ENTERPRENEURSHIP JOURNAL FOR FINANCE AND BUSINESS

The study aims to shed light on the types of risks associated with the use of information technology in the audit process that face the external auditor, and to demonstrate the impact of these risks on the quality of the external auditor’s performance through the auditor’s academic and professional qualifications, rules of professional conduct, and consistency with field work standards. The study was based on the hypothesis The main principle is that the external auditor’s identification and evaluation of the risks that he may be exposed to when using modern techniques represented by auditing technology can result in a series of positive results, which in turn enhance the quality of his performance in the auditing process. In order to achieve the objectives of the study and examine and test its sub-hypotheses, it was adopted The study adopted a descriptive analytical approach through constructing and drafting a questionnaire that was distributed to the study sample consisting of a group of external auditors working in auditing offices and companies in the Republic of Iraq, and then analyzing the study data through the use of a number of statistical means and methods.
The study reached a set of conclusions, the most important of which is that the expansion and spread of the use of information technology in many professional works has placed the auditing profession on the need to keep pace with technical developments, as there has become an urgent need for the use of technology by the external auditor in his audit work. Information has provided many opportunities and provided many competitive advantages, but its use is associated with various risks that require the external auditor to recognize and evaluate them in advance to take the necessary precautions and procedures and thus will positively affect the quality of his performance when conducting the audit. The study also recommended the need for auditing offices and companies in Iraq Which uses technology in its work with all policies and procedures that ensure that all auditors are aware of the risks of technology and the extent of its impact on the quality of the external auditor’s performance.

This study aimed to explore the effect of using a sustainable balanced scorecard in the relationship between strategic cost management methods and strategic performance of Jordanian public shareholding industrial companies by shedding light on the most important modern administrative and accounting techniques used by advanced industrial companies in managing their costs and following up on the implementation of necessary corrective and preventive measures to enhance areas of strength and address areas of weakness in their strategic performance. The study population consisted of all employees in Jordanian public shareholding industrial companies. To achieve the objectives of the study, a questionnaire was developed and distributed to (205) individuals working in Jordanian public shareholding industrial companies. (158) questionnaires were retrieved, of which (146) were valid for analysis. To test the hypotheses, Structural Equation Model (PLS- SEM).
The study found that there is an effect of using a sustainable balanced scorecard in the relationship between total quality management method and strategic performance of Jordanian public shareholding industrial companies. However, the results of the study indicated no effect of using a sustainable balanced scorecard in the relationship between other strategic cost management methods (Target costing method, comparative measurement method) and the strategic performance of Jordanian public shareholding industrial companies. Based on the results of this study, the researchers reached several recommendations, The most important was: the necessity of Jordanian public shareholding industrial companies to enhance the implementation of strategic cost management methods, especially the target costing method, due to its positive effect on the use of a sustainable balanced scorecard. Moreover, it is essential to reconsider the application of comparative measurement method and work on its enhancement to be more effective in supporting the use of a sustainable balanced scorecard and improving strategic performance

The research seeks to determine and measure the effectiveness of the supervisory controls adopted in the National Bank of Iraq in reducing the operational events related to electronic systems in terms of the number of events and the size of the losses resulting from them, through the use of the inductive approach in terms of examining data on operational events and supervisory controls in the years 2020 and 2021 and applying theoretical concepts. Which were discussed to evaluate the effectiveness of internal controls in reducing operational risks. As a result, the study reached several conclusions, the most important of which is that internal controls contribute to reducing the number and size of operational events related to electronic systems and maintaining them within acceptable risk limits

This research aims to explore the importance of financial analysis and its contribution to enhancing environmental performance evaluation by utilizing financial ratios in financial analysis and addressing environmental issues to improve and maintain the environment and performance of government units. The research problem centres on the negative impact of neglecting financial analysis of financial statements and the financial information they contain regarding environmental performance on making appropriate decisions in performance evaluation. Therefore, the researchers sought to prove the hypothesis that using financial ratios in financial analysis and comparing financial information with non-financial information enhances environmental performance evaluation procedures. The study examined the environmental reality of the Medical City Directorate under the Ministry of Health, which is considered a unit affecting the environment. It involved an analytical review of the issued reports and financial analysis of the budget execution statement. The research concluded that the government unit in question showed weak environmental performance due to insufficient attention to pollution control, affecting most environmental aspects, and failure to apply environmental laws and regulations. Key recommendations include the need to comply with environmental laws and regulations and the necessity of establishing an environmental auditing plan or program to cover all environmental activities of the directorate.

