Journal of Petroleum Research and Studies

The wire line logs of five wells from Fauqi field are studied to delineate petro-physical properties, and also the shale volume and porosities are calculated and corrected from the effect of shale in this work. It is found that the formation of water resistivity is equal to 0.0145 Ω. m, which is calculated from the SP method (through the relationship between SSP and Rw).
It is observed that the type of crude oil of the Asmari reservoir in Fauqia oil field is heavy. The Four units of oil reservoir within the Asmari Formation penetrated by the wells are delineated: A-B1-B2-C. The case study shows that the units (B1, B2) belongs to the formation of the upper Kirkuk, which is one of the main reservoir units producing oil in Asmari.

Several oilfields undergo to reservoir souring, typically during water injection for secondary recovery, resulted in increasing concentrations of produced hydrogen sulfide (H2S). The main reason for this is the mechanism of generating hydrogen sulfide are the sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB). These bacteria use sulfate (So4) in the injection water as an electron acceptor and use organic acids which exist in formation water as a source of energy and carbon to generate H2S. In addition to that, the issues of health and safety, the existence of H2S decreases the worth of the produced hydrocarbon. The present study includes isolation and enumeration of sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) from the injection and produced water of Ahdeb oilfield in Iraq by using Most Probable Number (MPN) technique. The Laboratory experimental work for production of sulfide with mix cultures of these bacteria was performed also with sodium lactate as an energy source. The experiments were carried out to determine the concentration of sulfide versus consumption of lactate in vitro. The concentration of sulfide is determined by using spectrophotometer method, whereas; the concentration of sodium lactate is calculated by using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system. The experimental results demonstrates that the most numbers of bacteria in injection water are higher than the number in produced water samples. Whilst, the production of sulfide by SRB presents that inversely correlated to the concentration of sodium lactate. The growth experiments shows that the SRB concentration is increased in areas where the energy source and sulfate have high concentrations. Also, there is a direct relationship between SRB concentration and sulfide production. Therefore, the water injection from these bacteria must be treated before the injection to the reservoir to provide all the condition of SRB growth.

Concrete is the most common material used for construction purposes as well as in the lining of oil wells. In this work, the concrete specifications are improved through the preparation of Nano silica particles (SiO2) by laboratory from Iraqi sand and added to the concrete, which gives results with a large gap in the test of compressive strength after the addition of silica nanoparticles prepared to the concrete mixtures compared to the same mixtures without the addition of silica, to give high hardness and great capacity for bearing of compressive strength as well as increase the resistance to water penetration during the concrete structure and especially the padded cement for the oil well. In this research, Nano silica particles are prepared from the Iraqi sands available in large quantities in the cities of Iraq. The two types of sand are used: the first one is the sand of the Akheider area in Karbala province and the second is the sand of the western region in Anbar province. The Nano silica particles have been prepared in two ways: chemical and physical methods (milling method).
The specifications of the prepared materials are measured by several diagnostic devices, including the scanning electron microscope (SEM), the particle size analyzer apparatus, the X-ray diffraction (XRD) and the infrared spectrometer (FTIR). The results of this project proves the possibility of producing Nano silica particles with high purity and excellent specifications, which can be invested for the commercial purposes in the future.
In this research, two types of cement are used. The first is class G cement used for lining the oil wells, and the second is the Iraqi cement resistant (Portland cement) (Tasuloga Company / Sulaymaniyah province) used in the building construction. The prepared Nano silica is added to the cement at rates ranging from 0.25, 0.5, 1 and 2% by weight, with fixed of cement amount, water, and mixed the mixture well by standard mixing machine and poured into mold cubes (5 x 5 x 5 cm) according to US specifications.
In the concrete that used of the buildings construction, it is conducted a mixture of cement and normal sand (to both of two types of sands) and added the prepared Nano silica by a percentage ratio, and poured into a cubic templates, then conducting the tests of compressive strength which is of great importance in determining the strength of prepared concrete.
The results indicates that the hardness of the concrete containing Nano materials is significantly increased and reached a level exceeding 4000 PSIG when adding 1% of the silica nanoparticles to the cement used.
On the other hand, the results shows that the Nano materials in the concrete because of their high surface area reduced the permeability of the water into the concrete structure because these substances are hydrophobic, which reduces the permeability of sulfate ions and salts, which prolong the life of the concrete for long periods of time especially in wells Oil, so this research is of great economic importance in the investment of Iraqi wealth for the production of new engineering materials.

