Journal of Kufa legal and political science

Water is a basic resource and wealth, not only for humans but for all living beings. Due to Iraq being located in arid and semi-arid regions, it has recently been suffering from a real crisis in its water, and the water deficit has reached more than half of the allocated amount. Water scarcity has also significantly affected national security, the economy and development. Since Iraq is one of the countries sharing the Tigris and Euphrates rivers with Turkey, Iran and Syria, and being a downstream country, these waters are considered shared and regulated according to international agreements on water quotas, so that the upstream and downstream countries can enjoy them. However, in recent decades, it has been observed that Turkey and Iran have built many dams and worked to change the courses of tributaries, contrary to the principles and agreements governing the water basin of countries sharing international rivers. The search came to find fair legal solutions that satisfy these parties and resolve the issue of water scarcity facing countries sharing these rivers according to the principles of international public law.

The purpose of this research is to determine the status of the legal representative in the parliaments, and to indicate the most important results or effects that result from this status, and to indicate this status we will look at the meaning of the public employee, and the meaning of the charge of public service, because the status of MP does not go beyond one of the above mentioned, This research on the analysis of legal texts and opinions of jurists in France, Egypt, Jordan and Iraq to inform the subject of research to determine the legal status of the member of the House of Representatives, and then the most important consequences that result.

It is not limited to specify the applicable law only in accordance with the controls specified by the law, but that it expands to indicate the extent of the work of the applicable law and what matters within the law applicable in service contracts and matters outside it, and therefore we determine the law applicable to the formation of contracts The services and the law applicable to the effects of the service contracts. Accordingly, the eligibility in the international service contracts is subject to the personal law of the parties to the contract, the law to which they belong. Bracket for ease of familiarity parties to the formal conditions required in a country that conclusion, either with regard to the issue of international service contracts, which is consensual and the shop and reason are governed by the applicable law for being at the core of the idea assigned to international contracts.

After the internet invaded all areas of life, everything that works through this network, including electronic contracts that are concluded and executed electronically, away from the physical presence of the parties, connected to the contractors in a matter of minutes, through which offers of offers and acceptance from all countries of the world are allowed regardless of the borders that bind them. However, the crisis of the spread of the Corona virus shook the world in all its aspects, and it transferred a state of movement from one night to another, to a long state of hibernation without the possibility of knowing its end, as it made the countries of the world take many precautionary measures, the most important of which was the issuance of strict decisions in which they tried to stop the spread of this virus, one of the most important Prevent mixing between humans. This, in turn, disrupted all living facilities, the most important of which was contracts. Has this virus affected the implementation of electronic contracts? This is what we will try to answer in the research.

Abstract
Constitution gives each state bod its jurisdiction, and this is considered as an embodiment of the principle of separation of the legislative, executive and judicial powers and not concentrating them in the hands of one body, However the practical reality has proved the opposite, The executive authority can enjoy certain functions of a legislative nature, The government under the parliamentary system, considers the center of the executive branch and its heart, as well as the parliamentary system that takes the two branches of executive power.
If the legislative authority is competent to legislate laws in terms of origin, it is the executive authority is contributing to the development of this legislation to be enacted by the legislative authority, and usually gives some constitutions this authority to the President of the Republic and the Council of Ministers, and this is what is happening to the parliamentary system that Is considered to be one of the two components of the executive authority.
The post of President of the Republic may be vacant for any reason, and he may not exercise his duties. In this case, the Vice President may dissolve in exercising the powers of the President of the Republic, whether in the legislative or executive branches. The first topic deals with the terms of reference of the Vice-President of the Republic in the field of the legislative authority. The second topic examines the terms of reference of the Vice President in the field of power Executive.

