Mustansiriyah Journal of Arts

Human being's security stands for human development when
political, societal and economic changes are taking place last years.
There are many threats impeding the future horizons of human
development. Accordingly, there exists a difference between human
security and State security. However, this does not mean that both
types of security are in opposition; rather the State security is
essential for human security. Some contradiction comes to the fore
when the State's interests and efforts are exclusively focused on
national security issues at the expense of the citizens's fundamental
rights and freedom. In addition, the same may happen when the
State violates laws. As result, the State does not play its role as the
human security protector.

Methods of peaceful Italian penetration in State of Tripoli West
(1881-1911)
The European colonial penetration was manifested in its
geographical beginnings and in the activity of the European consuls;
it was used as a basis for the definition of Africa, where the center
.was an unknown spot
The Italian colonialists considered the Mediterranean region,
including the North African countries, to be the natural space for
their expansion, stressing at the time that the seizure of Tripoli by
any other party was a threat to the security of Italy
Italian politicians began to embrace the project in its peaceful phase.
Prime Minister Giulietti, for his enthusiasm and long tenure, began
to promote public opinion in support of peaceful means of
penetration. This helped the Ottoman administration's decay and
.delay in all fields
Italian explorers quickly gathered to gather information about
Tripoli in order to make use of the future. They provided the decision
makers with a comprehensive picture of the state and its inhabitants,
which is very valuable, which contributed to increasing the
.momentum for peaceful penetration
This is followed by the arrival of missionaries, who found the
opportunity to work in the social sphere because of the great
shortage of education and health. Their background and advanced
experience in this context, which enjoys abundant governmental
support, are also very sophisticated if compared to the dilapidated
Ottoman administration. Italian language and culture, especially in
the upper classes, have been spread as a result of constant friction
with Italian community members who have been active in all aspects
.of Tripoli society
In conclusion, the economic dimension was the main focus of Italian
penetration in Tripoli, the main reason for the beginning of the
project. The Italian authorities sought to explore and then dominate
all economic activities and the related infrastructure of ports,
railways, etc., Has the necessary expertise in this regard, represented
by the Bank of Rome, which entered the state in 1905, in order to
achieve specific goals, and with the full support of the Italian
government began to penetrate and acquire all aspects of economic
.activity, Its final finish

The foreign education in Morocco was one of the colonial
aims pursued by France and other European countries in order to
destabilize the country and loot its resources by instilling a new
culture for that Arab Muslim country.
The point of foreign schools was to find a generation of
graduates equipped with a Western culture that did not fit the
reality of Morocco. This generation could understand
colonialism as liberation from darkness and slavery and could
understand the new reality of the colonial world, which was
based primarily on matter rather than values and morals. To
find that most of those who studied in foreign schools
embraced European ideas destructive such as Marxism,
Leninism and other movements and ideas that ruined the reality
of the Islamic world and the Arab world.

he US-Indian relationship is characterized by a clear development in the
post-Cold War era, characterized by uncertainty and tension during the
Cold War. This convergence came as a result of several political,
economic and military considerations that were priorities in these
relations. Seeks to strengthen its regional position and gain a pro-party in
international forums, and in return, the United States seeks to make them
at their expense at the expense of the Russian Federation to prevent them
from getting closer to the latter.

The current study aims at finding out
1- Thought – control strategies (Distraction/Social
control/Worry/Punishment/Re-appraisal) by university students
2- Significance difference in the use of thought – control Strategies
according to gender (males – females).
3- University students mindfulness.
4- The correlational relation between thought – control strategies and
mindfulness.
5- finally , the study aims of testing the following hypothesis :The
possibility of prediction of existanee of each thought control strategies
in the presumed of mindfulness the current study determined to the
students in Al- Mustansieriya university.
To achieve these aims the researcher translated Wales and Daves 1994
thought Control strategy Scale and it Was submitted to a group of
professionals and experts Who Confirmed the scale's validity . Then it
Was applied on a sample of (400) students (males and females) to obtain
The Scale's psychometric Characteristics. Items discriminations face
validity , translation validity , factorial validity Construct validity and
reliability are computed. Reliability by Cronbach's Alpha method Was (
distraction 0.38 / social control 0.43/ anxiety o.71/ punishment 0.55/ reappraisal 0.46). so the scale is ready to be applied, with (30) items and a
hypothetical mean of (75) the reaches also adopted mindfulness Scale
langer's 1992, with (20) items and a hypothetical mean of (40) witch
Was submitted to a group of and experts for validity confirmation . Then
the scale Was applied on the some sample to obtain its psychometric
Characteristics. Items discrimination Difference significance , face
validity , translation validity , construct validity and (reliability) are
computed . By the use of split-half method reliability was (0.38) before
correcting , (0.55) after correcting with Spearman Brown equation and
(0.56) by the using of Cronboach's- Alpha method . thus , the scale was
ready to be applied

