kufa Journal for Nursing sciences

Objective: To determine the effect of health education on the student knowledge in Sohag University regarding hepatitis B and C and to compare with four different faculties educational fields.
Methodology: the study was conducted at Sohag University of the period 8/11/2010 - 25/4/2011. samples was consist of 1230 undergraduate students of four faculties in Sohag University, Sohag Governorate attended an interactive symposiums using Power Point presentation on present study and completed demographic and pre-post-interactive symposiums questionnaires. Both tests included the same questions with addition of five questions added to post-test about customs and attitudes that will be change after symposiums.
Results: The respondents were made up of 540 (43.9%) students faculty of Arts, 410 (33.3%) faculty of Nursing, 170 (13.8%) faculty of Commerce and 110 (8.9%) was faculty of Education. Eighty-four 68.3% of the total students were female while 31.7% were males with mean age 18.89 ± 0.98 years (range 17-23). Most of them (52.8%) were rural. The level of knowledge in pre-test scores were poor in all students especially non-biological science compare to the post-test, the overall test scores were improved significantly. There was statistically significant correlation between knowledge and type of education, while the age, gender, and students residence were not found to have an important influence on their knowledge scores as well the study revealed that 27.6% of students were have family history of hepatitis.
Conclusion: Health education through symposiums and awareness campaigns are effective in improving toward hepatitis knowledge and attitude among University students.

Objective: The aim of this study is to evaluate the elderly health promotion behavior through use five domains of physical activities, nutrition patterns, drugs use, psychological well being, seeking of health care. And also to determine the relationship between health promotion behaviors and demographic characteristics (age, gender, and level of education.
Methodology: non- experimental (descriptive study) conducted in nursing home at Baghdad city among elderly's' on A non-probability (purposive sample) of (N=80) person were matched with them of general population. The data were collected through the use of semi-structured interview by questionnaire, which consists of two parts (1) divide, section A. cover letter and B. Sociodemographic data which consists of 3-items, (2) health promotion behaviors questionnaire consists of 60-items distributed to four dimensions include, domains, physical activities, nutrition patterns, drugs use, psychological well being, and seeking of health care.
Results: The findings of the present study indicate that most the elderly's' unable on practicing physical activity in nursing home residents The drug use domain is perfect for health promotion behaviors domains among elderly's' in nursing home residents, and demographic data no impact upon heath promotion behaviors.
Recommendations: The study recommends that Implementation of health education programs by the Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs to improve the elderly's' health promotion behaviors. The elderly of nursing home residents can be considered the target for programs to applying and reinforcing health promotion issues.

Objective: Assessment the quality of life concerning physical problems for patient after colorectal cancer in Mosul Governorate.
Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional design is employed through the present study of 1st June 2011 to 15th December 2011 in order to assess the quality of life concerning physical problems for patient after colorectal cancer in Mosul Governorate. A purposive (non probability) sample is selected for the study which includes (60) patients diagnosed with colorectal cancer were treated in Mosul Oncology and Nuclear Medicine hospital or the patients who visited the outpatient clinic in the same hospital for medical follow-up and further treatment. Data were gathered through the patients` interviewed. Assessment questionnaire consist of two parts contains demographic characteristic, the other part concerning of quality of life concerning physical problems after colorectal cancer. Reliability and validity of this tool is determined through application of a pilot study and panel of experts. Data were analyzed through the application of descriptive statistical (frequencies and percentages) and inferential statistical (mean of score). Content validity of the instrument was done through eliciting the opinions of a panel of (13) experts and reliability through a pilot study by using Internal consistency reliability is determined through the computation of the cronbach alpha correlation coefficient of the scale on data gathered from patients.
Results: The Overall results revealed that the quality of life related to physical problems for patients after colorectal cancer were acceptable. So, there is no significant correlation between the quality of life related to physical problems for these patients and some demographic characteristics such as gender, age, marital status and education level. The study concludes that colorectal cancer are most common in married than in unmarried, half patients age are between 40 and 60 years old, have a relatively low level of education, many are unemployed and they reside in the urban areas in Mosul.
Recommendations: The study recommended to preparation of an educational program for patients with colorectal cancer and to raise awareness and education among families of patients to provide a better life for their patients.

Objective: The main objectives of this research were to survey the attitudes of Iraqi Health workers towards mentally ill people in Mosul city in Iraq and to investigate possible factors, which impact on Iraqi health workers\' attitudes to people with mental health problems.
Methodology: A survey quantitative method was used to address the research questions. The survey involved a pilot study to test the feasibility of the survey. Alpha-coefficient reliability tests output was (0.82) and indicated strong reliability on each attitudinal scale. To eliminate the ethical issue, the survey sample utilized a systematic random sample, with a target number for the sample of 300 of health workers. The present research conducted in Mosul medical area in Iraq of July to October 2011. Statistical Package for the Social Science program (SPSS, version 19) was used to analyze the data.
Results: Only 273 of 300 surveys were in actuality completed and used for analysis. (52.7%) of the respondents were females. There was a heavier distribution of respondents in the (18-24) age group, representing (51.6%) of the total survey sample. The results of the one-sample test demonstrate a finding of no significance for the relationship between gender and attitudes (Sig= 0.16). The differences of the means among the age groups were tested using one way ANOVA. Analysis of variance for the differences between total respondents\' scores and their age indicated non-significance of observing the comparison of group means (Sig = 0.167).
Conclusion: The research questions and hypotheses pertained directly to the variables of age, gender, and any other notable finding as housed within the first research question. Although the data analysis shows there are biases in responding, there are in general negative attitudes of health workers in Iraq towards people with mental health problems.
Recommendations: 1. The present research recommends that the future study should be examined the relationship between cultural elements (such as sex and gender) and societal attitudes toward mental illness and those with mental illness, and find what types of approaches for raising social awareness to truly address the biases in the people\'s attitudes and hence the quality of life for people with mental illness. 2. Initiate educational programmes regarding mental illnesses knowledge through governmental or non-governmental organizations focused in particular on the health workers and on Iraqi community in general in order to change the negative attitudes towards people with mental health problems.

