being compared.

The judicial authority competent to settle nationality disputes in Iraq, is the administrative judiciary, as it has the general jurisdiction to consider all administrative disputes, including nationality disputes because it is legal nature is consistent with its competence in view of the presence of the department concerned with espionage matters as a party to the dispute, and the relationship that governs it is a relationship or a common law association and then the administrative judiciary is the natural judiciary specialized in settling these disputes due to its independence and impartiality.

In developed countries, efforts are still continuing in order to reach a mature punitive policy that contributes effectively to confronting criminal acts to achieve social security, which has become threatened by the growing crime rates in terms of quantity and quality. Where the conviction settled that continuing to increase the punishment no longer works, because intimidation does not guarantee the full achievement of social peace and cannot contribute to reforming the criminal in a way that moves him from the stage of threatening the rights and security of individuals to the stage of active participation in the maintenance of those rights. Therefore, it is necessary to resort to more modern solutions represented in the adoption of alternative penalties and the system of the execution judge. Therefore, the aim of this research was to shed light on the concept of the penalty execution judge and on corrective penalties or what are called alternative penalties.

Through this research, it becomes clear to us that the rules of banking secrecy contained in legislation, in particular the Iraqi legislation, are insufficient alone to protect the information and electronic customer data in banks due to the great development witnessed by trade in general and e-commerce in particular, and in order to attract the investor, the quality of banking services provided by banks, especially electronic to keep pace with the rapid changes in the world of trade and economy, must be improved.

continue to live on planet Earth in a clean and suitable environment, the causes that pollute this environment and all other components of the earth must be eliminated, and among pollution the light pollution that harms humans and all other components of the environment, it is necessary to determine who is responsible for it and how to treat it.

Wen researching the issue of the relationship of the crime of error with the crimes of harm and danger, we see that jurisprudence divided the error into two types: conscious error and unconscious error.

Its occurrence, he commits his behavior and achieves the damage he expected.

As for the second type (unconscious error), this type of error is based on negative expectation, which is available by the will of the behavior that results in an unlawful results, represented by a certain harm that the perpetrator did not expect and could have anticipated and avoided.

The importance of the research shows the nature of the military occupation in the rules and provisions of public international law. It is considered the most important and most dangerous stage of the war. The concept of occupation and the historical stages it passed through are clarified within the framework of international relations. Clarifying the legal nature of the occupation, and distinguishing it from other suspected case . This requires defining the occupation and its distinguishing elements, and the functions entrusted to the occupying forces.

As a result of the great development in all areas of life and the increase in the use of natural, industrial and technological resources, as well as the increase in population numbers in the whole world, this led to an increase in the use and consumption of natural materials, which led to an increase in the damages that could affect biodiversity

Biodiversity is one of the important issues that concern all living organisms because of their necessity in life, and therefore it is necessary to know the concept of this diversity and what it is intended for, and what is the international responsibility that states bear in the event of damage to this diversity for the actions or actions that may be attended by law International or not, and what international agreements and treaties include such a concept to protect and preserve it, how to protect it and the responsibility that may fall on the state that harms it through compensation

Legal Empowerment to Abandon Remote Contracts consider as most recent and effective methods to protect the consumer in the post-contracting stage that most Arabic and international legislation issued on the occasion of the lack of a real vision for consumables (goods and services) , and that protection has departed from the principle of the binding force of the contract, which is the basis for the emergence of the contractual commitment.

The legal empowerment revealed that there is a period during using this option introduced to the weakest party in the contract which is the consumer that facing a professional trader, without providing any reasons or justifications for relinquishing or failing by the professional and to try restoring contract powerment. The consumer bears the costs of returning the abandoned goods to the trader after notifying the consumer to abandon without damage.

The abandon possibility of the remotely contracts must explain the nature and characteristics of remote (electronic) contracts that are the legal place for abandon, then revealed the legal principle and most important exceptions that can be explained to the consumer, with an explanation of the controls for using the possibility of reversal and its effects on both the consumer and the professional.

After twenty years of the US occupation of Afghan lands, the US withdrawal came quickly and suddenly, and the international community was greatly stunned by the speed of the withdrawal of US forces, workers in Afghan military bases and institutions, and civilians on August 31, 2021, and this withdrawal came after the United States of America and the Taliban signed on February 29 2020 Doha Agreement, in order to bring peace to Afghanistan, and the negotiating members of the movement had pledged to prevent al-Qaeda from moving in the areas controlled by the movement, and this agreement had received the support of Russia, China and Pakistan, and the blessing of the Security Council, without taking into account the interest of the Afghan people and what resulted from it This withdrawal had difficult and painful repercussions for the entire Afghan people and had serious repercussions on the Afghan interior

The study of security as a main axis is an attempt by us to establish mechanisms to work according to standards commensurate with the security reality in which Iraq is living and centered on preserving the entity’s presence, although the process of establishing security is a relative process and not absolute, given the absence of absolute security in all its aspects, no matter how far the state is. Of strength, industrial and military supremacy, and political stability, as weaknesses remain unclear in certain aspects that may be overlooked by those who try to implement security and whatever the security precautions of the state at home, or the state may face threats that may be unconventional or invisible such as unknown or terrorist forces as well. Today, Iraq faces transnational terrorist groups that enjoy international and regional support. They have been able to pose a threat to the interests of the state and its political entity. Therefore, such actions and others make national security exposed and endangered. Since 2003, the mindset of the decision-maker in Iraq tends to try to formulate the strategic construction of national security, and in the same context, what strengthens national security is that the entire national approach tries to find a security approach capable of dealing with the various internal and external challenges that affect Iraqi national security in particular. Those challenges whose impact and continuity are linked to external, regional and international projects

The study aims to analyze the reality of Russian-European energy in light of the Ukrainian crisis, by addressing the perceptions of both exporting and importing countries for the concept of their energy security and the state of mutual energy dependence between Russia and the European Union, as well as addressing the Ukrainian crisis and its repercussions on Russian-European energy security