This researcher aimed at identifying:-
1- Self Discrepancy for junior high and
University students
2- The differences in the Self Discrepancy
for junior high and University students
according to sex variable ( male – female )
and level (junior high - University).
To achieve that the researcher used Higgins,
1987 scale for Self Discrepancy, and before
achieved for psychometrics from validity and
reliability This test has been applied the sample
of the study which is ( 400 ) male and female .
The results have appeared that Self
Discrepancies common for junior high and
University students is Actual versus ought and
junior high students have more Actual versus
ought ,and the female have more Actual versus
ought, In the light of these results the research
has put a number of recommendations and
suggestions forwards.

The present research aims at knowing The Effect of Two Styles (Prayer and
Wishing and Re-Interpreting Feeling of Pain) in Reducing Psychological
Hopelessness of Unemployed Youthsthrough ascertaining the following zero
hypothesis: There are no statistically significant differences among mean
grades of the psychological hopelessness scale among the three groups (the
first experimental which treated with prayer and wishing style), (the second
experimental which treated with re-interpreting feeling of pain style) and the
controlled group in the post-test. In order to know the psychological
hopelessness of unemployed youths, the researcher has constructed a scale
for measuring psychological hopelessnessaccording to the theory of
hopelessness for (Seligman) depending on (Saham, 2014). However, the
main sample of the research consists of (250) youths from Baghdad. The
scale consists of (32) items distributed on three components:-
1- Motivational hopelessness.
2- Cognitive hopelessness.
3- Emotional hopelessness.
After ascertaining the validity of the scale, the researcher has ascertained the
reliability by using test and re-test methods where the reliability coefficient is
(0,85). In order to construct the counseling program with its two styles, it is
applied on a sample consists of (100) youths in order to know the young
people who suffer from psychological hopelessness. The number of the
counseling program sessions is (13) where the program has constructed and
exposed on a number of experts in the field. The sample of the experiment
consists of (45) youths who score high on the scale distributed randomly on
three groups (controlled and two experimental) with (15) youths in each one
after conducting the equalization of the three groups on a number of
variables that have relation with the dependent variable.The researcher has
used the following statistical means: (Pearson coefficient. Mann-Whitney
test two independent samples,Croscal and Alize test to know the significance
of differences among the three groups.
After applying the program on the two experimental groups, it is applied on
the three groups (in the post-test), the results show the following:-
a- Prayer and wishing style has an influence in reducing psychological
hopelessness of unemployed youths.
b- Re-interpretation of feeling of pain style has an influence in reducing
psychological hopelessness of unemployed youths.
In the light of the afore-mentioned results, the researcher has put forward a
number of recommendations and suggestions.

Aging is one of the final stages of the human life
cycle, which may be characterized by many negative
symptoms and in all respects, whether psychological and
psychological and be represented in isolation and sadness
and lethargy, after his life was traveling with vitality and
activity and pleasure
The current research aims to:
1 - Identify the level of psychological depression in the
elderly.
2 - Identify the level of depression in the elderly according
to the variable sex (male - female).
The research sample consisted of (140) elderly and
elderly persons present in the Department of Counseling,
Salikh for the care of the elderly. To achieve the objectives
of the current research, the researcher constructed a measure of depression in the elderly. Data collection and
statistical processing using a single sample tester and a
meta-test for two independent samples indicated that:
1- There is depression in the elderly.
2 - There are differences of statistical significance in the
depression in the elderly according to sex variable and for
the benefit of males.
In addition to the relevant aspects of this research, the
researcher recommended a number of recommendations,
including:
• Involve the elderly as much as possible of social activities
and benefit from their experience, as this leads to the
strengthening of self-esteem as well as reduce the degree
of pessimism and isolation and this will reduce the
symptoms of depression.
The researcher suggested a number of studies and scientific
research, including:
1- Conduct further studies on this age level in order to
improve the quality of life of the elderly.
2. Introduce educational and guidance programs to alleviate
the severity and severity of the depressive and psychological
symptoms of the elderly in the world