Background: Hyperbilirubinemia is one of the most common problems encountered by neonatal infants
Objectives: 1-To identify an incidence of hyperbilirubinemia in neonatal in Mosul city. 2-To determine the risk factors which may associated with hyperbilirubinemia.
Methodology: A descriptive study was conducted on 440 neonates attending the Al-Khansaa Teaching Hospital and Ibin-Sena Teaching Hospital in neonatal intensive care units. The study aimed to identify the prevalence of hyperbilirubinemia among neonates and to determine the associated risk factors for hyperbilirubinemia in Mosul city, through out 28th December 2009 to the end of 28th April 2010.
Results: The study revealed that the (35%) of neonates with hyperbilirubinemia, male neonates were (66% ), while (34%) were female, the mean birth weight was (2.674) kg., the mean peak bilirubin level was ( 13.67) mg/dL,
Conclusion: Hyperbilirubinemia is one of the most common problems encountered by the neonatal infants in Mosul city, the male gender showed more effected than female for the development of hyperbilirubinemia, neonates of mothers with low educational level are more effected by hyperbilirubinemia than good education, positive family history of jaundice in sibling had higher significant risk for hyperbilirubinemia than those with negative history, poor feeding had significant risk for hyperbilirubinemia than jaundiced neonates with good feeding, maternal age > 25 years had a significant relationship between mother age and neonates with hyperbilirubinemia.
Recommendation: Screening for hyperbilirubinemia in 1st three days of life by nurses , provide parents with information about treatment and complication, education and training the nursing staff about hyperbilirubinemia and encouraging the women and men to have pre-marital test for Rh factor.

Objective: This study aims to assess the level of awareness of female students toward menstruation in nursing college.
Methodology: A cross sectional survey design to assess the level of awareness of female students toward menstruation. The study was conducted from April 16th , 2011 to May 18th , 2012. A disproportional strata randomization sample of (87) female was selected of the nursing college of kufa university. It was composed of (3) major parts and the overall items included in the questionnaire were (24) items used to assess the female students awareness. Data were analyzed through the application of the descriptive data analysis approach (frequency and percentage) and the inferential data analysis approach of correlation coefficient.
Results: The findings of the study indicated that the highest percentage of sample was with age ranged between (18-22) years old (88.5%). The majority of them were unmarried (85.1%) and more than tow third (72.4 %) of them were with age of menarche ranging between (10-13) years old with regular menstruation.
Conclusion: The study concluded that females were with moderate level of awareness towards their menstruation.
Recommendations: The study recommended that providing class sessions on menstruation related issues to female students to increase their academic knowledge in nursing college and it is important for those students to be oriented and convey such orientation effectively and appropriately in future to educate the women about their reproductive health issues.

Objectives: The study aimed to assess contributing factors of end stage renal failure for adult patients and to identify relationship between contributing factors with demographic characteristics.
Methodology: A descriptive study was carried out of Al-Shahid Ghazi Hariri Teaching Hospital, Al-Yarmook teaching hospital, Al-Karama teaching hospital, and Baghdad teaching hospital for the period of 22\\2\\2012 to 25\\6\\2012. Non-probability, purposive sample of (60) adult patients with end stage renal failure. Questionnaire form was constructed for the purpose of the study. It consisted of two parts:
1. Demographic data form (age, gender, marital status, educational level, resident, and occupation.
2. Contributing factors for end stage renal failure.
Data were collected through the application of the questionnaire and interview technique. Validity of questionnaire was response through panel of (10) experts. Test- Retest reliability was determined through a computation of Pearson Correlations for contributing factors of end stage renal failure (r=0.86). Data were analyzed through descriptive statistical approach (frequency and percentage) and inferential approach (mean of score and Pearson correlation coefficient).
Results: The finding of the study shows that the of age group were more than 46 years old and they are married with no read and write in level of education and they are living in urban resident.
Conclusions: The findings of the study sample indicated that the most common contributing factors were (diabetic nephropathy, uncontrolled hypertension, drug toxicity, smoking, and renal diseases) and there is strong positive relationship between age with poly arthritis and strong positive relationship between smoking\'s with resident, and there is strong negative relationship between occupations with kidney surgery
Recommendations: The study recommended that to providing centers for end stage renal failure under treatment for giving various services to help patients with good life in home and community.

Background: Transmission of microorganisms from the hands of healthcare workers are the main source of cross-infection in hospitals and can be prevented by hand washing.
Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the hand washing practices of health care providers in Kirkuk hospitals, to find out the associations of several factors with hand washing /hand hygiene compliance of health care workers, who work in the emergency, theater room, medical and surgical room, Dialysis unit and intensive care unit (ICU) in these hospitals.
Methodology: A Cross sectional observational study was carried out, the study conducted during the period (January 2012toMay 2012); researcher was the observer who randomly observed the health care workers during routine patient care. The target population was doctors and nurses who work in the Medical and Surgical room and intensive care unit (ICU), (150) observation opportunities were collected from three hospitals; Azadi teaching hospital, Kirkuk hospital and pediatric hospital. (SPSS) were used for data analysis.
Results: Female washing their hands before patient contact more than males, (female 35, 1 %, male 30.5 %). The study found that the highest compliance for hand washing before patient contact was among the practical nurses (34.0%), and hand washing compliance was worst among physicians (32.1%). The age of health workers who showed highest compliance was 30-40 years old. The Theater room had the highest hand washing compliance rate (60.4%), and the lowest compliance rate (0%) was found in ICU department.
Conclusion: The study founded that the highest number of nurses applying the hand washing before contact with patients in any care activities, and relative to physicians, the study shows there were lower applying for hand washing than nurses.
Recommendations: Hospital system Change: ensuring that the necessary infrastructure is in place to allow health care providers to practice hand hygiene. This includes two essential elements: access to a safe, continuous water supply as well as to soap and towels, readily-accessible alcohol-based hand rubs at the point of care.

