Journal Of Educational and Psychological Researches

This study aims to identify the effectiveness of the life skills program on the self-concept and optimism of people with learning difficulties. The researcher adopted an experimental approach. The study sample consisted of 70 male and female students from schools in the city of Arar, in the northern border region of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The results showed a clear impact on the study sample, resulting in increased confidence and an increase in self-concept and optimism. The results also showed a positive correlation between life skills, self-concept, and optimism.

The discrepancy in the effectiveness of transcranial direct current stimulation (TDCS) on cognitive processes raises the need for further investigations. The current study investigated occipital TDCS effects on reaction time (RT) of the visual orientation discrimination task (ODT) using secondary data analysis from a previous study investigating occipital TDCS effects on visual ODT thresholds. The ODT comprised vertical and oblique conditions. Participants were randomly assigned to one of three experimental conditions (Anodal-TDCS, Cathodal-TDCS, and Sham-TDCS) between two ODT runs (first run: pre-experimental condition, and second run: post-experimental condition) for 10 minutes with an intensity of 2 mA. A mixed-model ANOVA analysis of data from 78 participants showed that RT was shorter for the oblique condition than the vertical condition, reflecting an “inverse oblique effect.\" Also, the analysis showed that RT was shorter for the second ODT run than the first run, irrespective of the experimental condition. Additionally, the result showed no observable effects of TDCS on the visual RT. Explanations for the absent effects of occipital-TDCS on the current study are discussed.

The research aims to identify the educational role of male and female teachers of the Arabic language in promoting values and national identity among students with learning disabilities in integration schools for the primary stage in Abha and Khamis Mushait. The study adopted the correlative and comparative descriptive approaches, as they fit the objectives and questions of the study. A questionnaire consisted of three domains. The needed data were collected from the study sample of (117) male and female teachers of the Arabic language in the city of Abha and Khamis Mushait. The results showed that male and female teachers play their role in promoting the values and national identity of students with learning disabilities to an acceptable and appropriate degree. There are methods to promote the values and national identity of students with learning disabilities to an acceptable and appropriate degree. The highest obstacles that teachers face while performing their role in promoting values and national identity among integration students (school guidance) emphasize more attention to the cognitive. The study recommended that educational leaders in primary schools pay attention to the need for a balance between interest in cognitive, skillful, and emotional aspects.

The research aims to determine the degree to which the variation in the number of alternatives to the objective question and the location of the correct alternative affects the stability and internal consistency of a test in the measurement and evaluation course between the Bayesian statistical model and the classical measurement theory among King Khalid University College of Education students. An objective accomplishment exam with four possibilities was created by (100) students who studied the measuring and assessment process. The questions were designed to accommodate options two and three. The JASP statistical software was utilized to apply Bayesian statistics, aiding in the execution of both conventional and Bayesian statistical tests. The researcher reached the following results: the greater the number of alternatives, the greater the stability of the test, and the differences between the value of the stability coefficient in Bayesian statistics and its value in traditional statistics were simple differences, and there was an internal consistency between the questions and the total score of the test in the case of the number of alternatives being four, and a large agreement was found. between the results of the Bayesian statistic and the traditional statistic, while on the contrary, in the case of the two alternatives, a weak internal consistency was found in the case of the traditional statistic and medium In the case of Bayesian statistics, where the correlation indicatives and their inclination towards the alternative hypothesis were more in the case of Bayesian statistics than in the case of the alternative statistics, the stability coefficient is higher in the Bayesian statistics than in the traditional statistics, and that the location of the correct alternative in the Bayesian statistics has a slight effect on the value of the stability coefficient (0.693 vs. 0.700), while it has a more clear effect in the traditional statistics (0.728 vs. 0.756), and there is a similarity in the level of significance between the traditional theory and Bayesian statistics, and all correlation coefficients were in favor of the alternative hypothesis, which indicates the presence of a significant positive correlation between the question score , and the total score of the test, with the exception of one question, was in favor of the null hypothesis, which indicates that there is no significant positive correlation between the score of the question and the total score of the test, and there is a similarity in the level of significance between the traditional theory and Bayesian statistics, and all correlation coefficients were in favor of the alternative hypothesis, which indicates There is no significant positive correlation between the score of the question and the total score of the test, except for three questions among the ten, which were in favor of the null hypothesis, which indicates that there is no significant positive correlation between the score of the question and the total score for testing.