Individuals differ among themselves in their understanding of the attitudes of life,
whether they are related to moral, educational, health or financial, and therefore vary
their degree or take them to conduct risk, and the perception of individuals affected
by many of the environmental factors of the situation, and is also affected by many
aspects of personal and cognitive For a person, risk is a cognitive process in the
first place because it is a process of estimating possibilities. A person makes his
decisions as he knows. It is known that there is a self that interferes with cognition.
A person has a structure of values, beliefs and attitudes. Tactful and possesses
attributes and characteristics of a distinct personality from others and build
psychological solo(Zafer 2009: 4-5).
The researcher adopted the guamir scale (2011) to measure the risk behavior of
the preparatory students. After the researcher achieved the characteristics of the
measurement applied to a sample of (300) students for ages (14, 16 and 18)
years, who were randomized, Comes:
1. Risk behavior at the age of (14) years for the sample as a whole.
2. Absence of an evolutionary course of risk behavior.
3 - Behavior of risk in males higher than in females.
4- There is no interaction in the evolution of risk behavior between the
sex and age variables at different levels .

The current research was aimed at the following:
1. Measurement of self monitoring for university students.
2. Measurement of personality type (D) for university students.
3. Identify the differences in self monitoring for university students according to
variable of sex (male/ female). And according to variable of specialization (scientific/
literary).
4. Identify the differences in of personality type (D) for university students according
to variable of sex (male/ female). And according to variable of specialization (scientific/
literary).
5. Identify the relationship between self monitoring and personality type (D).
To achieve this aims of the research, the researchers set up the instrument is
scale of self monitoring that consistent (25) item, And scale of personality type (D)
consistent (20) item. The researchers applying these scales in the sample amounted to
(200) students of Baghdad university, then after data processing statistically, the
researchers reached the following results:
1. There is high level of self monitoring for university students.
2. There is high level of personality type (D) for university students.
3. There is no differences in self monitoring for university students according to
variable of sex (male/ female), And there is differences of specialization (scientific/
literary) for outcome of literary specialization students.
4. There is no differences in personality type (D) for university students according to
variable of sex (male/ female), And there is differences of specialization (scientific/
literary) for outcome of literary specialization students.
6. There is relationship between self monitoring and personality type (D).
In sight of the results of this research, the researchers came out with
a number of recommendations and suggestions

This research aims at identifying the level of Compulsive Hoarding for The elderly in the
province of Baghdad in addition to identifying the significance according to gender ( male –
female ) to achieve this, has the researchers to adopt the scale Compulsive Hoarding
prepared by the (Frost & Gross,2004) as the number of its items was finalized (23) item, the
psychometric of characteristics of these items have been confirmed and the two instruments
are applied on a sample of (100) male and female The elderly which are chosen randomly
method from Baghdad province.
Results of the research :-
1. the research sample of The elderly there have Compulsive Hoarding.
2. there are statistical significance between (male and female) in the Compulsive
Hoarding, in favored of females .

