Muthanna Journal of Engineering and Technology(MJET)

Intelligent traffic management systems, urban planning, and the reduction of traffic congestion all depend on traffic flow prediction. In this research, a method based on machine learning based on neural network combination and feature selection based on genetic algorithm is presented for predicting short-time traffic flow. The genetic algorithm-based approach seeks to find a model’s optimal parameters globally. Inner-city traffic constantly changes and can be unpredictable. This is because traffic patterns repeat over time (have periodic characteristics) but also swing wildly from moment to moment (high fluctuations). As a result, it’s very hard to guess what traffic will be like in the future. Thin operators have been used duo to it good performance for short-time traffic prediction in neural networks system. In Isfahan gathered traffic data to see how well a new model, called LSTM, predicts traffic flow. We compared LSTM’s performance against other established methods like wavelet neural networks (WNN) and multilayer perceptron (MLP). the proposed neural network prediction model and genetic algorithm results have %97 accuracy, %97 correlation coefficient, 14.67 less average absolute error, higher signal-to-noise ratio, 0.97 entropy value, and 3.95 standard deviation. Compared to other methods, it has shown its superiority, such as ordinary neural networks. This model excels at finding the best solution quickly and accurately, even with noisy or complex data.

Concrete filled steel tube (CFST) column has been widely used in multi-storey buildings, towers and bridges due to its exceptional structural capacity and high load bearing. As a result of the increase in human activity within the building space and the recent increase in the rate of fires, it is important to research the behavior of this important type of columns under the influence of the combined load of static and fire loads. In this research, an introduction to CFST columns and an overview of published studies on the fire performance of CFST columns is presented. In this research, the focus was on the mechanical properties of steel and concrete and its effect on the column under the influence of high temperatures. To learn about CFST columns and their characteristics, and to diagnose the scientific gap in the behavior of these columns and the characteristics that need to be studied more deeply. Through research, it was found that the yield strength of steel does not have that important effect on the column’s resistance to fire compared to the resistance of concrete. It was also found that increasing the percentage of thinness negatively affects fire resistance. The double-skin column is the least studied for its mechanical properties and behavior under high temperatures.

An estimated 40% to 70% of the total water in desalination technologies is released as brine. In addition to high salinity concentrations, these liquid wastes contain different chemical components depending on the type and method of treatment. This brine causes a change in the marine environment due to its high ability to change the salinity, alkalinity and temperature of sea water, which affects the growth and size of aquatic life and disturbs marine diversity. There are several common methods for disposing of brine. These methods include sewer drainage, evaporation ponds, surface water drainage, deep well injection, and sprinkler irrigation.

Evaporation and discharge methods into seawater are among the least expensive methods and are appropriate if appropriate conditions are available, such as a hot climate and spacious lands. The most efficient but most expensive method is zero liquid discharge. Whatever the method used, the main factor, in addition to the cost, is to reduce the environmental impact so that the discharge of brine waste does not cause a change in the marine environment or groundwater.

The service life of structural buildings may encounter dynamic loads such as impact and explosion loads, which can occur accidentally, such as vehicle collisions or explosions. As a result, studying the structural behaviour of members in dynamic scenarios is essential. In addition, the incorporation of web openings in these members is an important aspect of structural engineering. However, It leads to a complicated of factors that greatly influence the overall performance and behaviour of the structure. The purpose of this article is to review the studies on the primary factors affecting the dynamic behaviour of the cellular steel beams under impact loading. This will be accomplished by discussing experimental, numerical and analytical studies. Also, the utilized guidelines in designing buildings to resist impact loads were reviewed. The study found that incorporating a slab greatly enhances the load-bearing and shear strength of a composite beam when subjected to impact, surpassing that of a steel beam without a slab. The size and positioning of web holes greatly affect the behaviour of perforated steel beams, especially the stress distribution in these beams.