Objectives: To identify the level of practices provided to the patients who undergo open heart surgery, and to find out the relationship between practices and some sociodemographic characteristics such as (age, gender, level of education, marital status, monthly income, and years of employment in heart surgery).
Methodology: An evaluative study has been conducted in Center of Heart Disease in Sulaimani city for the period extended from November of 2010 up to the end of October of 2011. To achieve the objectives of the study, a non-probability (purposive) sample of (32) nurses who are present all the nurses working in the center. For the purpose of data collection, an instrument was designed that contain two parts; the first one was include the questionnaire which contain the demographic data, and observational check list. A panel of (18) experts to check the validity, and the data were collected through the use of interview and observational check list. A pilot study was carried out to check the reliability of the check list which is estimated as (r = 0.89). Data were analyzed through descriptive and inferential statistics.
Conclusion: Statistical analyzed were revealed that there is significant association between (General physical preparation, pre operative teaching, psychological and environmental) and nurses practices, and there is no statistical association were found between level of practices profile of the nurses and some socio demographic attributes such as (age group; gender; marital status except statistical association was found between years of employment and profile which mean years of experience have an impact nurses practices.
Recommendation: The study recommended that nurses should be encouraged to continue their higher study in cardiac nursing, supporting nurses by increasing their monthly salary, arranging special training programs, applied world standardization by giving the patient code or nick name.

Objectives: To assess the expressed emotions of family members toward the schizophrenic patients, and to estimate the relationship between treatment compliance, family monthly income, family size with, and the families expressed emotions with patients' relapse intensity.
Methodology: The study carried out on a purposive "non probability" sample of (100) schizophrenic patients and their family members were selected of Psychiatric Hospitals in Baghdad City. A questionnaire is constructed for the purpose of the present study of 42 items. Validity and reliability of the questionnaire were determined through the review of a panel of experts and the pilot study respectively. Data were collected through the period of September 11th 2011 to October 11th 2011. It was analyzed through the descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage, and mean of score) and inferential statistics.
Results: The results revealed that were a significant relationship was found in family expressed emotion with schizophrenic patient relapse intensity, family size, and monthly income.
Conclusions: The study concluded that caregiver's expressed emotions appear to have a strong effect on schizophrenic patient relapse intensity.
Recommendation: Family Educational programs about how to deal with schizophrenic patient's behavior should be implemented to increase their knowledge about schizophrenia and accepting to schizophrenic patients.

Objectives: This study performed to determine Sociodemographic characteristics of the nurses and assess their awareness concerning the procedure of hemodialysis and related complications in under treatment patients with hemodialysis in Kirkuk General Hospital.
Methodology: A descriptive study, which uses the assessment approach and it was conducted on nurses in February 6th, 2011 to June 2nd, 2011, using non-probability sampling a purposive sample of (19) subject (male and female nurses) who worked at heamodialysis unite in Kirkuk General Hospital/ The City of Kirkuk. The data were collected through the utilization of a questionnaire, which was developed for the purpose of the study by using the scale (I know, Uncertain, I don't know). It was comprised of three parts, which included the nurses' demographic characteristics, Information related to the heamodialysis procedure and the complication of hemodialysis. Data were analyzed through the application of descriptive statistical data analysis approach (frequency, percentage, mean of scores), Awareness of the nurses in items of (Part II and III) are determined as following:- (adequate= 3-2.33), (moderate = 2.32-1.67), and (inadequate=1.66-1).
Results: The study had revealed that an age group (23-27) year represent the grater percentage of the sample which constitutes (42.0 %), and more than half of the nurses were male which represent (58.0 %). Relative to the subjects' marital status, two third (68.0%) of the sample were married. Concerning the years of employment, one third (37.0%) of the nurses have worked for (<1) year and more than two third (68%) of the nurses were college graduate.
Conclusions: The study concluded that the nurses had inadequate awareness regarding catheter placement, care of (muscle cramp, chest pain, and shortness of breathing). and majority of them did not document every nursing procedure. Grand mean for total mean of scores for nurses awareness concerning the procedure of hemodialysis was (2.31), and (2.30) for the complications of hemodialysis. The study concluded that nurses awareness were moderately adequate concerning both the procedure of hemodialysis and related complications.
Recommendations: A standardized written protocol, special for hemodialysis procedure and managing related complications needs to develop for the nursing staff. In addition, the nurses should participate in continues nursing education to enforce their knowledge regarding their selection (hemodialysis and related complication, and generalization the necessity of nursing documentation).

Objectives: 1-To find out the relationship between stressful life events and socio-demographical characteristics (age, gender, marital status, and socioeconomic status) of adult patients with ischemic heart disease. 2-To assess the stressful life events of adult patients with ischemic heart disease (IHD) in Baghdad city.
Methodology: A descriptive study was carried out at three cardiac hospitals (Ebn-Alnafis, Ebn-Albitar, and Iraqi center for heart diseases). Starting in 15 of December 2011 to 4 of July 2012. A non-probability (purposive) sample of 180 patients that diagnosed with IHD who were admitting to medical or surgical ward of the above listed hospital were selected according to the criteria of the study sample. A questionnaire was adopted and developed in the social readjustment rating scale of Holms and Rahe (1967) and consist of (67) items. The content validity of the instrument was established through penal of (34) experts. Reliability of the stressful life events was determined by test-retest method which was estimated as average (r=0.916). Data was gathered by interview technique using the questionnaire format and data was analyzed by application of descriptive and inferential statistical methods.
Results: The results reveal that the majorities of study group were (60-69) years old, married, illiterate, and low socioeconomic status. The result indicated that the stressful life events play importance role in occurrence of IHD.
Conclusion: The majority of the IHD patients are male, married and illiterates. There is a highly significant relationship at p<0.01 between stressful life events and occurrence of IHD in adults.
Recommendations: increase the individual awareness about stress management, maintain supporting therapies, training efficient confrontation strategies for stressful factors, prediction the stressful life events, coping strategies, and adaptation to its, relaxation technique, improving individual's social support systems through group therapy, family therapy, and training communication skills can reduces the effects of stressful life events.