The study aims to identify the requirements for the application of modified physical education in light of the quality of the educational process in the schools of Sultanate Oman. The questionnaire was applied to an exploratory sample of 40 physical education teachers in the Ministry of Education. The study recommends the need to develop a curriculum for modified physical education according to the best international specifications, work to follow up on developments and sports modifications for modified physical education and benefit from them, and hold workshops and training courses to refine the experiences of modified physical education teachers.

هدفت هذه الدراسة إلى الكشف عن تصورات طلبة التعليم الأساسي وما بعده حول تدريس التربية الفضائية في مناهج الدراسات الاجتماعية بسلطنة عُمان، وواقع اهتمامهم بعلوم الفضاء، والتعرف على تطبيقات علوم الفضاء، واعتمدت هذه الدراسة على المنهج الوصفي المسحي، ولتحقيق أهدافها تم جمع البيانات بأداة (الاستبانة) المكونة من (26) عبارة موزعة على أربعة محاور، حيث طبقت على عينة عشوائية طبقية مكونة من (200) طالباً وطالبة. وخلصت نتائج الدراسة إلى وجود تصورات إيجابية لدى طلبة التعليم الأساسي وما بعده حول تدريس التربية الفضائية في مناهج الدراسات الاجتماعية في كافة جوانبها، كما كشفت الدراسة عن عدم وجود فروق ذات دلالة إحصائية في متغير النوع الاجتماعي والصف الدراسي، ووجود فروق ذات دلالة إحصائية وفقاً لمتغير المحافظة التعليمية لصالح محافظة مسقط. وعليه أوصت الدراسة بضرورة إعادة النظر في مناهج الدراسات الاجتماعية بتضمين التربية الفضائية وموضوعاتها ومفاهيمها وتطبيقاتها وفقأ للمعايير والتوجهات العالمية، كما يقترح الباحثان بإجراء أبحاث ودراسات عن دور مناهج الدراسات الاجتماعية في المراحل الدراسية المختلفة في ضوء متطلبات التربية الفضائية.

This research aims to assess the level of ambition and depression among a sample of Saudi university students (N = 329) and to examine the relationship between ambition and depression. It also aims to explore the differences in the means of ambition and depression according to gender, in addition to examine the possibility of predicting depression through the level of ambition. The descriptive approach was used. The ambition level scale and the depression scale were administered. The results showed a high level of ambition and depression among the participants; there is a negative correlation between ambition and depression; there are no differences in the level of ambition due to gender; females scored higher than males in depression; and depression can be predicted through the level of ambition.

The research aims to investigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the psychological problems of students at Hashemite University during the academic year 2021–2022. The study used a questionnaire consisting of 60 items and included a random sample of 696 students. The results showed that the level of psychological problems among the students was moderate, with boredom being the highest, followed by loneliness, depression and sadness, eating disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, social fears, and finally sleep disorders. No differences in the level of psychological problems were found based on gender or college variables, but differences were found in boredom based on the year of study, with fourth-year students most affected, followed by third-year, then second-year, and finally first-year students, and differences were found based on place of residence in social fears and sleep disorders in favor of village, followed by city, and then camp residents, and family income in loneliness, depression and sadness, boredom, and eating disorders among students in favor of families with income less than (500), followed by (500-1000), and then (1000). The study recommends conducting more research on the psychological problems of university students during the COVID-19 pandemic with different variables in government and private universities.