This study aimed to determine the impact of human resources development on the effectiveness of crisis management among employees at private Jordanian Universities.
The descriptive approach was adopted; By developing two tools to measure human resources development and the effectiveness of crisis management, The study community consisted of all employees of private Jordanian Universities in the capital, Amman, Within senior and middle management. According to the report of The Ministry of Higher Education for the year (2021), The number of private Universities in the capital reached (11). University, and due to the large size of the study community, (5) Universities were chosen because their geographical location is within the capital, Amman, and they have obtained the ISO (9001) certificate. (158) questionnaires were received, and after reviewing them, it was found that (3) questionnaires had incomplete answers, so they were excluded. Thus, The number of valid questionnaires for the purposes of analysis reached (155).
The study recommended that Universities should adopt greater human resources development as a preliminary step to reduce the impact of crises they may face in the future, Encourage open communications, Transparency in dialogue, and accept complaints and suggestions between leaders and employees

One of the most important issues that an economic unit can face is changing accounting policies in light of the diversity of accounting options and alternatives, The aim of the study is to provide an introductory introduction to accounting policies and the impact of changes in accounting policies in accordance with the International Accounting Standard (IAS-2), Changing accounting policy is one of the most important issues that an economic unit can face, The important factors in improving the quality of accounting information in the financial statements through analyzing the relationship between the application of these policies and their accuracy and reliability, The research is based on an analytical study of the financial statements issued by the General Company for Textile and Leather Industries, The research reached a set of conclusions, the most important of which is that since the financial statements prepared by the company, whether based on manual or electronic programs, are not based on accurate information generated through the integrated system, their output does not truly indicate the efficiency and benefits of the company’s operations as a result of the company’s possession of a database, Unified and updated for all data related to the company’s branches, and in particular, with regard to the technical and statistical aspects. As a result of the use of old systems, it has become difficult to quickly and accurately obtain the necessary information as a result of the division and dispersion among the company’s departments, which has made it difficult to review the resulting financial statements, As for the recommendations, the most important of them is the need for all economic units to pay attention to the inventory component because it increases the ability of the economic unit to remain in the market and obtain many revenues for the economic unit

The balanced scorecard plays a crucial role in enhancing the reputation of organizations in general, and specifically in the tourism sector, where performance evaluation is a key aspect of their operations. The main objective of this study is to adopt modern performance evaluation concepts to bring about a qualitative improvement in performance assessment, not only from a financial standpoint but also from other intangible perspectives. This research was motivated by the necessity to evaluate business performance in order to strengthen the competitive position of organizations in a challenging environment. The study was conducted in several high-end hotels in Baghdad, revealing a lack of clarity in performance evaluation methods and a failure to utilize the balanced scorecard, which negatively impacted the status of the hotels. The literature review employed a descriptive approach, exploring the relationship between the balanced scorecard and organizational status. A questionnaire was administered to a sample of 67 individuals (including directors, general managers, and department heads) to assess this relationship. The study yielded significant results, demonstrating a strong correlation between the balanced scorecard and the status of the organizations under investigation

The issue of international sanctions on Iran because of its nuclear program is one of the thorny and complex issues due to the differing positions of the countries of the region on the Iranian nuclear program and on the relations between Iran and the countries of the region, as well as the position of the United States of America, the most influential power in the file of this program.
The economic sanctions on Iran prompted the latter to continue its nuclear program and return to the arms race in many different forms and manifestations, but this led to a decline in Iran’s economic capabilities, especially its financial ones, and a restriction on Iranian oil production as it constitutes the main and important resource along with gas in running the wheel of the energy economy, and a decrease in Iranian oil production. Economic growth and oil exports declined despite Iran adopting the so-called resistance economy or war economy based on smuggling. Iran also faces major political and security challenges in light of the risks surrounding it, in addition to increasing interference in its internal affairs due to the increasing number of expatriate workers in its societies. The pretext of labor-exporting countries to provide them with protection and incite political and religious conflicts, not to mention the fear of the outbreak of a direct military confrontation, which portends a humanitarian catastrophe with undesirable consequences. The most prominent results were the impact of international economic sanctions on the gross and real domestic product, economic development, and the high rate of inflation and unemployment, which made The Iranian economy is vulnerable to structural imbalances and the loss of its role in global economic activities