Objectives: The present study aims to determine the improvement side effect management oriented educational program for patients undergo chemotherapy in Sulaimani city.
Methodology: Non-probability (purposive sample), the study sample consists of (40) clients, (20) clients were selected as (a study group), and another (20) clients were selected as (control group). A questionnaire was developed as a tool of data collection for the purpose of the study. A pilot study was carried out to test the reliability of the questionnaire for the period of 1st October until31st October/ 2011. The pre and post - test approach was applied to the study and control groups as mean for the quasi-experimental design when the education program was implemented in the period in 28th November 2011, to the 29th 2011. A questionnaire format was used for data collection which consisted of (8) three parts (129) items, including their knowledge, practices, and demographic characteristics. Instrument validity was determined through content validity, by a panel of experts. Reliability of the instrument was determined through the use of Pearson correlation coefficient for the test-retest approach, which is (0.92) for their knowledge. Data were analyzed through the application of the descriptive statistical data analysis approach (frequency, percentage, mean, and relative sufficiency), and inferential statistic data analysis approach (person correlation, t - test).
Results: The study concluded that an education program had a positive impact on level of information among the study group.
Conclusion: There is obvious increasing in the client's information of the study group compared with control group regarding pre and post-test.
Recommendation: The study recommends providing of special manual or guideline includes all the instructions of chemotherapy treatment. And an informational office should be established in the hospital to supplement them with any information and help during chemotherapy treatment.

Introduction: Still percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in elderly people challenging for the interventionist as complications and comorbidities are frequent in them.
Methodology: This is a retrospective comparative study enrolled 77 patients divided in to two extremes of age one more than 75 years old (38 patients), second younger than 45 years old (39).
statistical Analysis: Both groups analyzed statistically according to their risk factors, angiographic results and in hospital outcome. Chi square taken for level of significance
Results: We find hypercholesterolemia ,hypertension and diabetes was frequent in young age people, smoking was more frequent with less significance. The elderly people had complex lesions and multi vessels diseases. Incidence of drug eluting stents was less in elderly.

Objectives: The study aims to assess the knowledge's of nurses on the use of heparin in the hemodialysis and determine the relationship between this knowledge's and demographic characteristics of the Nurses staff in departments of dialysis
Methodology: Descriptive study carried out during the period of December 2011 to May 2012 to assess the knowledge nurses on the use of heparin in hemodialysis study was conducted in a hospital Shahid Ghazi al-Hariri and Baghdad Teaching Hospital and Al Yarmouk Teaching Hospital and included a sample of the research (30) nurses working in hemodialysis departments. Where data was collected after it was built form questionnaire by researcher related to the purposes of the study and is composed of two parts. part one included user demographics and contains (5) items and part two included (13) items. The validity of the questionnaire was examined through (7) experts by calculating the correlation coefficient (Pearson), which was worth an acceptable statistically (r: 0.858) and collected data in a direct interview, then the data were analyzed through the application of descriptive analysis (frequency, percentage ) as well as deductive analysis of the data (arithmetic mean and weighted Pearson correlation coefficient) using statistical bag of Social Sciences, version 16
Results: The study showed that the majority of nurses are female and most of them aged between (26-30) and most of them graduates of Institute and they have working experience between (1-5) years and their knowledge of the drug heparin were moderate.
Recommendations: The study recommended that nursing specialization in hemodialysis station taking into account training session about the importance of using heparin in hemodialysis and how to deal with the complication according to special programs.
Conclusions: The result study finding that there is strong positive relationship between increased of expert and age, increased of training and age also training with expert and there is moderate relationship between the remaining variables.

Background: A cross-sectional study was conducted in AL- Sadir medical city in AL Najaf-Iraq, during the period between July 2011 to March 2012, 35 patients aged 1 to 45 years with nasal bone fracture who underwent physical examination
Objective: To evaluate the sensitivity of ultrasound in the diagnosis of nasal bone fracture in comparison with conventional X ray sensitivity.
Methodology: these patients were examined by conventional lateral nasal bone radiography followed by sonography without knowing the result of x-ray report and physical examination.
Results: In this study a 35 patients who had nasal bone fracture according to physical examination were investigated by sonography and radiography. Of these patients, 30 were men and 5 were women, with mean age of patients was 18.63 years. The current study revealed an x ray sensitivity approaching 60%, specificity was 86.7% respectively. While the results showed that ultrasonography sensitivity was 80%, specificity was 6.7% compared with clinical examination. The present study showed comparison of both tests that ultrasonography sensitivity was 80%, specificity was 6.7%, while x-ray was 60%, 86.7%. Also the results showed patients gender distribution of the nasal bone fracture with female and male percentage of 14.3% and 85.7% respectively. The results showed depending on trauma type domestic, RTA, and direct, the percentage rate was 34.3%, 11.4% and 54.3 % respectively. Also the results showed that frontal trauma associated with nasal bone fracture is 62.9% while a lateral trauma associated with nasal bone fracture is 37.1%.
Conclusions: Ultrasound is more sensitive test than x-rays in the diagnosis of nasal bone fracture and males are more exposed to nasal bone fracture than females with direct trauma is the predominant cause for nasal bone fracture.
Recommendation: Using ultrasound to confirm nasal bone fracture after clinical examination especially in children and pregnancy because it safer, cheaper, more sensitive and real time scan & to expanding the study to include follow up of patient after treatment.

Background: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a severe anxiety disorder that can develop after exposure to any forms of traumatic events including myocardial infarction (MI). PTSD after MI may affect quality of life and cardiovascular outcome.
Objectives: This study aimed to assess the degree of severity of the core symptoms of depression, anxiety and stress in MI patients, to signify Post-traumatic Stress Disorders among MI patients according to their age, sex and severity, to define the full range of core symptoms of depression and anxiety, meet difficult standards of psychometric adequacy in MI patients.
Methodology: A descriptive study, design was applied in Ibn sena teaching hospital, in Mosul city for period of 14th, May, 2012 to 1st, September, 2012 in order to achieve the objectives of the present study. The study subjects consist of54 patients who were diagnosed with myocardial infarction in Ibn sena teaching hospital, their age ranges between (40-89) years. In the present study Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS,1995) was used to diagnose patients with Depression Anxiety and Stress.
Results: The severity of Post-traumatic Stress Disorders in MI patients shows that most of patients had moderate stress disorders which constituted 48% while 55%of them had extremely severe anxiety, and on depression scale had moderate and severe. The majority of male had moderate stress disorders which constituted (48.5%), while (69.5%) of female had extremely severe anxiety disorder and the majority of female had server depression.
Conclusions: The study highlighted the development of PTSD after MI. Anxiety disorders are more severe than depression and stress disorders. Anxiety disorders have the highest percentage and frequency among female. Depression disorders has the highest percentage and frequency and found in age group (50-59).
Recommendations: Integration care of patient with myocardial infarction in all spectrums (psychiatry, healthy, socially, and educationally). Psychiatrists and nurses must be aware of increased prevalence of PTSD after MI and importance of early detection of any suspected case and referral to Psychiatric research unit.

