Journal of Petroleum Research & Studies

Original oil in place is most critical stages of reservoir management, where the economic advantage of the reservoir is evaluated by estimation of the petrophysical properties and oil reserves. This work was carried out in five wells of Nasiriya oilfield, which is one of the Iraqi oil fields in the southern region. The aim of this study is to calculate oil in place from available data in Nahr Umar formation, having a complex lithology by two methods (static and simulation). It was found that the static model used for computing the petrophysical distribution oil in place was equal to (114 〖SM〗^3 MM or 716 MM STB) and 117 MM 〖SM〗^3 or 734 MM STB for the dynamic one.

Geological model construction is an important phase of reservoir study as the production capacity of a reservoir depends on its structural and petrophysical characteristics. The economic benefit of the reservoir is evaluated by estimating the formation petrophysical properties and calculating the oil reserves. East Baghdad southern area field is a newly developing oil field in the middle region of Iraq, where Khasib formation is its main reservoir. The aim of this study is to estimate the petrophysical properties and determine the pay units of the formation under study and the initial oil in place. Sequential Gaussian Simulation was used here to distribute the petrophysical properties as the statistical method and volumetric method was used to calculate the oil in place. The results show that the main reservoir units of the formation are K2 and K3 units, and the estimated oil reserves equal to 2179 mmSTB (346.43 million cubic meters).

The design foundations of storage tanks for oil industry experiences significant problems due to the widespread occurrence of weak and compressible soil which resulted in foundation failure. In this study, soft soils were taken from two locations and mixed with three types of nanoparticles which were nano-alumina (nano Al2O3), nano-copper (nano CuO), and nano-magnesium (nano MgO). Nanomaterials were incorporated in small percentage (less than 1%) by dry weight of soil. The tested geotechnical characteristics included the water content, dry density, and the unconfined compressive strength. The results showed significant enhancements in the maximum dry density and unconfined compressive strength. The level of enhancement depended on the type of nanomaterials and the contents. Improved strength and hardening properties were shown with the utilization of nano CuO material in comparison to the soil samples with the other nanomaterials additions, with its optimum addition of 0.7% provided an increment rate of 662.7% while the optimum nano CuO which is about 1% showed a 532% increasing rate in the compressive strength of S1 soil. It was noted that the maximum dry density and unconfined compressive strength enhanced with the increase in the nanoparticles content until reaching a percentage in which the strength decreased. The optimum content of the nano MgO was 0.3% while the optimum nano Al2O3 content was about 0.3% for soil S1 and was about 0.1% for soil S2. The presence of nanomaterials in excessive contents caused agglomeration of particles which had negative influences on mechanical characteristics of the soils. Generally, the incorporation of finer particles like nanoparticles even with low amount would improve the geotechnical characteristics of soils with the consideration of the potential environmental benefits, these combined admixtures are intended to lower the cost and become a more sustainable and environmental alternative for soil stabilization.

Nasryia oil field is located about 38 Km to the north-west of Nasryia city. The field was discovered in 1975 after doing seismic by Iraqi national oil company. Mishrif formation is a carbonate rock (Limestone and Dolomite) and its thickness reach to 170m. The main reservoir is the lower Mishrif (MB) layer which has medium permeability (3.5-100) md and good porosity (10-25) %.
Form well logging interpretation, it has been confirmed the rock type of Mishrif formation as carbonate rock. A ten meter shale layer is separating the MA from MB layer. Environmental corrections had been applied on well logs to use the corrected one in the analysis. The combination of Neutron-Density porosity has been chosen for interpretation as it is close to core porosity. Archie equation had been used to calculate water saturation using corrected porosity from shale effect and Archie parameters which are determined using Picket plot.
Using core analysis with log data lead to establish equations to estimate permeability and porosity for non-cored wells. Water saturation form Archie was used to determine the oil-water contact which is very important in oil in place calculation. PVT software was used to choose the best fit PVT correlation that describes reservoir PVT properties which will be used in reservoir and well modeling.
Numerical software was used to generate reservoir model using all geological and petrophysical properties. Using production data to do history matching and determine the aquifer affect as weak water drive. Reservoir model calculate 6.9 MMMSTB of oil as initial oil in place, this value is very close to that measured by Chevron study on same reservoir which was 7.1 MMMSTB. [1]
Field production strategy had been applied to predict the reservoir behavior and production rate for 34 years. The development strategy used water injection to support reservoir pressure and to improve oil recovery. The result shows that the reservoir has the ability to produce oil at apparently stable rate equal to 85 Kbbl/d, also the recovery factor is about 14%.