The current research aims to identify the impact of a proposed strategy according to the model of (Heisig & Verbeck) on the achievement of mathematics and engineering thinking among the fifth grade students in biology. The following two null-hypotheses were formulated:
-There is no statistically significant difference at the level of significance (0.05) between the mean scores of the students of the experimental group who studied according to a proposed strategy according to the model (Heisig & Verbeck) and the students of the control group who studied in the usual way in the academic achievement test.
- There is no statistically significant difference at the level of significance (0.05) between the mean scores of the students of the experimental group who studied according to a proposed strategy according to the model (Heisig & Verbeck) and the students of the control group who studied according to the usual method in the academic achievement test. The research community was determined to represent female students of the fifth scientific or biological class from the first Karkh Education Directorate. The research sample is (57) student was randomly selected, the sample was divided into two groups: an experimental group was studied according to the proposed strategy, the model of (Heisig & Verbeck) and a control group was studied according to the traditional way. Equivalence was conducted between the two research groups in terms of age, level of intelligence, and previous achievement. After that, an achievement test was built; its final form consisted of 50 items of the essay and objective type, and an engineering thinking test, in its final form, consisted of 25 items of the essay and topic type. After the end of the experiment, the research tools were applied, and the results were analyzed using the t-test equation for two independent, unequal samples. The results indicated that the students of the experimental group who studied according to the proposed strategy according to the Heisig & Verbeck model excelled over the students of the control group who studied according to the traditional method.

The research aims to measure the grief response of kindergarten children and to identify the arrangement of the three domains of the grief response scale (threat of safety, loss of support, and emotional attachment) of kindergarten children. To achieve the research objectives, a proportional stratified random selection was made from the research community consisting of preparatory children in the six districts of Baghdad Governorate (Al-Rusafa Al-Karkh), and the main research sample consisted of 377 male and female children. For the purpose of measuring the research variables, a grief response scale was developed, which consisted of 33 items with three domains. The researcher tested two indicators of validity (apparent validity and constructive validity). As for the reliability, it was achieved by the researcher in several ways, as the reliability of the sadness response scale by the re-test method reached (0, 82). It reached (0, 87) by the Keider-Richardson method, and after applying the measures to the sample individuals and analyzing their responses statistically, using the t-test for one sample, the point-periodic correlation coefficient, the Pearson correlation coefficient, the habitual test, the chi-square test, the Cudor Richardson equation, and simple regression, The research showed that preschool children have a grief response. The highest percentage was obtained in the field of (threat to safety) on the sadness response scale.

The current research aims to identify the epistemic volition of postgraduate students. The research sample consisted of 726 male and female students, who were selected in a stratified random method and a proportional method from postgraduate students at the University of Baghdad. As the research tool, the researcher prepared the epistemic volition scale according to the Rule and Bendixen models (Bendixen and Rule, 2004), which consists of 27 items in its final form of 27 items. The researcher verified the psychometric characteristics and then administered them to the research sample, and the researcher used several statistical methods to achieve the objectives of the research, including the Chi-square, the t-test for one sample, the t-test for two independent samples, Pearson's correlation coefficient, the dot correlation coefficient, the alpha-Cronbach equation, the linear test, and the regression coefficient. The research showed that postgraduate students have epistemic volition