Objectives: This study was conducted to assess the psychological status on infertile women.
Methodology: A descriptive study was conducted on 200 infertile women who attending to infertility center in Erbil City since the period of 2nd February 2005 to 6th April 2005.
Results: These results showed that (68%) infertile women were having higher level of anxiety. Anxiety is the psychological problems which have been most commonly investigated, most of the infertile (49%) women had a depression.
Conclusion: There were high percentage of infertile women had psychological disturbances (abnormal level of anxiety, depression, and low self-esteem).
Recommendation: the study recommended that Establish highly specialized infertility center to provide infertility treatment and psychological counseling to all infertile women.

Background: Obesity has been declared by the (WHO) as a major public health problem and global epidemic, in general a body mass index of 30 kg/m² or greater is considered obese, and according to the WHO too more than 1.5 billion adults are overweight, parents and mothers play a great role in choosing and preparing food.
Objectives: The aim of the current study is to identify the attitude of mothers toward obesity among schoolchildren.
Methodology: A cross-sectional study was carried out in Al- Kawthar primary health center in Babylon between the 1st of April to the 1st of October to identify the attitude of mothers toward obesity among school children. A convenient random sample size of (50) mothers was selected to accomplish the study.
Results: Total number of the mothers was 50 majority were aged between 25-28 years old, mothers who are not working represent (82%), to achieve the aim of the study and for the identification of the attitude of the mothers the researchers determine the sample scores within the positive and the negative attitude by using lekert scale of five levels and according to that it was found that sample has negative attitude t- test tabulated value represented (1.22) at p (0.05). the most important results was that negative attitudes affect obesity like it is considered as a beauty sign or conducting such a selection and cooking mistakes or dealing with some practices like consuming unhealthy food. Study recommended the importance of using of the educational aids to change their attitudes and practices about food preparation and selection especially with the school children because of the risk and also MOH must conduct this subject as a National health program and include that in the parents- school meetings.
Conclusion: The study concluded that there were poor levels in knowledge and attitude of mothers toward obesity among children school.
Recommendation: The present study recommended that Ministry Of Health must develop programs to follow up any children gaining abnormal weight as, this health problem must be included in the meeting of the school and parents give more information to mothers about the same issue to enforce or change their attitudes.

Background: Across-sectional study was carried out at the college of nursing in the university of kufa, during the November (15) to December (30) 2011.
Objectives: to assess the knowledge that providing in the college of nursing to the students and assess the level of knowledge in the students about the nursing process, and identifying the relationship between these knowledge and the students' demographic.
Methodology: The sample of the study includes are (100) students in the college of nursing in the university of Kufa. The sample classified into (4) stages (25) students in each stage. The data were collected through the use of questionnaire type Likert scales, which consisted of (30) questions about the steps of nursing process. The data were analyzed through the application of descriptive statistical analysis that include (frequency, and percentage), and the application of inferential statistical analysis that included (the person correlation coefficient, chi-square).
Results: of the study indicated that there were non-significant relationship between the knowledge of students and some their demographic characteristics such as the gender & back ground, but there was significant relationship with the class (stage) of the students in the college of nursing and the age of them.
Concluded: the knowledge of students about nursing process increase whenever long study them in the college of nursing.
Recommended: Based on the research of the study, apply education program to student undergraduate in nursing college, Increased the amount of information in curriculum in nursing college about nursing process and a booklet about nursing process should be designed and distributed to all students in college of nursing.

Objectives: the study aimed to assess the practice of mothers' toward Desferal therapy, and to find out association between mother's practices with their demographic information.
Methodology: A descriptive study was conducted at thalassemia center in Babylon Maternal and child Hospital, Data was gathered by using a questionnaire for the period of December 4th to March 26th 2012, data were analyzed through descriptive and inferential statistical.
Results: The results shows that most of mother's age between (30-39) years which present (41.25%), regard to the level of mother's education the highest percentage were read and write (29.28%), level of education read and write, also the results shows that there is significant relationship between practice of mothers with Desferal therapy with age of mothers' and level of education, but there is no significant relation between practice of mother's with Desferal therapy and occupation of mother.
Recommendations: the researcher recommended health education should be done through different mass media to educated the mother's and their families regarding chelating therapy for thalassemia children.

Objectives: study aims to assess the diabetes type2 clients' self- care skills toward blood glucose level control, and find out the relationship between variables which are (Age, gender, educational level, duration of DM diagnosis, and monthly income) with diabetes type 2 clients ' self- care skills toward blood glucose level control.
Methodology: Descriptive study was carried out through the present investigation in Jun 2nd \ 2011- November 2nd 2011 in order to achieve the objectives of the present study. A non probability (purposive) sample, (200) cases which consists of clients who were attending Al-Nasiriyha diabetic center. Including (118) males and (82) females . The data were collected by utilization of the study instruments and employment of scheduled interview as means data collection. The data collection process was performed in July 2nd / 2011 /September 2nd/ 2011. A questionnaire was designed constructed by the researcher to measure the variable. The questionnaire consisted of 2 parts which are demographical, and diabetics self-caret skills indicator toward blood glucose level control. The reliability of the questionnaire was determined through a pilot study and the validity through a panel of experts. The data were analyzed through the application of descriptive statistic frequency, percentage, and the application of inferential statistical procedures, which include Pearson correlation coefficient, and contingency coefficient.
Results: The study shows highest percent of the study samples (37.5) were (50-59) years old. with the mean age (52±7.1) years, (72.o%) of them are without of diabetes type 2 self-care skills toward blood glucose level control, most of them were married male, With low educational level, group's duration of type 2 DM diagnosis was (1-5) years, insufficient monthly income, unemployed, overweight, they had information from their physician, and diagnosed indecently. There are significant association between diabetes type 2 clients' self-care skills toward blood glucose level control and (age, educational level, monthly income). And there were no significant association with another variable
Recommendations: New diabetic patients should be engage in educational program by nurse & supply with booklet which include self- care skills toward blood glucose level control and supported by videotapes to enforce their practices, with the nurse supervision during visit them to the center, instructed to control their blood glucose level, and body weight to improve their self-care skills to avoid complications.