The current study combined both concepts of structural geology and petrophysical to understand the structural feature of Mishrif Formation and its implication on the petrophysical characterization of the formation in Shuaiba and Rafidhiya Domes (or culminations) in Zubair Field. Shuaiba and Rafidhiya are adjacent domes and these domes belong to the same Field but the domes separated by saddle may related to Basra – Zubair basement fault.
The domes have different petrophysical properties of Mishrif Formation; consequently, influenced in water and oil saturation. Therefore, the study tries to understand the structural and petrophysical position of Mishrif Formation of the domes. The structural analysis included geometric and genetic analysis, whereas petrophysical analysis used open hole logs interpretation to determine the petrophysical characteristics (especially the distribution of porosity, permeability, and water saturation.
It was concluded that may a variation in porosity and permeability of Mishrif Formation for Shuaiba and Rafidhiya domes because each dome was formed by a different folding mechanism effected on the petrophysical properties. The structural geology analysis detects that may be Shuaiba dome formed by bending fold mechanism (vertical force of salt structure), while Rafidhiya dome by buckling fold mechanism (parallel force of collision of Arabian and Eurasian plate). These mechanisms may directly be affected in permeability distribution, and consequently on oil and water saturation of Mishrif Formation. Thus, Shuaiba Dome has thinning in hinge area and extensional force leads to create fractures and karst phenomena, and as a result, high permeability in upper Mishrif. On the contrary, Rafidhiya Dome has a thickening feature and there is no indication of karst phenomena and low permeability. Therefore, the Mishrif of Shuaiba dome permeable and oil-saturated, while, it flooded with water in Rafidhiya Dome. The disconnection in reservoir pressure confirmed by difference in initial reservoir pressure of Mishrif Formation of Shuaiba Dome and recent reservoir pressure of Mishrif Formation of Rafidhiya Dome.

Akkas gas field is the biggest natural gas field in Iraq that is located in the western desert area. The field contains around (9 BSCF) of approved gas reserve from the conventional rock source.
This paper presents field development planning process combined with economic analysis comprises, the number of wells that yields in maximum net present value (NPV), the recovery factor and raw gas production rates for the total number of suggested wells that have been estimated, as well as the cumulative gas produced with time.
The development plans were elaborated concerning different types of well geometries and operational constraints. Full comparison analysis for all presented plans regarding NPV, recovery factor, discounted cash flow versus production time, forecasted production rate, as well as forecasted cumulative production with time have been presented.
Sensitivity analysis has been made to determine well and reservoir controlling parameters that leads for best operating field development plans.
The study shows the effectiveness of horizontal well type compared with vertical wells; as well as, the effect of reservoir permeability on field development plans, the results show that the field could be operated at target plateau rates of (250, 500 and 750 MMSCF/D). It also shows the superior effect of stimulation processes in increasing the NPV and field recovery factor using less number of wells

The study aims at measuring and analyzing the effect of crude oil price volatility on the Iraqi fiscal policy response (1990-2017) using NARDL model. The study found that there is a positive، non-linear، long-term relation between the volatility in the global market and the fiscal policy of Iraq for the enquiry period. It revealed that an (1%) increase in crude oil price will lead to an increase in public expenditures by (%0.650) while a (1%) decrease in crude oil price will lead to a decrease in public expenditures by (%0.628). It also revealed that a (1%) change in state revenues of Iraq will lead to a change in public expenditures by (%0.941). In addition, study found that any shock occurs in crude oil prices will lead to an increase in public expenditures of Iraq to reach its peak after one season. After the passage of six seasons since the shock started، public expenditure will be reached to equilibrium before the shock.

In 2013, Chinese President Xi Jinbing launched the Belt and Road Initiative with the aim of developing trade and economic routes linking more than 65 countries with a total population of 4.4 billion people that is about 63% of the world population and the size of its economy about 21 trillion US dollar, representing 29% from the size of the global economy. China seeks to deal with it commercially via AL Harir Road and its global networks to achieve common economic and trade interests. The initiative was coming with the idea of reviving AL Harir Road and the participation of seventy countries bordering this line was in the Middle East countries at the forefront and the initiative coincides with the idea of reviving Al Harir road and Road initiative includes China spending billions of dollars in investments infrastructure along AL Harir Road, Basicall, the initiative is a development strategy put forward by the Chinese President، which focuses on communication and cooperation between countries, especially between China and the countries of Asia and Africa. it includes two main branches، the Land Economic AL Harir Road and the Maritime AL Harir Road, meaning that China adopts an ambitious strategy that has great importance at the global leve, and then it is an opportunity for Iraq to achieve national reconciliation in economic and commercial terms and benefit from transit trade that passes through Iraq by completing AL Faw port and the dry channel road، and this will lead to the revival and diversification of the Iraqi economy and not relying on the oil trade only to finance the general budget.