The research aims to:
1- Determining the requirements of quality culture when teaching history
department at the Faculty of Basic Education.
2 - Building a training program to develop a culture of quality when teaching
history department at the Faculty of Basic Education.
In order to achieve the two objectives of the research, the researcher relied on
the descriptive approach and a number of procedures that included defining the
research society, which was limited to teaching the history department of the
Faculty of Basic Education, Mustansiriya University for the academic year
2016-2017, (47.62%) and (22) teaching with a percentage of (52.38%).
The researcher used the questionnaire to collect his research data prepared by
means of exploratory study, previous studies and literature related to the subject
of the research, and to inform the researcher of a number of lists prepared by the
specialists in the field of total quality, and after verifying its honesty by
presenting them to the experts. The final tool consists of (40) divided into (5)
main areas: (the field of development of the concept of quality, the quality of
teacher preparation, the quality of training, quality of development, quality of
assessment) Breeding In light of it.
The researcher used a number of appropriate statistical methods such as (Kai
square to test the validity of the paragraphs in the responses of the arbitrators,
Pearson correlation coefficient to extract the stability of the tool.
The study resulted in several results including:
1- Defining the requirements of the quality culture necessary to train the
teaching of History Department at the Faculty of Basic Education in light of this
2 - Building a proposed training program for the development of quality culture
when teaching the Department of History at the Faculty of Basic Education.
In light of the results of the study, the researcher recommended a set of
recommendations, including:
1 - the use of methods and methods of training varied and contemporary beyond
the method of lectures and discussions to other methods such as role
representation and case study, etc., as well as educational and visual and audio
methods.
2 - Benefit from the requirements of the culture of quality that the current
research in the assessment of teaching the Department of History at the Faculty
of Basic Education

. classroom management is considered an essential part of the teaching
and learning process. It refers to the methods, strategies and skills teachers use to
maintain a classroom environment that results in the success of student's learning.
Classroom management is connected to a process of organizing and conducting a class
that includes time management, students‘ involvement, student engagement, and
classroom communication. Classroom management is the process of creating a
democratic community and managing a successful class. Classroom management
refers to the wide variety of skills and techniques that teachers use to keep students
organized, orderly, focused, attentive, on task, and academically productive during a
class. When classroom-management strategies are executed effectively, teachers
minimize the behaviors that impede learning for both individual students and groups of
students, while maximizing the behaviors that facilitate or enhance learning. Generally
speaking, effective teachers tend to display strong classroom-management skills, while
the hallmark of the inexperienced or less effective teacher is a disorderly classroom
filled with students who are not working or paying attention. The key to successful
teaching and management is gaining students cooperation in classroom activities and
their engagement in the appropriate learning tasks. From this point of view, a teacher's
main function is to play and orchestrate well-conceived activities that flow smoothly.
Among the four skills of English, writing is the most difficult to learn since it
requires considerable conscious mental effort on the part of learners. However, in this
modern interconnected world, communications among different peoples are
increasingly carried out in aural/ oral and written English, making English a much
more important language than it has been before. Writing can be improved mainly
through writing, so we should always try to provide learners with a great deal of
writing practice. It is thought that listening and writing are combined in such a way
that the receptive skill of listening lends support to the productive skill of writing, and
it is designed to be a small step in improving the writing of secondary learners to more
advanced levels. Our learning goals: we as teachers of English believe in the magic of
writing, in the ways in which writing is a fundamental tool in understanding and
experiencing life at a deeper, more enriching level. We believe also that writing is an
essential way in which we share with others our experiences as human beings. We
believe in writing as an agent of change, and we believe technology is powerful tool
for helping students uses their writing to effect this change. We also believe that our
students‘ capacity to use technology effectively widens the breath of their abilities and
the reach of their potential.

In English, the formation of preterite and past participle forms of verbs by
means of ablaut (for example, sing–sang–sung) is no longer considered productive.
Newly coined verbs in English overwhelmingly use the 'weak' (regular) ending -ed
for the past tense and past participle (for example, spammed, e-mailed). Similarly, the
only clearly productive plural ending is -(e)s; it is found on the vast majority of
English count nouns and is used to form the plurals of neologisms, such as FAQs and
Muggles. The ending -en, on the other hand, is no longer productive, found only in
oxen, children, and the now-rare brethren. Because these old forms can sound
incorrect to modern ears, regularization can wear away at them until they are no
longer used: brethren has now been replaced with the more regular-sounding brothers
except when talking about religious orders.
The significance of productivity in practice and theory, for many, is the degree
to which native speakers use a particular grammatical process for the formation of
novel structures. A productive grammatical process defines an open class, one that
admits new words or forms. Non-productive grammatical processes may be seen as
operative within closed classes: they remain within the language and may include very
common words, but are not added to and may be lost in time or through regularization
converting them into what now seems to be a correct form.
This research is about ‘productivity of word – formation.’ It is divided into three
sections. The first section is a general introduction about the meaning of productivity
and its relation with other terms. The second one is about some constraints in forming
words. The last section is concerning the ways one can measure the morphological
rules. There are four ways to measure the productivity of word–formation: the number
of actual word, the number of possible words, the ratio of actual words to possible
words, and the number of neologisms attested over a certain period.