Objective: The study aims to assess the early and late complications that occur in patients with cardiovascular-coronary grafts as well as find a relationship with some demographic specifications for them.
Methodology: A descriptive study - analysis conducted to assess the complications early and late that occur in patients with graft artery to coronary heart in the intensive care unit of Hospital Ibn Al-Bitar Teaching Hospital, surgery specialist education in the city of Baghdad for the period of the first of September / 2009 until the twentieth of May / 2010. Chosen sample object-and consisting of (50) sick "after the exit of the process through the (48) hours the first in the intensive care unit phase evaluation of the first and the second phase in the outpatient clinic after discharge in the hospital and when their review periodical for the purpose of screening and follow-up after obtaining official approvals fundamentalist institutions health and to decide when, with patients in advance. Data was collected using the questionnaires and filled through the interview. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistical methods (frequencies and percentages) and inferential statistical analysis (mean and correlation coefficient).
Results: The results indicate that most of the sample are male, smokers, people with high blood pressure in addition to the strong relationship between educational level and incidence of complications early for the process of grafting veins coronary heart Kertjav heart muscle, lack of fluids, difficulty breathing, infection of wounds on the chest.
Conclusion: The study concluded that the most of the sample are male, smokers, people with high blood pressure in addition to the strong relationship between educational level and incidence of complications early for the process of grafting veins coronary heart.
Recommendation: The study recommended an educational program to provide a video or manuals containing instructions to be followed by patients pre and postoperative in order to avoid complications.

Objectives: To assess family cohesion for juvenile delinquents, assess family cohesion of non delinquent juvenile, and to identify the difference between juvenile delinquent and non-delinquent, and find the difference in family cohesion ratio to some specifications demographic of the event delinquent such as age, education level, place of residence, house ownership, social status, size family, with who juvenile live.
Methodology: The study carried out on a purposive "non probability" sample of (100) delinquents' juveniles were selected of a Reformation schools for boys in Baghdad City. And 100 subjects who were non delinquents juvenile was selected of general population who living in the same area of residence of cases (of the neighbors of cases). A questionnaire is constructed for the purpose of the present study which is distributed across 2 main parts. Part one included the demographic characteristics of juvenile and their parent, and part two included 16 domains of family context. The family cohesion domain consists of 5 items. The overall items which were included in the questionnaire of this article are 42 items. Validity and reliability of the questionnaire were determined through the review of a panel of experts and the pilot study. Data were collected through the period of September 2nd 2011 to October 2nd 2011. It was analyzed through the descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage, and mean of score) and inferential statistics.
Results: The results revealed that were no significant difference was found in juvenile delinquents' family cohesion domain with regard to their demographic characteristics. Also there were highly significant differences between delinquents and non delinquents with regard to their family cohesion.
Conclusion: The study concluded that juvenile delinquency is a serious problem facing families of children. Where family cohesion plays an important role in the community of this problem and put the juveniles in trouble with the law because of their behavior, as evidenced by this study, that the instability of the family and family problems play an important role in the occurrence of this problem.
Recommendation: Preparation and implementation of training programs on juvenile delinquency for primary school teachers and secondary school to enable them to educate their students about the problem of juvenile delinquency. Dealing with the adolescent as a human being with dignity and provide a decent life, peace and security and seeking to better living conditions for growth. University of Baghdad, College of Nursing, Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing

Objective: to evaluate the effectiveness of nursing educational program on nurse's practice toward arrhythmia in Kirkuk's teaching hospitals
Methodology: A quasi-experimental design was carried out at Azady and Kirkuk teaching hospitals in 17th January, 2011 to 10th of Jun, 2012. The program and instruments constructed were developed by the researcher to measure the purpose of the study. Purposive sample comprised of (80) nurses was divided into two groups, study group consisted of (40) nurses exposed to the nursing educational program and control group consisted of (40) nurses were not exposed to the program. The measurement of effectiveness of nursing educational program through the observational checklist includes (25) items concerning ECG. Reliability of instrument was determined through the use of test and retest and the instrument validity was determined through a panel of experts.
Results: The results of the study showed that the effectiveness of educational program regarding nurses' practice toward arrhythmia is a positive and clear. It is also shows that there is good improvement with highly significant differences in study group in overall main domains related to nurses' practice.
Recommendation: The study recommended that an educational program can be designed and constructed for nurses through the program ,an emphasis can be directed and oriented in ECG toward arrhythmias, the nurses can be encouraged for being participated in a special training programs designed and constructed to fulfill the nurses needs concerning defects and limitation in their practices and collaborative work can be issued between the ministry of health and higher education to provide such program.

