Journal of Kufa legal and political science

The change in the value of cash at its various rates has become an inherent description of money, and thus it has a direct impact on the contractual obligations and stability of transactions, hence the need to ensure the change of the value of cash, and can only be adopted if it is based on a solid legal basis, and to show this basis comes in two researches, the first in the legal basis to ensure the change in the value of cash, and the second in the basis of ensuring the change in the value of cash in Islamic jurisprudence.

The return of public funds is one of the most important means of criminal protection of public money and is determined in most criminal legislation, including the Egyptian, Kuwaiti and Iraqi legislation, and despite the criminal legislator surrounding the public money with a fence of criminal protection by imposing deterrent and established penalties for crimes of public funds, this did not necessarily lead to Recovering what was removed from the public money to the state, in view of the actions taken by the perpetrators in order to smuggle their money from justice, so that legislation made the return of public money a duty even if the criminal case was terminated for certain reasons such as the death of the accused or the convict and the statute of limitations Amnesty and conciliation in public money cases, Therefore, the criminal legislation has included in its provisions provisions and rules that regulate the return of the assaulted public money in order to achieve two purposes. The first purpose is for the offender not to benefit from the funds obtained as a result of the crime he committed, and the second purpose is to quickly return those funds to the state and maintain it and return the case to What it was before the crime.

Social insurance right is one of the important rights as it relates a group of people who can work, or earning their livings, for different reason, so the state has to take care of them by allocating fix income or salary for them. Social insurance helps in decreasing the differences among the society categories and avoiding poverty problem that could affect them seriously if there were no social insurance.
From this standpoint we must search in the guaranties that secure and protect social insurance: there must be an institution to consider the rules or laws issued by the legislative authorities where the Iraqi legislator indicate the judiciary observation on the constitutional laws with defining the procedures that must be followed in this observation and its effect, and that the executive authorizes could have some action that affect the social insurance such as issuing the instructions and regulations to facilitate applying the laws. Moreover, the administrative decisions that are issued by the specialized authorities could affect social insurance, so the judiciary authorized the individuals the right of appealing these decisions.

In view of the multiplicity of needs and aspirations of peoples and the capabilities and capabilities of the poor and rich countries, the fields and methods of international cooperation have varied, and in fact the United Nations Charter outlined these areas of international cooperation contained in Articles 1 and 2 of the Charter:
1- Maintaining international peace and security: States must work to stabilize security and peace in the world, and commit to peaceful solutions to the problems they face.
2- Human rights and freedoms: The Charter requires states to cooperate with each other and with all relevant organizations in protecting and maintaining human rights and fundamental freedoms without any discrimination for any reason.
3- Supporting friendly relations between countries and recognizing full equality between them, even if theoretically even / which will facilitate the attainment of the various goals that the Charter referred to, including the topic of conversation in this topic.
research importance International cooperation in the field of controlled extradition and extradition of criminals is very important in achieving the goal of protecting human rights and achieving international peace, which are among the most important legal and judicial mechanisms at the same time, facilitating the tracking, prosecution, and arrest of perpetrators, and then handing them over and prosecuting them for committing the above-mentioned images of drug crimes, and accordingly it will be Talking about the following two requirements for each of the monitored extradition in the first demand, and the extradition of criminals in drug crimes and organized crime in the second demand.

Iraq is going through a major financial crisis in view of the spread of the Corona pandemic and the great economic effects it caused, especially after the significant drop in oil prices that reached their lowest levels, which led to the occurrence of a deficit in the state budget for the year 2020 of about 48 forty-eight trillion dinars, so it was necessary Finding solutions for the purpose of covering the financial deficit, especially the failure to approve the budget for the year 2020, so the domestic and foreign lending law was legislated to finance the fiscal deficit for the year 2020 in accordance with Law No. (5) for the year 2020 which authorized the Federal Minister of Finance to borrow locally and abroad by issuing treasury transfers, bonds and loans, provided that The ceiling for external lending, this law does not exceed five billion Iraqi dinars, and internal lending is fifteen trillion Iraqi dinars, and the amount of lending is allocated to cover salary compensation, and part of it is allocated to investment budget projects and the lending law continues until the general budget law is issued or the fiscal year ends, and thus the lending law is approved It came as a solution to the fiscal deficit problem in the General Budget Law.

If the tenant constructs a factory on the lessor's property, a condition that requires the tenant to pay a particular property to build a factory on it. This relationship will take place between the lessor and the lessee according to the tenancy contract between them. However, the forms arise when the tenant wants to sell the plant that he has established. The presence of the restrictive restriction from that imposed by the lessor in the tenancy contract, the tenant's disposition of the sale of his factory leads to disturbance of the contractual relationship concluded between the lessee and the lessor of the real estate owner, because this act leads to the replacement of a person who is the tenant of the factory and is the most important and most prominent manifestations Common in the Legal actions in which the legal relations are complex because of multiple parties after it was limited to two parties are the tenant owner of the factory and the lessor of the owner of the property in which the tenant established a factory.

