Muthanna Journal of Pure Science (MJPS)

Antibiotics are agents that have the ability to breakdown microorganisms or restrict their proliferation. These compounds are found in many chemical compositions, including intermediate-metabolite chemicals, chemotherapeutic and antibiotic compounds, non-antibiotic agents, antiseptics, preservatives, and disinfectants. Some of these compounds are naturally produced by bacteria, fungus, and plants. Furthermore, immunological products have been studied as agents with the ability to attack germs. Although there are thousands of antibiotics available, less than 1% of them are actually used in clinical settings to treat infectious. This is because certain antibiotics are unable to penetrate host cells or were toxic to the host. Recently, a wide range of antimicrobial ingredients and chemical additives have been employed in food preparation for both humans and animals, with the purpose of preserving the food. Certainly, using of chemical agents in food can have both pros and cons when utilized in small amounts. The problem of antibiotic resistance is a significant barrier in the food industry. In the development countries, breeders use antibiotics as substances that promote growth. As a result, antibiotics can easily be passed on to humans through the food chain, causing the emergence of antibiotic resistance in many microorganisms. This review emphasized the attributes and applications of substances that are created by fermentation, or other natural techniques utilized in the large-scale production of food.

Pharmaceuticals constitute the largest group of organic pollutants discharged into wastewater by manufacturers and healthcare institutions. Therefore, the development of effective methods for degrading these pollutants is crucial for environmental protection. The pharmaceutical medication waste ciprofloxacin, which has several uses, was degraded using a thin film of a SnO2 photocatalyst supported on the polymer. Among the tested semiconductors, SnO2 thin film, which was found to be the best photocatalyst for ciprofloxacin degradation. Operational parameters were explored to optimize the conditions for the complete removal of pharmaceutical pollutants from aqueous solutions including various factors affect the ciprofloxacin degradation kinetics. In this study, kinetic studies of the photocatalytic degradation of ciprofloxacin were performed. This study demonstrated that SnO2 was the most efficient photocatalyst for ciprofloxacin degradation among the tested materials, reaching an optimum degradation rate of 89 %. The SnO2 photocatalyst was utilized in five consecutive batches, yielding consistent and acceptable results and demonstrating its reusability over four cycles. The percentage degradation of this antibiotic increased with increasing irradiation time. This clearly indicated that the efficiency decreased with increasing initial drug concentration. Among the studied pH ranges, pH 3 was found to be the optimal solution for ciprofloxacin degradation. The inclusion of 0.01M concentration of H2O2 in the Ciprofloxacin solution exhibited the most significant degradation efficacy. Here, we introduce SnO2-Polymer as a good catalyst for removal Ciprofloxacin from wastewater.

During the past decade, it has been quite successful to observe how computational topology has incorporated some of the fundamental concepts and ideas from algebraic and differential topology into applications. This fusion of theories gave birth to a new field named Topological Data Analysis (TDA), which has a significant value in various fields, ranging from computational biology to personalized medicine and dynamic data analysis. Going beyond its foundational applications, TDA has enriched and complemented classical machine and deep learning frameworks in establishing what is now known as “topological machine learning.” In this paper, we review the present landscape of this emerging field, emphasizing how it merges with machine learning algorithms such as deep neural networks. Each method confers special advantages, targeting areas like machine learning integration, network reconstruction, classification of network regimes, or reduction of noisy data. We described common methodologies, discussed current implementations, and anticipate future challenges in topological machine learning.

Escherichia coli may be utilized to decrease some of the contaminants in wastewater from the Al Muthanna wastewater treatment plant’s final sedimentation basins, according to the results of the current research. Using chromogenic urinary tract infection (UTI) agar to create dark blue colonies, bacteria were isolated from the intended area and identified. Escherichia coli was used in the experiment, which was carried out in a lab setting, and it was put to contaminated water that had previously been autoclave-sterilized. Following the incubation of sterile contaminated water and bacteria in the incubator under optimal circumstances, various physical and chemical variables were measured to indicate its potential to eliminate certain pollutants. The findings indicated that the pH had a minor tendency toward alkalinity and that the salinity, nitrates, electrical conductivity, and total alkalinity were all low. On the other hand, the bacteria were very effective in lowering phosphate, calcium, magnesium, and overall hardness. After treatment, the readings of ammonia raised. The results demonstrated how well bacteria work to lower copper and zinc levels in treated water. During the course of the treatment, while the bacteria showed no efficacy in lowering iron levels.

Graves’ disease (GD) constitutes a significant proportion, ranging from 60% to 80%, of diagnosed cases of hyperthyroidism, emerging as a prevalent autoimmune disorder primarily affecting women aged between 30 and 50 years. Notably, GD stands as the foremost etiology of hyperthyroidism within populations endowed with adequate iodine levels. This investigation endeavors to quantify Thyrotropin receptor antibodies (TRAb) in cohorts comprising both untreated individuals and those undergoing pharmacotherapy with anti-thyroid agents, while concurrently evaluating hormonal indices encompassing Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH), Free Thyroxine (FT4), and Free Triiodothyronine (FT3) levels. The study adopts a case-control design encompassing a sample size of 70 participants, inclusive of 40 subjects subjected to anti-thyroid medication and 30 untreated counterparts. Measurement of TRAb levels was facilitated through the utilization of commercially available Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays (ELISA, whereas assessment of T4, T3, and TSH) levels was executed via immunoenzymatic assays. Before starting carbimazole (CMZ) therapy, people with GD showed significant symptoms.elevated concentrations of FT4, FT3, and TRAb, juxtaposed with diminished TSH levels relative to both treated individuals and healthy controls, achieving statistical significance at p 0.001. Furthermore, a predominance of female participants was observed across all study groups, constituting proportions ranging from 70% to 83.3%. Among the various age strata under scrutiny, the cohort aged over 44 years exhibited the highest mean percentage, with negligible disparity discernible between the second (25-34 years) 11 third (35-44 years) age brackets. The results of this study highlight the unique hormonal profiles observed in patients with GD, characterized by increased levels of FT4, FT3, and TRAb, along with lower TSH levels. The study also shows that GD is more common in females and becomes more prevalent with advancing age.