Background: Spinal cord injuries are a global health problem, which strikes millions of people worldwide, and causing either a lifetime severs disability or death.
Objectives: To assess spinal cord injured persons quality of life.
Methodology: A descriptive quantitative study is carried out at Ibn AL-Kuff Hospital for spinal cord injuries, started in December 20th, 2009 to July 20th, 2010. A non-probability (Purposive sample) of (100) spinal cord injured persons, who were clients of Ibn AL-Kuff hospital for spinal cord injuries/ outpatient clinic after at least 6 months after their discharged in the hospital for medical follow-up and rehabilitation, within 16 years old or more. The data are collected through the use of semi-constructed questionnaire, which consists of three parts (1) Socio-demographic data of that consist 9-items (2) clinical characteristics in that consist of 10-items and (3) Main domains of the quality of life, which consist of six main domains: physical, psychological, level of independence, social, environmental, and spiritual domain, by means of direct interview technique with the spinal cord injured persons. Reliability of the questionnaire is determined through a pilot study and the validity through a panel of (15) experts. The data were described statistically and analyzed through use of the descriptive and inferential statistical analysis procedures.
Results: The findings of the present study indicate that the spinal cord injury affect the quality of life domains. The maximal affect presented by the social domain, followed by the level of independence domain, the psychological domain, then the physical domain. While the minimal effect, presented by spiritual domain, followed by the environmental domain. There is a significant relationship between gender, age, marital status after injury, level of education, occupational status after the injury, levels of injury, types of injury, duration of injury, associated diseases, follow-up and physiotherapist visits, use of assistive aids, and the possible complications after injury and quality of life domains. There is a non-significant relationship between residence, marital status before injury, occupational status before injury, socio-economic status, and causes of injury and quality of life domains.
Conclusion: The study concludes that the spinal cord injury most common occurs among persons in urban residential area than in those in rural. Spinal cord injury most occurs in male than in females. Spinal cord injury does not affect the continuity of the person's marital relationships. Also the study confirmed that the spinal cord injury affects negatively on the continuity of the persons jobs. In addition, the study indicates that the external trauma is the most common cause of the spinal cord injury. Moreover, paraplegic injury is the most common level in spinal cord injuries than tetraplegics injury. Also the incomplete injury is the most common type of spinal cord injuries. And, the spinal cord injury associated with many complications involves all the body systems.
Recommendations: The study recommends that an intensive comprehensive wide population-based studies be conducted to assess the spinal cord injured persons, quality of life. Also, an intensive comprehensive wide population-based education programs be conducted to support the nurses' knowledge and practice toward spinal cord injury management and rehabilitation. And health oriented mass media approach should be employed by the Ministry of Health to increase population knowledge and awareness of spinal cord injury. Health oriented mass media approach should be employed by the Ministry of Health to increase population knowledge and awareness of spinal cord injury.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence rates of several symptoms of sleep disorders in young children, and the relationship between symptoms of pediatric sleep disorders and other childhood problems.
Methodology: A descriptive study design, subjects consist of (600) pupils divided in to 336 male and 264 female, aged 6 to 12 years, The data were collected of 20 Kirkuk elementary schools during a period of five months extending of December, 1st , 2011 to May, 1st , 2012. Were selected through parent report and academic assessment. Reliability and validity of questionnaire were determined by performance of a pilot study. Data were analyzed through the application of descriptive statistics ( Frequency, percentage and mean) and inferential statistic analysis (correlation coefficient and chi-Square test). Children who rated as high risk for having sleep disorder displayed more externalizing and internalizing problems, less developed academic skills, and lower scores on a measure of academic skills, as compared to children whose sleep was rated within the normal range.
Results: It was found that 25% of children were at high risk for having at least one type of sleep disorder.
Conclusions: High rates of sleep disorder symptoms were observed across all disorder categories, particularly in Excessive daytime sleepiness and Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome. This indicates that the symptoms of sleep disorders are already apparent even at sample (6-12) years old.
Recommendation: Early identification and intervention were crucial in order to assist children suffering of sleep disorders. Future research should focus on using larger samples in order to gain a more accurate picture of prevalence rates in this population. In addition, larger samples would more precisely determine the differences that exist between the 3 categories of risk for a sleep disorder: normal risk, moderate risk, and high risk

Objectives: To determine the effect of physical stressors on breast cancer occurrence, and to find out the relationship between breast cancer occurrence and the physical stressors.
Methodology: A retrospective study, a purposive sample of (400) women; (200) women diagnosed with breast cancer were visited AL-Merjan Teaching Hospital Oncology Cancer Center in Babylon Governorate as a study group and (200) women free of breast cancer were collected of different districts within Babylon Governorate as a control group. An assessment tool was constructed for the purpose of the study, it was comprised of Socio-demographic data, Reproductive data, Information related to woman healthy life style (exercise & nutrition), Information related to breast cancer and Physical life stressors consist of (12) item of 10 years previous breast cancer occurrence divided to two periods (previous 1-5 years) and (previous 6-10 years). Physical measurements for measuring obesity and overweight (BMI) as well as the medical records to explain in which stage of breast cancer and other details may be assisting this study. Data were collected of 5 Feb. 2012 to 10 Apr. 2012. Analysis of data was performed through the application of descriptive and inferential statistical data analysis approach.
Results: The study demonstrates that the highest percentage (39.5%) of study sample was in age (50-54) years in comparison with the other age groups for both of study and control groups. There are a highly significant difference at P<0.01 between the physical stressors and breast cancer.
Conclusions: The physical stressor's items distributed in the two periods (1-5) years and (6-10) years, the study group's individuals were reported low assessment grade (65.92%) than control group's individuals. There are too highly significant different at P<0.001 between life aspects and breast cancer in women and no relationship with their demographical and reproductive characteristics variables with an overall assessments at the study group except with (age, parity, and other diseases) variables.
Recommendations:- Activation of media and Ministry of Health role for increasing the awareness of women and their families about the importance of reducing the risk factors which contributing on breast cancer occurrence & importance of early detection of breast cancer

Background: Information is important for adolescent to develop healthy lifestyles, protect themselves from disease, and participate meaningfully in society.
Objectives: This study was carried out to assess the knowledge and practices of a group of adolescents toward some aspects of their health in Erbil-Iraq.
Methodology: A cross sectional study was carried out in Erbil city, in October 15th to December 15th, 2008. The questionnaire was designed by authors and administered to students during class time. Verbal informed consent was obtained from all participants.
Results: The study sample was composed of 441 adolescents (257 males, and 184 females). The male: female ratio was 1.4: 1. The mean age (+SD) was 15.7+2.3 years (ranging between 11-19 years). More than half (58.5%) think that they are in a good health, 23.6% believe that smoking affect their health negatively, More than half (52.83%) eat healthy food, around 52% practice exercise, and 39.46% take vitamins to take care of their health.
Conclusion: The knowledge and practice of our adolescent toward their health and practice still deficient and need more advanced follow up to increase information regarding this branch.