ملخص البحث يهدف البحث الحالي التعرف الى :
1.الذاكرة البصرية لدى الاطفال ضعيفي السمع من عمر (٤-٦)
2.الفرق في الذاكرة البصرية لدى الاطفال ضعيفي السمع من عمر (٤-٦) وفق متغير الجنس
( ذكور ، أناث ) والمرحلة ( روضة ، تمهيدي ) .
ولتحقيق أهداف البحث أعدت الباحثة اختبار (الذاكرة البصرية ) وفق الخطوات العلمية باعتمادها على نموذج بادلي ( Baddely,1986-1999) ، وتالفت عينة البحث من (200) طفل وطفلة ، وقد أفادت الأدبيات والدراسات الباحثة في تحديد (5 ) أختبارت لكل اختبار ( 5 ) فقرات وأصبح مجموع الفقرات
( 25 ) فقرة بصورته الأولية ، ووضع بدائل الأجابة ( 1) للأجابة الصحيحة ، (صفر ) للأجابة الخاطئة ، وبعد اجراء التحليل الاحصائي تم حذف فقرتين واصبح الأختبار بصيغته النهائية يتكون من ( 23 ) فقرة ومتوسط فرضي (11.5) ، وكلما زادت الدرجة زادت الذاكرة البصرية للاطفال ضعيفي السمع ،يتمتع الأختبار بالخصائص السيكومترية ( الصدق والثبات ) .
استعملت الباحثة الوسائل الاحصائية المناسبة للبحث بالاستعانة بالحقيبة الاحصائية (Spss) وقد استعملت الباحثة معادلة (جاكسون) لاستخرج صدق الفقرات ، الاختبار التائي لعينة واحدة ، الاختبار التائي لعينتين مستقلتين( t-test)، كيودر – ريتشادرسون ، معامل الارتباط (بوينت - بايسريال ) ، تحليل التباين الثنائي Way Anova Two.
وأظهرت النتائج الى مايأتي :
-يتمتع اطفال ضعيفي السمع الذي يترواح اعمارهم من (4 - 6) بمستوى مرتفع في الذاكرة البصرية
-لا توجد فروق ذات دلالة احصائية في الذاكرة البصرية لدى الاطفال ضعيفي السمع حسب متغير النوع
( ذكور ، اناث ) ومتغير المرحلة ( روضة ، تمهيدي ) .
خرجت الباحثة بعدد من التوصيات والمقترحات في ضوء النتائج التي توصل اليها البحث :
-استعمال الوسائل التعليمية البصرية الحديثة لتطوير نمو الذاكرة البصرية لدى الاطفال ضعيفي السمع .
المقترحات :
-اجراء بحث قائم على بعض الاستراتيجيات المعرفية في تحسين الذاكرة البصرية .

الصمت التنظيمي لدى معلمات رياض الأطفال وفقاً لمتغير التخصص
( رياض أطفال _ تخصصات أخرى ).و سنوات الخدمة
أستهدف البحث الحالي تعرف مستوى الصمت التنظيمي لدى معلمات رياض الأطفال ، تبعاً لمتغيري التخصص ( رياض أطفال _ تخصصات أخرى) وسنوات الخدمة ، وبلغت العينة (٤٠٠) معلمة تم أختيارهن عشوائياً من (١٨) رياض أطفال في مدينة بغداد ، وأعتمدت الباحثتان على تعريف (Dyne, et al 2003) للصمت التنظيمي وأبعاده الثلاثة (الخضوع ، الدفاعي ، الأجتماعي الإجابي ) في بناء مقياس الصمت التنظيمي يتضمن (١٩) موقفاً ولكل موقف ثلاث خيارات ، وتحققت الباحثتان من الخصائص القياسية للمقياس ثم تطبيقها على أفراد العينة . وبعد أجراء العمليات الأحصائية بأستعمال ( مربع كاي ، بايسيريال ، الأختبار التائي لعينة واحدة ، الأختبار التائي لعينتين مستقلتين )وتوصلت إلى النتائج التالية :
أن معلمات رياض الأطفال لديهن مستوى دال من الصمت التنظيمي في بعده ( الأجتماعي الإجابي) وعدم وجود فروق تبعاً لمتغير التخصص وفي كل الأبعاد
كما ظهر عدم وجود فروق دالة في سنوات الخدمة بالنسبة لبعدي الخضوع والدفاعي ، وظهرت فروق دالة بالنسبة للبعد الأجتماعي الإيجابي بالنسبة لسنوات الخدمة ، وتقدمت الباحثتان بعدد من التوصيات والمقترحات