Unemployment is one of the biggest predominant and common problems in today’s world. It prevails widely among numerous countries, a matter that brings many problems in the country’s internal economy, and hence it jeopardises communities’ stability and cohesion. The world got into another period of unemployment after WWII, and the consequential wars and destruction were a reason behind the rise in unemployment, in addition to other factors that led to the increasing unemployment in communities. Unemployment is defined as the state of being unemployed in which individual has the ability to work and they seek for an opportunity but no avail. Unemployment includes individuals who worked before but they have not found the opportunity once more. Therefore, in order to be clearly aware of the content of our research, the research has been divided into an introduction and two sections. Section One discusses the interpretation of unemployment, and Section Two discusses the introduction of inclusive strategy for combating unemployment, then comes the conclusion which includes the most important conclusions and proposals.

Tourism is an old phenomenon that has become increasingly important in the modern era as it has become a social demand to meet the desires of tourists and the need for a new experience and change in order to entertainment and rest and get rid of the routine, and the prosperity of tourism depends on the existence of tourist attractions for tourists during their trips, Tourism as a place to provide various services to them, but these facilities must be safe and have sufficient protection because security is the basis of tourism activity, which requires the existence of laws providing criminal protection for tourism facilities and concerted international efforts to achieve cooperation largest in the field of protection of tourism facilities.

In this paper, we examine the definition of the factor in Iraqi legislation in terms of its definition, its distinction from the public employee and the public service, and the legal nature of the labor relationship between the worker and the employer. We will also discuss the rights and duties of the worker, 37) for the year 2015, with comparison with the legislation of the countries of Egypt, UAE and Kuwait.

Witness the human, and therefore there is a possibility that has some special effects before attending to testify than to abstain, or change the truth. It is an important witness was honest, his story might panic or change as a result of a revelation or an external effect sneaks into its depths. The effect varies on the witness to different means of recourse, so that the legislature come punished acts or things that will influence the witnesses in the case is pending before the courts whether the effect was to testify on truth or confused information that validates them, or would a sizes To see the result of preliminary information, as a means of coercion, threat or inducement, or influence it through disclosure of data protection.

One of the general rules established in modern criminal legislation is that it does not ask a criminal other than a human being. This is because the acts that are prohibited by the provisions of these legislations are supposed to be issued by the person and the penalties prescribed for them can not be imagined to descend without man. The criminal penalty (punishment and precautionary measure) represents the social reaction against those who determine their criminal responsibility for committing a crime against the environment, considering that the occurrence of the crime involves a threat to security and stability of society and a fundamental interest to protect it. And precautionary measure in addressing environmental crime.
And that the adoption of criminal punishment as a means of protecting the environment from any aggression issued by the offender is now a general trend taken by various environmental legislative policies, other than those criminal sanctions can not be effective in providing criminal protection of the environment from various attacks that can cause harm With that interest or basic value.