Objective: To assess the factor contributed to abortion and to identify the physical and psychosocial effect of abortion on mothers.
Methodology: A descriptive study was conducted at Baghdad teaching hospital and AL-Yarmok teaching hospital, purposive sample (100) mothers was selected. The instrument was designed and constructed by reviewing related literatures, and composed of three parts, part one for demographic and reproductive characteristics, part two for the causes contributed to abortion and part three for physical and psychosocial effect of abortion on women. Data were collected by personal interview in 20 March to 15 April \ 2012 and descriptive statistical procedures were used to analyze to data.
Result: The result of the study showed the highest percentage (30%) of the study sample were ate age group between (30-34) years, (38%) of them were primary school graduated and (64%) of them were house wife, (34%) of them were multigravida, (28%) of them were primipara, (68%) of them have one abortion, (64%) of them have previous curettage and (65.6%) of them have curettage for one time. The revealed that the most causes of abortion were the physical tiredness and accidental trauma, most of the study sample suffering of physical effectiveness after abortion (74%) of them having chronic abdominal pain. The psychological result revealed majority of the study sample suffer of sadness, tiredness, emotional difficulties, eating disorders, depressive, while the social effect revealed increased family problem and violence behavior toward the husband and family.
conclusion: According to the result we concluded that there were many factors contributed to abortion and psychosocial effects were more common than physical effects among mothers who had abortion.
Recommendation: The study recommended routine screening for women to detect the causes, psychosocial support through educational programs and mass media especially for those women with recurrent abortion.

Objectives: A descriptive study was designed to assess of Mosul university students' knowledge about first aid, and to assess the university students' knowledge about first aid cases (respiratory systems, circulatory systems, bleeding, trauma, burns, fractures, bites and stings ).
Methodology: A random sample was used for selecting (124) participants. The sample consisted of (62) students of the college of science, as well as (62) students in the college of education of the fourth stage of Mosul University. The study started in the 1st of December 2011 to the 15th of April 2012. Internal consistency of the questionnaire was assessed by calculating Coefficient Correlation which was (r = 0.80), and the statistical analysis organized by (SPSS, version 11).
Results: The present study found the majority of the students in the study (91.9 %) have not participated in the first aid courses, also (96%) found the necessity for lean to the first aid activity. The result indicated to (46%) the knowledge level of the first aid, (45%) the knowledge level of the first aid cases, and the percentage of the first aid cases as a following: the respiratory systems (25%), the circulatory system (24%), the bleeding (58%), the trauma (38%), the burns (51%), the fractures (66%), and the bites and stings cases (53%).
Conclusion: Majority of the students have not participated in the first aid course, and observe it is necessary to learn the first aid activity. While a high percentage of the false answers about meaning of the first aid. In addition, the result reveals a high percentage of the participated students had false answers or they do not know the first aid about the respiratory systems, the circulatory system, the trauma, the burns, and bites and stings. But the results reveal there is a high percentage of the students had true answers about the first aid of the bleeding and the fractures.

Objectives: The objective of the present study is to identify the occurrence of poisoning in children at age less than five years Mosul City.
Methodology: This study included 200 children under 5 years attending at the Emergency Department Unit at Ibn-Sina Teaching Hospital in Mosul City, were (123) males and (77) females in the period (1/11/2010) to (30/12/2010).
Results: The results of the present study showed that the highest percentage of the studied children at patients aged between (2-3) years, were of (40%), while in male is more than female with percentage (61.5%). The petroleum distillates most common type of poisoning was of (38.5%). Low socioeconomic status and illiteracy of mothers were the leading cause of poisoning among children.
Conclusion: The study concluded that kerosene oil poisoning was the most common with the age group between (2-3) years most commonly involved. Poisoning was the most common in young mothers and in those households having greater than 3 siblings. Literacy rate of mothers correlated significantly with poisoning cases with the highest (58%) poisoning cases in children with intermediate mothers. In most of the cases (75%) poison was within easy reach. This study highlights the fact that ignorance, neglect and carelessness on part of the parents lead to cases of poisoning.
Recommendation: Researcher recommends preparing an educational program to educate parents and to introduce them to toxic substances and how it is stored and safe use, and through newspapers and television, which can help reduce cases of poisoning in children.

Objectives: This study was aimed to know effects of Incubation period and vitamin C on sperm for Oligospermic infertile patients parameters by activated at using mixing technique and using FertiCult Flushing Medium.
Methodology: This study was perform on 32 samples, belongs to 26 patients. In this study divided one samples into two parts. The first part activated by FertiCult Flushing Medium and incubation period (30,45,60,75) min while the second part activated by FertiCult Flushing Medium with vitamin C.
Results: The results showed that there was a significant improvement (P<0.05) in the sperm motility percent and sperm grade activity in comparison to the results before activation and the results showed significant improvement (P<0.05) in the sperm motility percent and sperm grade activity in 60 min activation Incubation period comparison to that activation in Incubation period (30,45,75) min. The results showed that there was a significant improvement (P<0.05) in the sperm motility percent, sperm grade activity in activation at using FertiCult Flushing Medium with vitamin C in 60 min Incubation period comparison to its result in activation at used by FertiCult Flushing Medium without vitamin C in 60 min Incubation period.
Conclusion : using 60 min Incubation period a human sperm activation can give a better results than the activation in (30,45,75) min Incubation period. Also, it was found that addition of vitamin C to FertiCult Flushing Medium improve the sperm parameters in Oligospermia.

Objective: A purposive study aims to identify the student knowledge about tuberculosis disease
Methods: The sample of (120) student was selected the first class the medical departments in to institute for the period of December 15, 2011 to December 15, 2012. The questionnaire was designed to achieve the aims of study, it was consist of many parts, the first content the demographic information, the second part include knowledge of students about categories that infected with tuberculosis. The third part include the student knowledge of the signs of disease, the fourth content methods of transmission of disease, and the last part include the student information about the methods of protection of tuberculosis disease. Data were analyzed by using frequency distribution, percentage, mean, and cut of point, used grand mean to answer the level of (yes , No).
Results: The results showed that (58.3%) female was at age (18-20) year, and the lowest percentage (1.7%) of sample was at age (30-33) year. (73.3%) of student lived in Baghdad city, the study revealed, the student knowledge about the categories that infected with tuberculosis, it register (1.7), grand mean above the cut of point (1.5). Also the study showed (1.6) grand mean for the student information about the signs of disease, it reveled above cut of point while the grand mean showed (1.4) about the protection methods.
Conclusion: The study revealed that the student knowledge was acceptable for all variables of the categories that infected with tuberculosis, the signs of disease, the transportation, while the student information about the method of protection disease reveled low.
Recommendation: Doing health education about tuberculosis disease, signs &symptoms, transportation, and protection of the disease, early detection, and give immediate reports about the infected case.