Rubberised concrete provides elasticity, energy absorption, lightweight, and excellent acoustic and thermal insulation. Nevertheless, a notable drawback is its reduced compressive strength. To address this, incorporating silica fume emerges as a promising method to enhance compressive strength and overall performance. The current study aims at optimising the mechanical and thermal characteristics of rubberised concrete by incorporating silica fume as an additive. The investigation focuses on identifying the optimal ratio of crumb rubber and silica fume that yields favourable results across various properties, with a particular emphasis on compressive strength and thermal conductivity. Nine concrete mixes were developed, wherein 10% and 20% of the fine aggregate were substituted with two different percentages of crumb rubber. In addition, silica fume was used to substitute 10% and 15% of the cement. The experimental phase involved conducting tests for both compressive strength and thermal conductivity. The findings indicated a progressive decline in compressive strength as the crumb rubber content increased. This trend, however, was counterbalanced by the strengthening influence of silica fume. The density exhibited a decline with higher rubber content, but a marginal increase was observed upon the inclusion of silica fume. Moreover, water absorption tests indicated heightened absorption in the presence of rubber, countered using silica fume. Furthermore, as rubber content increased, thermal conductivity decreased, enhancing the insulating properties of rubberised concrete compared to plain concrete. Silica fume, while slightly diminishing thermal insulation in non-rubberized concrete, exhibited a negligible impact on the insulation qualities of rubberized concrete. Overall, the concrete mix comprising 20% rubber and 10% silica fume demonstrated the best performance in terms of both compressive strength and thermal conductivity. This research provides valuable insights into optimising the properties of rubberised concrete, offering a compelling pathway for sustainable construction practices with enhanced characteristics.

An event always refers to something that is often important, and in cities it refers to special spatial actions that play an important role in the future of the city and the formation of its physical entity. Cities without events live between contradictions based on the physical dimension and the search for identity within the repetitive activities of daily life. Given the importance of the relationship between individuals and the nature of the urban spaces, the event has the most important impact in understanding the nature of the differences coming from human intervention in urban spaces. The research problem comes from the focus of those interested in the material aspects more than the activities of individuals and institutions within city centers. To understand the relationship between the event and the effectiveness of architectural design, an important urban space in the Iraqi capital, Baghdad (Tahrir Square) in an important period characterized by increased social interaction was selected as part of the case study. If the event effectively affects the value of buildings and urban spaces.

Three main indicators and eight secondary indicators were extracted from the literature related to the research topic. These indicators were tested on a case study (a Turkish restaurant in Baghdad, the World Trade Towers) by a group of urban and architectural design experts to determine the feasibility of achieving the indicators. The research has arrived. It is the effectiveness of individuals within city centers that adds qualitative value to physical structures, and the culture of values takes on a collective character that represents the constants that society maintains within its moral, religious, and customary systems within cities. therefore, That Actions Qualify Spaces as Much as Spaces Qualify Actions.

This paper delves into the evolution and innovation in control strategies for grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) inverters, underscoring their pivotal role in enhancing the efficiency, stability, and grid compatibility of solar energy systems. Beginning with an exploration of advanced modulation techniques and adaptive harmonic filtering, the discussion extends to sophisticated control algorithms, including fuzzy logic and deep learning-based approaches. The paper highlights the significance of addressing wideband harmonics, ensuring robust system performance against fluctuations, and the need for decentralized control strategies in 250-kW PV array connected to a 25-kV grid via a three-phase converter. Furthermore, it addresses the emerging cybersecurity challenges posed by the increasing sophistication of inverter systems. The integration of intelligent control methods, nonlinear dynamic models, and smart inverter functionalities is presented as a holistic approach to optimizing PV systems for a future where renewable energy seamlessly integrates into the existing energy infrastructure. The paper concludes by asserting the indispensable role of these advanced control strategies in paving the way for a sustainable, stable, and efficient energy future.

Corrosion on steel reinforcement has a substantial effect on the total lifespan of concrete buildings over time. As a result, researchers are looking at different methods to combat this issue. As a consequence of their remarkable mechanical qualities and resistance to corrosion, fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) composite bars have gained a large amount of interest from the construction sector. In the construction of reinforced concrete (RC) structures, FRP bars may be used as an alternative to the conventional steel bars. Although the use of steel is effective, corrosion can cause cracking, spalling, and separation of steel bars in RC. Compared to steel-RC beams, FRP-RC beams deflect and shatter more due to their lower modulus of elasticity and a high prevalence of broad cracks than steel-reinforced beams. Also, FRP bars’ tensile strength at bent portions is 40-50% lower than that of straight bars. This study aims to evaluate the use of hybrid steel and FRP to reinforce concrete members, avoiding the disadvantages of using one of them as a reinforcement. The results showed that using hybrid reinforcement (steel/FRP bars) in structural components seems to improve building system efficacy by increasing load capacity, ductility, serviceability, and corrosion resistance. This technique can save maintenance costs, extend infrastructure life, and improve sustainability. Also, when the FRP to steel ratio is properly balanced, a desired level of ductility and moment redistribution can be achieved. Additionally, this study suggests conducting more investigations to determine the serviceability and structural properties of combining these materials in the long term.