The Iraqi novel after 2005 and subsequent events witnessed the
frequency of descriptive and narrative images that embody the
destruction and destruction caused by the sectarian tension at the time. It
also reflected the negative reflection of the violence on the Iraqi society
and the consequent distortion in the community structure. Which is
useless, as the novelists put through these images and their view of the
reflection of these images negatively on the human soul and the distorted
legacy left by the Iraqi society.
And the frequent invocation of these images in the novels based on
the shocking reality of the similarity of destinies because of the conflict,
we saw stand in this critical approach when the author's ability to invest
these images and employ them aesthetically, and then stand on the
indications envisaged.
The novelists resorted to sensory imagery to reveal the dark reality
and the logic of life and the drowning of society in the darkness of
sectarian violence. Even if this stage is like a maze that entered the
novelists from the door itself, but they dispersed each in a way.
In this critical approach, we will witness the recurrent images in a
collection of Iraqi novels (only the pomegranate tree and the novel by
Mary for Satan Antoine, the novel of the Baghdad morgue by Burhan
Shawi and the Frankenstein novel in Baghdad by Ahmad Saadawi and the
story of Hakayti with a broken head to improve the Kermiani) And the
mutilated bodies, which will be dealt with in the first subject, the second
section will be based on the frequency of images of destruction left by
this stage, such as killing on identity and forced displacement and
sectarian congestion .. And the secretions of these images frequent in
Iraqi society in all its components

Ala al-Aswani is one of the most famous Egyptian writers. He criticized problems of
Egyptian society in a rational and realistic way. Modernity is clearly seen in his works. In
this article, modernity means a desire to change and to move towards progress and
modernity. The author uses analytical and descriptive method to criticize dynamic
characteristics of his stories. Ala al-Aswani addresses problems of the Egyptian society in an
artistic manner. The main concern of the writer was lack of scientific, political and
economic progress in Egyptian society. He also offers suggestion for solving problems of
the Egyptian society. Based on his belief, the realization of true democracy is the only
solution to survive Egypt

The Holy Quran occupies a central position in Islamic thought. It is
the problem of their awareness and culture, and the founder of their
civilization. The centrality of this centrality stems from their concern
for the "language of the Holy Quran" which represented in its lowest
hopes a message of communication addressed to humanity. The
Holy Quran represents the whole communication process of sender
and sender, message and communication channel and more. So he
called the minds to think and look at it, so many books that reveal
secrets.
Arab scientists in the Middle Ages presented valuable ideas on this
subject, no less than what is found in modern studies. They had
insight into the description of the communicative process, its
elements, its conditions and its functions, and this was reflected in
the duplication of their works.
In this research, we are faced with a distinct application of the
Qur'anic texts on the Holy Quran, through which Muhammad Arkoun
sought to produce the concepts that are the product of contemporary
linguistic research and how they can descend upon the Qur'anic
discourse. Including the connecting space or representative models
to reveal the structure of interpersonal relations and pronouns, and the framework of the common connection which includes all methods
and directs them according to hierarchical hierarchy. It explains the
roles and functions and the struggle of pronouns and pronouns to
detect the formation of the narrative path. Meaning in the Qur'anic
discourse.
Through his application of the Sunnahs in his Qur'anic representation
of the Sura of repentance, Muhammad Arkoun tried to re-evaluate
the concept of revelation by taking his historical dimension into
account, not as a transcendent, eternal, eternal transcendent who
stands high above human history, although he sent his guidance and
leadership to this Earth.
The linguistic analysis in the eyes of Mohammed Arkoun imposed on
the student exercise exercise of asceticism and mental and
intellectual purity is a must. It is a very valuable virtue, especially as
it is here to read specific texts that have been born and formed for
generations generations sensitivity and imagination collective and
individual. We will then learn how to construct a systematic distance
to the texts or between us and the "sacred" texts without releasing
any of the (historical) or theological judgments.
This analysis of the discourse or its disintegration is not, according
to Arkoun, to present its true meaning and invalidate the inherited
interpretations, but rather to highlight the linguistic linguistic,
presentation, independence, persuasion, reporting and moral
purposes of what he called the "prophetic discourse"