The internal audit function is considered one of the basic functions in institutions because it is a source of information and data that is characterized by its credibility, and because it is a review and monitoring process of all the financial and non-financial operations of the institution in terms of discovering errors and shortcomings or even fraud and manipulation operations, and that one of the most important goals of the institution is its survival and continuity, and for this reason it led to the emergence of the internal audit function, and that the success of any institution lies in the success of its administrative and financial performance evaluation systems as it is the mirror reflecting the evaluation of actual performance compared to the planned performance of the institution.
The research aimed to determine the extent of the necessity of the internal audit function and performance within institutions, and the extent of the ability of institutions to achieve the desired goals through the optimal use of available resources. A set of tools were used, the most important of which were Arabic and foreign books, theses and dissertations in their theoretical aspect, while the practical aspect was the method of direct interviews with the working staff in the department who are specialists, observations and inquiries. Among the most important conclusions reached is that work is not done according to the schedule of tasks, as all the working staff in the department carry out all the work, and the organizational structure prepared by the Studies and Planning Department is not adhered to, as it was found that the Graduates and Certifications Division was merged in terms of work with the Registration and Acceptance Division.
Among the most important recommendations is obligating the department’s staff to implement the work according to the tasks assigned to each division and to work according to the tools of internal control (separation of responsibilities), obligating the divisions to the organizational structure in order to determine responsibilities and provide procedures that do not allow any staff to violate internal control. In short, the internal audit function contributes to achieving the effectiveness and efficiency of institutional performance by evaluating its operations and submitting the results of its work in the form of periodic reports to the institution’s senior management

Accounting information is a vital element and an important basis in evaluating the performance of companies and an important tool in formulating their policies and making future decisions, especially with regard to investment decisions in securities, especially if this information is prepared in accordance with local or international principles and standards, which gives it quality and effectiveness in its use. The problem of the research lies in the accounting information is still unclear in the financial reports, which leads to difficulty for investors in making their investment decisions regarding buying and selling shares in the Iraqi Stock Exchange. The research aims to study the relationship and impact between the quality of accounting information and the investment decision-making process, and to highlight the importance of the accounting information contained in the reports. The financial statements of companies registered in the Iraqi stock market are for investors to help them make their investment decisions. In his study, the researcher used the questionnaire form method in collecting data. Among the most important results are: Individual Iraqi investors find that the accounting information contained in the financial reports is clear, understandable, and sufficient for the purpose of making their investment decisions. Iraqi individual investors need accounting information when making their decisions about buying and selling shares on the Iraqi Stock Exchange, and reading financial reports greatly affects their investment decisions. The most important recommendations: Work to increase individual investors’ awareness of the importance of the Board of Directors’ letter when making their investment decisions

The research aims to identify the concept of geopolitical risks, and the state of cooperation between risk management and internal audit together to overcome geopolitical uncertainty, and to draw the attention of internal auditors to the ways that internal audit can provide assessment, confirmation and advice with regard to geopolitical risks, including responses initiatives and regulatory penalties.
To achieve the objectives of the research, the researcher used the constructive approach in the study and analysis through the use of dissertations master’s theses, periodicals, books and websites that deal with the subject of the study, especially with regard to the areas of: geopolitical risks and the role of internal audit in assessment, confirmation and advice.
The research problem is defined by the basic question that this research seeks to answer: Can internal audit provide assurance and advice on geopolitical risks? And how?
The research reached a set of conclusions, the most important of which are:
The need of the internal auditor to carry out a comprehensive and independent assessment of geopolitical risks in cooperation and consultation with the Risk Management in order to identify the most important risks and integrate them into the audit plan, and to amend the plan based on the results of the continuous assessment and emerging risks, and to ensure that the management and the audit committee are fully aware of these risks and their effects and that they take the appropriate measures to deal with it and address it in a timely manner.
Based on the research findings, proposals were made that are consistent with these conclusions, the most important of which are:
The need for parties interested in the internal audit profession to hold seminars for auditors and hold specialized workshops to introduce geopolitical risks, and to draw the attention of internal auditors to the ways in which internal audit can provide assessment, confirmation and advice, with regard to geopolitical risks, and they are considered an essential part of the task of the successful internal auditor who adds Valuable to the company that gave him its trust.

The severity of global climate challenges is increasing, which has called for a focus on producing renewable energy to achieve the necessary climate balance. Reports from global institutions and specialized agencies indicate that emissions must be reduced by nearly half by 2030 to avoid the worst impacts of climate change and reach net-zero emissions by 2050.

Global reports have pointed out that a significant portion of the greenhouse gases surrounding the Earth and trapping the sun's heat is generated through energy production, primarily by burning fossil fuels to generate electricity and heat. Fossil fuels, such as coal, oil, and gas, are by far the largest contributors to global climate change, accounting for over 75% of global greenhouse gas emissions and about 90% of all carbon dioxide emissions.

The role of renewable energy sources—which are abundantly available around us through the sun, wind, water, waste, and geothermal heat—stands out due to their natural abundance. These sources emit little to no gases or pollutants.