The application of each law raises disputes or disputes between the parties to the legal relationship, and with the emergence of different types of disputes, we expect to inflict many cases and lawsuits on one organizational structure and it is a matter that raises many problems representing the fatigue of the judiciary, the length of the dispute period, inaccuracy and precaution What is required when issuing solutions to these disputes, which leads countries to adopt an important principle in their constitutions is the specialization of the judiciary, Judicial specialization has a specific concept, namely, allocating a court to each similar class of disputes, and this means that the court and its specialization does not mean that it is a special or exceptional court, and this specialization has great practical importance for the judiciary itself and for the litigants, The laws have varied in the past regarding every type of life activity, including a civil law for transactions and civil obligations, another commercial for commercial activities and a law for work, and another regulating personal status to other laws that represent a direct contact with a person’s behavior with other people in Society, this is not the laws that represent and govern a person’s relationship with the state and the state’s relationship with other states. Which requires diversity in the court, to which various disputes are brought before, the diversity of modern and constantly renewed transactions to suit the development in the type of these disputes, and this diversity, if it exists in the Arab countries, is not studied and does not achieve the philosophy of specialization that the laws aim in general. The study deals with in the first topic: the concept of the specialized judiciary, through two requirements we talk in the first of them about its definition and clarify the types of specialized courts and in the second demand we show what distinguishes it from other courts that have been known to some countries and specialized in looking at a special type of lawsuits, and we also allocate a demand Third to demonstrate the importance of the specialized judiciary in relation to the judges in the first branch and in relation to justice in the second branch. As for the second topic, we will show the one-day court as a model for the specialized judiciary by dividing it by three demands, in the first of which we show the concept of the one-day court through the two branches we define in the first definition and in the second distinguishing it from the urgent judiciary. As for the second requirement, we will clarify the competencies of the one-day court, and clarify the legal requirements necessary to create a one-day court, knowing that this court does not exist, not within the Iraqi, Egyptian or Saudi judicial system. The study came out with a set of proposals that, if the philosophy of the specialized judiciary is achieved through achieving its goals and reaching its essence, we say that it is necessary to start the judicial institution in each country with scientific development through workshops and subject the judges to specialized courses in a type of cases and obligate them to submit legal studies Practicality finds solutions to the complex of difficulties and problems that prevent this specialization. Likewise, it is necessary to start preparing a package of legislative reforms that support the specialized judiciary and serve as the legal infrastructure for this global trend consistent with the ongoing rapid developments in the world.
Also, some texts of laws related to electronic judicial procedures must be approved for the diversity of electronic and civil commercial transactions and for the individual's need to enter into such transactions in order for these laws to be the nucleus of development for the Iraqi judicial system. Finally, the one-day court is a requirement imposed by the global constitutional principles and human rights conventions related to the achievement of justice and the right to litigate, and the simplification of these litigation procedures. Likewise, because of its economic benefit for the individual and the state through supporting and developing the tools of the national economy in general, because the presence of a judicial authority that specializes in considering cases of small and medium enterprises and claims for workers' wages, as well as some types of lawsuits related to performance orders, raises a weight from the judiciary from one side and achieves speed in Resolving cases as well as contributing to the preparation of judges specialized in the consideration of this type of cases, which contributes to achieving full justice for litigants.

There is no doubt that the judicial ruling when issued is still valid and provoked to provoke the law. When a judge decides on a particular matter and separates it, he thereby exhausts the power of the authority vested in him on that matter. He may not revoke what has been done, or reconsider the previous ruling even if His judgment was invalid.
If the court issues its judgment, it loses its authority and cannot amend its ruling or amend its ruling, whether or not to amend the provision by deleting it.
However, the judge may issue a judgment with certain errors or ambiguities, and sometimes he may overlook the dismissal of some of the motions before him when the sentence is issued, and these cases must be removed, which necessitates that the legislator come out on the basis of exhaustion and authorizes the court that issued the ruling to remove these errors as The courts can do this by reviewing them without challenging them.

The principle of separation of powers requires that the functions of the state be constitutionally distributed among its constituent bodies. Parliament, the original member, is entrusted with the task of legislation as a representative of the general will that issues laws expressing it. If this is what legal logic requires, the latter cannot do it alone, so it needs an authority to support it, not only to ensure the implementation of what it has codified, but also to detail what it has summarized. Therefore, constitutions, even customary ones, have repeatedly made an implementing authority alongside the legislative authority. While the task of legislation is entrusted to Parliament as an original authority, this task is entrusted to the administration as an exception as the implementing authority. According to constitutional principles, implementation has a double meaning: the first concept stops at the ability to compel those addressed by the law to comply with its provisions willingly or unwillingly. This is what sound reason and sound logic require for the meaning of implementation, and it has what justifies it on the grounds that the law without inevitable force is the rule of chaos.

The marital relationship has gained great importance and sanctity compared to other relationships,as the marriage contract is the main focus of the famigy building and integration ,but the rise of the emergence of electronic technology and the frequent use of electronic means in our daily lives ,took the marriage contract a large part of those means , it became concluded through one of those Modern technological programs.