Always trying speaker his words to make appropriate inadvertently
influence argument to address that does not give is the other, and bow to
the opinion of his interlocutor does not give up his position easily by
defending his position to provide a counter argument, and the survival of
the argument of the strongest, and this so-called Hajaji peace which is
based on a set of laws it is set is empty of words with relationship ordina
and require them to be satisfying the following two conditions: that all say is
arranged in what peace needs to be about what is underneath it so
necessary to say, located at the upper end of all the other words, though all
statements in peace was a sign of a certain connotation, it was topped by
ranking the strongest evidence.

The research entitled "The Mechanisms of Argumentation in the Iraqi
Political Discourse: A Reading of the Speech of two Prime Ministers,
Al-Maliki and Al-Ebadi" at the handover of the premiership from the first
to the other is an attempt to show the impact of the effectiveness of
argumentation and its mechanisms in the manifestation of political
discourse in general and the Iraqi one in particular. The paper also aims
to find out the linguistic dimensions of the political discourse through the
manipulation of the arts of speech and its performative skills in delivering
the speech to the public. Two samples of contemporary Iraqi political
discourse were chosen for reading and analysis to show the points of
similarities and differences between them in employing the mechanisms
of argumentation that fit the nature of each sender and his rhetorical type
and the extent of its reflection on the recipien

Aims this search to a statement of the term (kadhm, afa, hasun) language and usage
qur'anic statement of integration semantic them in a sign (alkadhm) silence on rage and
rage is out of wrath and power angry are the most powerful influence of self-it crave
altruism revenge if could constipation manifestations with brimming of which is
indicated that the resolve a well-established in self-strength of the will of good and
significance efface Turks and erasure a complement significance rage because (kadhm)
rage have encountered remorse in alienate on from vexes when he described pardon Del
so that the (kadhm) rage inherent in them, and an indication of good that make up the
above to pros and words and deeds

This research traces some of views of the scholars in relation
to the triple name, which has been deleted (Fa'a) and voiced
(Lam), linking between these views and data of the
grammatical approach, both beforetime and newly, and
comparing between what we have derived from the opinions
on the attribution to these types of names with the views of
similar grammarians. Hence, we are more likely to see what
we have found acceptable to other views by standard and
acoustic evidence

This research aims at inducting what is stipulated in the verb
formula (Take) in Quran context , it has direct effect in
understanding the meaning because it makes the word safe from
danger of confusion and adopted for overall ,specialized to
potential , affirmed the meanings that are not desired , determined
the general and restricted an absolute meaning and variety of
significance. This is clear after the verbs significances and its
meaning in Quran according to the context mentioned in it and after
leleg- research – space to know the origin of this verb . It was
registered as a main result at the end of research by knowing the
meaning of ( take , taking

Born in Amiens city in the northern France.For family of young nobles.Laclos
was very bored in his military career, so he decided to write a novel to drive out his
boredom and finished Les Liaisons Dangereuses
In this novel the writer depicts the mentality of nobility in the period of eighteenth
century .This literary work takes place in 11769 when France occupied Corsica.
Les Liaisons Dangereuses is a story of conspiracies ,power and seduction where
both sexes fight each other.This hug literary work dates back to the eighteenth
century recomting the conflicit that revolves between two nobles as an example of
the vice of the same society.
In this study ,we try to discuss the principles of Laclos:he describes the situation of
the women in XVIII and he looks for the best way to the perfect education.
Key words: vice , virtuous, libertin