Solid waste is becoming a worldwide issue that must be delt with to alleviate resource depletion and to face the pollution problem. One of the major components in solid wastes is plastic. The yearly waste generation of plastics has been rising significantly. With high health problem associated with plastic waste, many approaches were introduced for recycling. Using plastic waste in concrete mix is one approach for plastic recycling that is gaining more interest globally. In Iraq, where huge amounts of plastic waste are generating daily, the need for this approach is vital. Hollow concrete blocks are of the most public building bricks used around the country. This paper aims to examine how properties of compressive strength, flexural strength, water absorption, and dry density would affect when hollow concrete blocks are used for recycling plastic waste processed as clasps of ring strips. After cutting and arranged, PET ring clasps were introduced to the mix in varying quantities (3, 4, 6, and 8) and added to hollow blocks of size 360 mm x 200 mm x 200 mm. After concrete blocks casting and curing for 28 days, they were tested for their physical properties. Most of the central physical properties of these hollow blocks were identified and showed in this study. The results showed that there was no slump before adding the clasp of ring strips, a noticeable decrease in the fresh density of the concrete as the content of PET plastic waste increases, and an increase in the compressive strength with the increase of the number of PET clasps to 6 and then decreased when increasing to 8. Results showed an increase in flexural strength for samples with clasps of ring strips. The water absorption increases with the increase of the number of PET clasps to 3, and after that, the water absorption starts to decrease with the increase in the number of PET clasps. The dry density decreases with the increase of the number of PET clasps to 3, and after that, starts to increase with the increase in the number of PET clasps. The results revealed that 6 ring clasps strips of PET (2.4 kg plastic/cubic meter of concrete) added was the optimum mix.

The use of fibers has become widely adopted to enhance the properties of concrete within structural applications, enabling them to withstand various loads. In this research, an experimental study was carried out to examine the impact of incorporating polyolefin fibers (PF) in different ratios on the structural response of reinforced concrete beams to a purely torsional load. The study examined four polyolefin fiber ratios (PFR) (0.0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%) for both normal and high strength concrete. A total of 8 reinforced concrete beam specimens were fabricated; four specimens were made of normal concrete and the remaining four were made of high strength concrete. In addition to assessing the torsional behavior of the specimens, the mechanical characteristics of the concrete were investigated. The results demonstrated that the PF had a negligible influence on the concrete compressive strength of both levels. However, the tensile and flexural concrete strengths showed an improvement as the fiber content increased. Specifically, the tensile strength increased by approximately 78% and 41% for normal and high strength concrete, respectively when using a 1.5% PFR (polyolefin fiber ratio). Likewise, the flexural strength increased by approximately 88% and 65% for normal and high strength concrete, respectively, with 1.5% PFR. The experimental torsional test results indicated that torsional performance improved with increasing PFR. The ultimate torsional load demonstrated a 74% and 45% increase for a 1.5% PFR compared to specimens without fibers for normal and high strength concrete, respectively. Additionally, the twist angle of the specimens increased with increasing PFR, reflecting an improvement in their ductility. It is worth noting that the rate of improvement decreased after reaching a PFR of 1.0%.

Spot welding joins various steel types across diverse applications. Notably, it plays a crucial role in automotive manufacturing, where over 5000 spot welds contribute to the structural integrity of each car. This complex process relies on heat and pressure to create “nuggets” of melted metal that bond the sheets together. However, the rapid heating and cooling involved induce significant changes in the material’s microstructure, mechanical properties, and residual stresses. These stresses arise from non-uniform expansion and contraction during welding, as well as from phase transformations due to localized heating and cooling. This study delves into these microstructural changes, residual stresses, and mechanical behaviors of spot welds. Additionally, it investigates how welding parameters like current, time, and force influence the joint’s strength and residual stresses.