Mishrif formation is the one of the most important reservoir in Southern – Iraq and the injection water important to support the reservoir pressure. The current study combined the interpretations of PLT, structural geology and petro-physics to understand the distribution of the injection rate for nine injection wells to the Mishrif Formation in Shuaiba Dome (or culmination) - Zubair Oil Field. PLT analysis calculated injection rate for Mishrif Formation, structural analysis included geometric and genetic analysis, whereas petrophysics analysis used open hole logs interpretation and core data for the injection wells to determine the petro-physics characteristics (especially the distribution of porosity and permeability). The current study concluded that the injection rate, porosity and permeability of Mishrif Formation distributed unequally across it. This variation is almost regular, whereas the Upper Mishrif more than Lower Mishrif, while Middle Mishrif get the least value. The thickness of Lower Mishrif more than Upper Mishrif. This may affected by a folding mechanism due to tectonic activity (reactivated basement faults and Hormuz salt structures).

Permeability and porosity values regarded as important fundamentals in the petroleum studies and researches especially for the interests in the reservoir topics, many methods and tools were founded for this purpose from time to time. The modern log technology one of this tools but consumes more time and financial possibilities in addition to the experts, such as Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Tools which considered one of the unconventional logs, so that, for this it was necessary to find a method to get the permeability and porosity values for the NMR log by using the conventional logs, note that it has been confirmed the modern studies the high accuracy and reliability for the NMR permeability and NMR porosity. Because the importance of this values , this study deals with the possibility of get these values from the conventional logs with these from NMR log, because of ease dealing with conventional logs and ease of getting it. After making the data analyses and processing this study results that led to putting many transformation formulas which give high correlations to high accuracy applying for this values in the researching and applying aspects and relating with reservoir prediction and modeling which connecting with drilling and producing works. The carbonate Mishrif Fm. In the Buzurgan oil field was selected to achieve this study by chose four oil production wells(Bu-40, Bu-51, Bu-52) in the south and north domes, in the future facilitate the prediction ways for any well has been logged by the open hole logs.

The Early – Middle Miocene Ghar and Lower Fars sedimentary succession at the representative oil-well Nu-18 of the Nahr Umr oil field south Iraq; is taken by this study to investigate the sedimentological to reservoir rock facies buildups and related reservoir zonation; as first rock-typing attempt for the both formations.
The sedimentological characterization of the Early Miocene Ghar formation is mainly comprised by successive buildups of sands-gravels and sandstones, whereas; the Middle Miocene Lower Fars formation is started by limestone, limestone-marly/marl anhydritic, upgraded into interbedded-series of marl and anhydrite facies, with less-common occurrences of thin-sandstone interlayers, terminated by marl-sandy-section at the upper part of the Formation.
A successive depositional succession has established of 2 litho-units for Ghar Formation & 4 members for Lower Fars Formation, with related sedimentary intervals. The composite micro-to-mega pores/multi-fractures system of the carbonate – anhydrite lithofacies buildups, of the Lower Fars Formation reflects a good pore – reservoir characterization framework. Accordingly; the Lower Fars Formation members and the Ghar Formation litho-units has passed into reservoir-layering-scheme, and a reservoir layering system has submitted of: 7 and 2 reservoir-units for Lower Fars and Ghar formations respectively, and symbolized as: LF-B1, LF-B21, LF-B22, LF-B23, LF-C1, LF-D1, LF-D2, and GH-A, GH-B.

Adequate balance between the requirements of local content supporting of development of investment is highly complicated of critical process, which need a comprehensive vision of all surrounding circumstances.
Dealing mechanisms varied depending upon the nature and size of project or investment opportunity.
The endeavors for obtaining high level of local content will and reflected in national economy and more value added in it due to the direct, indirect and induced impact in other sectors, this research aim to find the best practices in local content and adopt the mesures to be applied.

The structure of Bai Hassan is one of the main oil structures of the North Oil Company and the Northern Region. This structure consists of two domes (Kithkeh and Dauod). The present study focused on the Kithkeh dome as it is visible on the surface and contains many faults. For the purpose of identifying the main faults, ERMAPPER V.7 was used with digital satellite data from Landsat7-ETM system.
On this basis, the main faults (ten groups) were determined and the effect of some of them under the surface, especially the change in the levels of G.O.C level BH- 129 and BH-7.7.