The current research aims to investigate the communicative action of the mothers of Kindergarten children. It focuses on the problem of communicative action between the families of kindergarten children by verifying the objectives to identify the communicative action of these families. The population included the families of kindergarten children of the Baghdad (Karkh and Risafah) for the academic year 2022-2023. After preparing the communicative action rationality scale according to the standard steps of building up a scale and after submitting this scale to a committee of experts in the kindergarten field to show the validity and reliability, discrimination, and difficulty coefficient, the scale reached its final form with 18 items, 12 items concerning the social aspect, and 6 items concerning the moral aspect with the alternatives (I do it very often, I do it a lot, I do it sometimes, I do it rarely, I don't do it) in weighting (5, 4, 3, 2, 1). The scale was administered to a sample of 190 mothers that were chosen randomly. The results showed the existence of communicative action within the families of these children. According to that, the researchers presented some suggestions and recommendations.

The current study aims to identify the money skills of kindergarten children and their relationship to some variables. The main aims included developing the money skills of kindergarten children, identifying the significant differences in the money skills of kindergarten children according to the gender variable (male, female), and identifying the significant differences in the skill of money among kindergarten children according to the age variable (4-5) (5-6). The research community included children from governmental kindergartens affiliated with the Baghdad governorate. To do this, the researcher adopted Piaget's theory. The researcher developed a test for the skill of money, consisting of five items. 200 boys and girls at the ages of (4-5) and (5-6) years were selected randomly. The results showed that the money skills of females and males are similar. The test presented to children (money skills test), which was applied in an interesting and fun way for children with children, contributed significantly to the test (money skills) for children and how to use it in their daily lives.

The research aims to identify the social interaction of kindergarten children, the significance differences in social interaction between boys and girls, the significance differences of kindergarten type in social interaction (governmental, private), and the significance differences of the mother's profession in social interaction (housewife, working). To achieve these objectives, the researcher adopted Adel Abdullah Muhammad's scale for children's social interactions, the scale was used for a random sample of mothers whose children were enrolled in governmental and private kindergartens across the six districts of Baghdad. The sample size consisted of 350 mothers. The researcher confirmed the reliability and validity of the scale by presenting it to a group of experts and specialists in kindergarten, psychological and educational sciences, measurement, and evaluation. Psychometric characteristics of the scale were derived using indicators of validity and reliability, and the statistical program SPSS was employed to perform statistical analyses such as analysis of variance, t-test, standard deviation, mean, and Cronbach's alpha equation. The results revealed that the research sample has a high level of social interaction. There were significant differences in social interaction between boys and girls in favor of boys. There were significant differences in social interaction based on the type of kindergarten, where governmental kindergartens showed more favorable outcomes. There were significant differences in social interaction based on the mother's profession; housewives had more favorable outcomes.

The research is concerned with the problem of nutritional meals among kindergarten children. It aims to identify the differences among kindergarten children in terms of nutritional meals. A scale of 23 items was designed by the researcher to measure the nutritional meals. It was applied to a sample of 300 mothers of children from government kindergartens were selected randomly. Then, the two researchers made a number of recommendations and proposals.

The current research aims to identify the academic advancement of university students. The sample of the current research consisted of 568 male and female students who were selected randomly. The researcher developed a scale to measure academic advancement according to the Martin and March model (Martin & March 2010). The scale consists of 46 items. The researcher used a number of statistical methods to achieve the objectives of the research, including one sample t-test, two independent samples t-test, Pearson's correlation coefficient, Cronbach's alpha coefficient, z-test, and simple regression analysis coefficient. The results showed that students have achieved academic advancement.

The current research aims to identify the level of emotional support and the significance of the difference in emotional support according to the gender variable (male, female) for the kindergarten children, who were chosen by the simple random sample method for the academic year 2022-2023. Item discrimination and face validity was extracted. The reliability of the research tool was verified by test-retest and Cronbach's alpha methods. Using the retest method, the reliability coefficient reached 0.838, while it reached 0.90 using Cronbach’s alpha method. The number of items in their final form for the emotional support scale was 30. After verifying the validity of the research tool in light of validity and reliability indicators, the tool was applied to the research sample. Then, the data was collected and processed statistically. The current research reached the following result: the members of the current research sample of kindergarten children generally have emotional support. As for the gender variable (male or female), it is found that there is no significance difference between them in this aspect. In light of these results, the researcher presented some recommendations and suggestions, as explained in the fourth chapter.