The topic of "civil protection of the name" derives its importance from the fact that the name is one of the personal rights that is still a subject of unclear features and difficult to define its scope. It is often confused with human rights, despite being a group of rights that are independent of other rights and have great importance that qualifies it to be at the forefront of legal topics that must be researched and studied. In addition to the necessity of working to highlight and strengthen the legal means capable of protecting the name and preserving it from actions and attacks that harm it.

It can be said that international justice is relatively recent, as the first real appearance of a permanent international court was during the era of the League of Nations when the Permanent Court of International Justice was established, which consisted of (11) judges, then became (15) judges after that, followed by the establishment of the International Court of Justice under the United Nations in 1945, and then the establishment of permanent international courts followed later, such as the European Court of Human Rights, the American Court of Human Rights, and the African Court of Human and Peoples’ Rights, and many specialized international courts were established such as the International Court for the Law of the Sea and the International Criminal Court. The number of international courts has increased significantly over the past century, in addition to international arbitration courts and centers, which has necessitated the presence of thousands of international judges and arbitrators representing different legal and judicial systems. These judges and arbitrators consider many important and vital cases that have major legal, political and economic implications, especially in international courts that consider disputes between countries. Therefore, it was imperative that they be subject to rules that govern their professional and functional behavior in order to achieve reassurance regarding their rulings and thus achieve justice, the implementation of which is based on acceptance by those who issued those rulings. This is because achieving the independence and impartiality of international judges and arbitrators is of great and decisive importance in ensuring the legitimacy of the international judicial system and settling international disputes. Therefore, the establishment of a system for the conduct of judges that defines the ethical aspects of the appropriate conduct of the judge's work is a very important necessity, as it leads to enhancing public confidence in the independence, integrity and impartiality of judges, and it is one of the basic issues that international courts rely on to extend their authority in compliance with their decisions by the parties to the case voluntarily and intentionally in a way that ensures the stability of international relations. It is certain that one of the means that has a great impact in protecting the independence of judges and ensuring their impartiality is enabling the parties to the case to request the dismissal and removal of judges, as well as establishing legal rules that can be relied upon in this, which we will explain in this research, God willing.

The temporal validity of a ruling declaring it unconstitutional represents a legal and practical problem that various legal systems have tried to address through various means, given its many repercussions in various aspects of life. However, the issue of determining the time frame does not raise any legal problems in the event that the constitutional lawsuit is not accepted or rejected, as it does not affect the constitutionality of the text under challenge.

The relationship between socialization and politics is one of the topics that has received great importance from researchers and specialists in the field of society and politics, in various countries of the world, in order to keep pace with the rapid local, regional and international changes, given the future dimension that this socialization entails, which controls the survival and continuity of society and the political system. Through the process of social-political socialization, individuals are taught the values, standards and culture of the society in which they live, which qualifies them to perform social and political roles that serve society and the political system. Social-political socialization affects the sense of belonging and national loyalty among individuals through its contribution to reducing the effects of social inequality represented by differences in language, religion and race, which, despite its vital role in social and cultural diversity, which is a source of enrichment for society, often represents a threat to the cohesion of society, if these diverse components are not dealt with properly through an appropriate strategy carried out by the process of social-political socialization with all its institutions, which works to instill a culture of faith in equality among individuals regardless of gender, color or creed. It also leads to Social and political upbringing plays an important role in developing and advancing society by building the citizen's personality according to practical and intended national values ​​that achieve their belief in good citizenship, which in turn achieves mutual benefit between society and its political system. In order for the citizen to participate in building his country with an effective and positive participation based on awareness or correct understanding of his effective role, a sound upbringing is necessary through which the citizen interacts with his country's systems and institutions that regulate relations between members of society. Effective national social and political upbringing that is supported and strengthened by feelings of loyalty and belonging to the homeland plays a major role in maintaining the security and stability of society and the state alike, which is the sole and supreme goal that was and still is the focus of political systems in general and sociology in particular.

The State shall carry out its functions as determined by the Constitution, through the administrative decisions issued by it. Its executive decisions, which occur in the field of legal regulation, have consequences that are not comparable in comparison with the work carried out under the special law. Need their approval and be implemented directly by the administration
Without resorting to the judiciary if not implemented by individuals and the text of the law on this and this is one of the most important privileges enjoyed by the administration in the field of public law, and it should aim to achieve all of these public benefits, and that the administration can lift the excess through the lawsuit filed by the courts and During a civil action to request the lifting of the waiver and compensation for the damage caused by it if necessary, or through criminal proceedings provided by the Penal Code or the penalties included in the case of assault.

Although the constitution of the Republic of Iraq of 2005 is considered one of the most important democratic constitutions in the region, as the system of government in Iraq defined it as a representative, federal and democratic, in addition to its emphasis on the principle of peaceful transfer of power and the transition from strong centralization to decentralization, some texts must be reviewed The problematic constitutionalism contained therein, reading it carefully and critically reading and diagnosing its weaknesses and working to create a public opinion that presses towards amending it, in order to ensure a civilized constitution that contributes to promoting the values of citizenship and Iraqi identity instead of secondary sub-identities, and this is reflected in political stability in Iraq.