Isospora spp are protozoa coccidian parasites from the phylum Apicomplexa found in the small intestine in hosts (dogs and cats). The aim of this study was to diagnose the Isospora spp infection microscopically in both dogs and cats (stray and housing), using flotation methods by Sheither solution. In the current study, a total of 130 fecal samples of dogs and cats (different in sex and ages) were collected. These animal’s samples divided into (109) cats, and (21) dogs, which were obtained from different areas of Basrah city during the period from September 2023 to April 2024. A total of infections with Isospora spp were that 9.5% for dogs and 10% for cats. The results depended on the shape, structure, and diameters of isolated oocysts under light microscopy which found oocysts of Isospora spp in dogs were distinguished by their large size and measurement. A high infection rate with Isospora spp. was observed in the Al-Fayhaa area (13.3). Monthly study analysis showed that the high infection rate occurred in February (23.8%), while September and October showed no recorded infection. In addition, the infection of Isospora spp. was high in the rural area of Basra province (13.3%). The current study demonstrated the presence of the different clinical symptoms in infected cats and dogs (dehydration, diarrhoea, fever, abdominal pain, weight loss, and vomiting). There are no significant differences in the statistical study. Through studying this research, I concluded that the parasite spreads due to differences in temperature and lack of care for the animal. Therefore, we advise the breeder to take vaccines for cats and dogs periodically and to conduct veterinary examinations.

The external ear is a distinctive side of facial characteristics. Ear has attracted significant and elevating interest in biometrics due to its inherent characteristics compared to other traits. This study explores the external ear’s physical traits and its suitability as a tool for human identification. Through the use of photographs, evaluation and classification were done on six major human external ear landmarks: shape of ear, helix, tragus, shape of earlobe, earlobe attachment, and thickness of ear lobe. Findings of this study showed that there was variation in morphological features. We found that earlobes with medium thickness had a higher prevalence rate of 54.5% compared to thick and thin earlobes. There is a strong, statistically significant relationship at a p-value 0.01 between ear shape and earlobe shape. The present study shows that the individualistic characteristics of the ear can provide very useful information for personal identification in forensics.

The complicated effluent stream known as refinery wastewater is produced by the refining of petroleum and contains a range of pollutants. This complex composition contains oil, organic molecules and heavy metals, where poses significant obstacles to conventional treatment procedures including biological processes, filtration and sedimentation. Therefore, modern and effective solutions are being provided by the methods of advanced treatment such as the application of Nano-oxides, advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), and membrane filtration. Synthetic nanoparticles known as Nano-oxides, which include nickel oxide, magnesium oxide, copper oxide, and zinc oxide, hold promising ability to treating of wastewater which generated from operations of refining. One of the studies synthesized and incorporated Nano-oxides into refinery wastewater (RPW) to improve the turbidity of water, electrical conductivity, and pH. Manganese oxide nanoparticles were particularly useful in reducing turbidity because they have special chemical properties. In general, Nano-oxides show ability on improving the refinery wastewater treatment efficiency, legal compliance in the petroleum refining sector, and supporting environmental sustainability.

In electromagnetics, the material’s characteristics can be defined by the permittivity, permeability, and conductivity of different ranges of frequencies, where the refractive index and the impedance can be extracted. In this work, the properties of artificial metamaterials were studied by designing a unit cell of three-dimensional lattice vectors using CST (Computer Simulation Technology). A simulation process was employed to obtain the S-parameters, and the magnetic resonance frequency of several Split Ring Resonators (SRRs) was investigated. Also, the work introduced four new designs of srr, circl-square (c-sq), circl-square-circl resonator (c-sq-c), square-circle resonator (sq-c), and square-circle-square resonator (sq-c-sq). Conventional SRR structures faced challenges operating effectively at higher frequencies due to production difficulties. Scaling down the structure results in narrow split and gap regions, potentially leading to contact issues between metallic regions. Traditional SRR structures were limited to operating within a few gigahertz frequency ranges. SRR structures exhibited electrical resonance for different polarisations and propagation directions. The new design showed a negative response within the (7-12) GHz range and a negative refracted index ranging from (-4.35 to -5.6).

This paper introduces an innovative method for image encryption called “Two-Fold Cryptography,” which leverages the Henon map in a dual-layer encryption framework. By applying two distinct encryption processes, this approach offers enhanced security for images. Key parameters generated by the Henon map dynamically shape both stages of encryption, creating a sophisticated and robust security system. The findings reveal that Two-Fold Cryptography provides a notable improvement in image protection, outperforming traditional single-layer encryption techniques.