The current research aims to identify hopeful thinking among postgraduate students as well as determine if there is a significant difference in hopeful thinking according to the variables of gender (males and females), specialization (scientific, humanities), and stage of study (master’s, doctorate). The research sample consists of 500 male and female postgraduate students at the University of Baghdad who were chosen randomly in terms of gender, faculties (scientific and humanities), and level of education (master’s and doctorate) for the academic year 2022-2023. To achieve the objectives of the current research: The two researchers developed a scale of hopeful thinking based on the theory of Snyder (1983) and previous studies that dealt with hopeful thinking. The scale consisted of 46 items distributed into two dimensions: the strength of thinking and the paths of thinking. It was exposed to a committee to verify the validity, which resulted in deleting 16 items, so the number of items in the Hopeful Thinking Scale became 30 items in its final form, followed by five alternatives, which are (always (definitely), often (mostly), a little, rarely (to an extent), what, never). The results indicated that the current research sample has hopeful thinking. There are no significant differences in hopeful thinking among the research sample according to the gender variable (males, females), the specialization variable (scientific, humanities), and the academic stage variable (master’s, doctorate). There are no significant differences in hopeful thinking in the interaction between the variables of gender, specialization, and stage of study.

The current research aims to reveal the effect of employing the Scamper strategy on the collection of rhetoric and the development of critical thinking among fifth-grade literary students. To achieve the objectives of the research, the researcher applied the experimental approach due to its suitability to the nature of the research, as the researcher chose Tigris Secondary School for Girls in Baghdad Governorate, General Directorate of Education, Al-Karkh, Al-Ghazalia Sector, which included eight preparatory and secondary schools from the fifth literary grade in the Tigris High School for Girls affiliated with the First Karkh Education Directorate (A), the experimental group with 30 students(B) The control group with 31 students. The researcher equivalents the two research groups (experimental and control) in the following variables (age, for female students calculated in months, intelligence, achievement in Arabic for the previous academic year, second course 2021-2022, previous rhetorical information test, tribal critical thinking test). The researcher equivalents the two research groups (experimental and control) in the following variables (age, for female students calculated in months, intelligence, achievement in Arabic for the previous academic year, second course 2021-2022, previous rhetorical information test, tribal critical thinking test). The researcher equivalents the two research groups (experimental and control) in the following variables (age, for female students calculated in months, intelligence, achievement in Arabic for the previous academic year, second course 2021-2022, previous rhetorical information test, tribal critical thinking test). The researcher equivalents the two research groups (experimental and control) in the following variables (age, for female students calculated in months, intelligence, achievement in Arabic for the previous academic year, second course 2021-2022, previous rhetorical information test, tribal critical thinking test). The researcher prepared two tools (the achievement test and the critical thinking test), and with regard to the achievement test, it consisted of 20 items distributed over two questions. The first question included 15 objective items of multiple choice type, and the second question included 5 items from The type of essay questions the critical thinking test may consist of five sub-tests, each of which includes a number of situations, and the validity and stability of the two tools have been verified. The results showed that the performance of the students in the experimental group who studied according to the Scamper strategy was superior to the performance of the students in the control group who studied according to the traditional method of rhetorical achievement. The performance of the students in the experimental group who studied according to the Scamper strategy was superior to the performance of the students in the control group who studied according to the usual method in the critical thinking test. In light of the results, the researcher presented a set of recommendations and suggestions.

The current research aims to identify the effect of the use of the learning cycle on the achievement of preparatory fourth-grade female students in the history of Islamic Arab civilization. A sample of 64 female students was chosen deliberately from Hattin Secondary School at the Directorate of Education of the First Karakh. The researcher adopted an experimental approach. The research rejected the null hypothesis, which implies that there is no statistically significant difference between the control group and the experimental group.