Journal of Petroleum Research & Studies

Modeling and simulation of process performance has been conducted around the use of the Iraqi associated petroleum gas as fuel for the spark-ignition engine. The study included a statistical evaluation of the effect of each component on the total properties of the gas. Finally, the gas was tested as a possible fuel for the spark-ignition engine from the emission point of view. This was done numerically using commercial software well established and verified for modeling the operation and performance of spark-ignition engines.
The study was conducted on Ricardo E6/T variable compression ratio engine. The range of the speed studied was 1000-3000 rpm and was limited to a lean range 0.8-0.95. It was also found that the presence of Methane in higher quantity helped in improving the calorific value (on a mass basis) but at the cost of gas density. The presence of higher carbon value gasses did not help improve the fuel heating value.
The highest negative impact on the heating value is CO, H2S, and C2H6 respectively. The study also showed that the associated gas can be used as a fuel after removing sulfur from it.

As the reservoir conditions are in continuous changing during its life, well production rate and its performance will change and it needs to re-model according to the current situations and to keep the production rate as high as possible.
Well productivity is affected by changing in reservoir pressure, water cut, tubing size and wellhead pressure. For electrical submersible pump (ESP), it will also affected by number of stages and operating frequency.
In general, the production rate increases when reservoir pressure increases and/or water cut decreases. Also the flow rate increase when tubing size increases and/or wellhead pressure decreases. For ESP well, production rate increases when number of stages is increased and/or pump frequency is increased.
In this study, a nodal analysis software was used to design one well with natural flow and other with ESP. Reservoir, fluid and well information are taken from actual data of Mishrif formation-Nasriya oil field/ NS-5 well. Well design steps and data required in the model will be displayed and the optimization sensitivity keys will be applied on the model to determine the effect of each individual parameter or when it combined with another one.

Directional and horizontal wellbore profiles and optimization of trajectory to minimize borehole problems are considered the most important part in well planning and design. This study introduces four types of directional and horizontal wells trajectory plans for Rumaila oilfield by selecting the suitable kick off point (KOP), build section, drop section and horizontal profile. In addition to the optimized inclination and orientation which was selected based on Rumaila oilfield geomechanics and wellbore stability analysis so that the optimum trajectory could be drilled with minimum wellbore instability problems. The four recommended types of deviated wellbore trajectories include: Type I (also called Build and Hold Trajectory or L shape) which target shallow to medium reservoirs with low inclination (20o) and less than 500m step out, Type II (S shape) that can be used to penetrate far off reservoir vertically, Type III (also called Deep Kick off wells or J shape) these wells are similar to the L shape profile except the kickoff point is at a deeper depth, and design to reach far-off targets (>500m step out) with more than 30o inclination, and finally Type IV (horizontal) that penetrates the reservoir horizontally at 90o. The study also recommended the suitable drilling mud density that can control wellbore failure for the four types of wellbore trajectory.

A 3D Geological model for tertiary reservoir in khabaz oil field had been constructed by using petrel software. Seven wells have been selected in this study in order to design Petrophysical properties (porosity, water saturation, and permeability). Structural model can be clarified tertiary reservoir in term of geological structures is a symmetrical small anticline fold with four faults. Tertiary reservoir consist of six units are (Jeribe, UnitA, UnitA', UnitB, UnitBE, and UnitE). According to Petrophysical properties, layering had been constructed for each tertiary units. Petrophysical model has been designed using the sequential Gaussian simulation algorithm as a geostatistical method. The results illustrates that Unit B and Unit BE have the best petrophysical properties and the big amount of oil.

The presence of contaminants in water even in small amounts can cause considerable corrosion damages of metals. This is due to free corrosion effect or the formation of concentration cell of pollutants resulting in a galvanic effect. The current work was devoted to study the effect of formic acid (CH2O2) as an organic pollutant on the corrosion rate of carbon steel under different operating conditions. It includes an investigation of galvanic corrosion caused by the establishment of concentration cell of formic acid under different operating conditions. The ranges of operating parameters were formic acid concentration of 10-4 - 10-5 M and temperature of 32 - 50 °C. The results showed that increasing formic acid concentration to 10-4 M leads to an increase in the corrosion rate by up to 7.6 times that in the water of 0.1N NaCl. In addition, the corrosion rate in each terminal in concentration cell also increased by up to 2.3 times. Pumping of air in formic acid solution led to a considerable increase in the corrosion rates and enhances the concentration cell effect which increases the galvanic currents. High increase of corrosion rate was noticed by pumping the air at high temperature reaching up to 4 times depending on temperature. In general, the galvanic currents were high initially and decreased with time due to the formation of corrosion product layer. The increase in temperature from 25 to 50 oC caused an increase in the galvanic corrosion rate reached up to 2 times in formic acid solution. In addition, the galvanic currents were noticed to decrease with temperature while the corrosion rate of each terminal was increased

In petroleum industry, an accurate description and estimation of the Oil-Water Contact (OWC) is very important in quantifying the resources (i.e. original oil in place (OIIP)), and optimizing production techniques, rates and overall management of the reservoir. Thus, OWC accurate estimation is crucial step for optimum reservoir characterization and exploration. This paper presents a comparison of three different methods (i.e. open hole well logging, MDT test and capillary pressure drainage data) to determine the oil water contact of a carbonate reservoir (Main Mishrif) in an Iraqi oil field "BG”. A total of three wells from "BG" oil field were evaluated by using interactive petrophysics software "IP v3.6". The results show that using the well logging interpretations leads to predict OWC depth of -3881 mssl. However, it shows variance in the estimated depth (WELL X; -3939, WELL Y; -3844, WELL Z; -3860) mssl, which is considered as an acceptable variation range due to the fact that OWC height level in reality is not constant and its elevation is usually changed laterally due to the complicated heterogeneity nature of the reservoirs. Furthermore, the results indicate that the MDT test can predict a depth of OWC at -3889 mssl, while the capillary drainage data results in a OWC depth of -3879 mssl. The proper MDT data and SCAL data are necessary to reduce the uncertainty in the estimation process. Accordingly, the best approach for estimating OWC is the combination of MDT and capillary pressure due to the field data obtained are more reliable than open hole well logs with many measurement uncertainties due to the fact of frequent borehole conditions.

In order to activate the Iraqi insurance market and rehabilitate it to keep pace with the development in this field after a long break from the international insurance market, it was necessary to re-study the Iraqi laws and change the practices of insurance business.
The State has drawn up plans to attract capital and investments to implement projects in Iraq through the enactment of the Insurance Regulatory Act No. 10 of 2005, which opened the doors for foreign insurance companies to work in Iraq, so that these companies compete with local foreign companies and national companies
The licensing rounds allowed the contractor, the operator and the subcontractor to obtain financial coverage from local or foreign companies under the said law.

This work shows the importance of the natural resources represented by (water, air, soil and groundwater) and the importance of their sustainability that are directly related to the healthy life of living organisms on the ground with an indication of the role that the impact of human use of such resources and on the extent to which these resources are viable and sustainable for future generations. Therefore, it is necessary to find the means by which the sustainability of natural resources is maintained.
Environmental monitoring is a vital tool by which stakeholders have started to maintain the sustainability of natural resources and preserve environment by activating their roles and expanding them to include all aspects of life that would preserve these resources and determine everything that would be consumed and enforced Pollution was one of the most important sources affecting the sustainability of natural resources.
Midlands Oil Company as one of the important sources of pollution. Through its extractive activity of crude oil, which is injecting the reservoir (the well) with a quantity of water that varies according to the strength of the reservoir that water comes out of the oil extracted from the well, which collects in the form of polluted water bodies. Not valid for the use of living organisms, with this company and its counterparts not having comprehensive real treatments capable of confronting these water pools, by using the checklist distributed to a number of the employees of this company as well as conducting personal interviews with specialists to clarify the role of this company in pollution of the region Surrounding and view their environmental safety procedures. This issuer posed in this Research have been addressed and presented recommendation to in the light of con collusions of the theoretical study and practical application of the research being the checklist mentioned.