Journal of Kufa legal and political science

The term partial annulment of the contract is one of the vital issues that deal with the incomplete implementation of the contract, because it provides a possibility commensurate with the aspirations of the contractors in maintaining their contractual links even partially, because the maintenance of the contract or parts of it can be raised on its unity, This is what is required by the good faith in the deal that requires the contractors to make the maximum possible effort to implement the contract and move away from the demise, in addition to the will of the contractors often to maintain it, by shortening the parts of some parts It should be covered completely E in particular task or contracts that are outside the borders of the state, so what accompanies the conclusion of the obstacles that make it collapse the entire thing very serious would have been substantial losses on the contracting parties. However, it has not received the necessary attention, especially in the Iraqi and Egyptian laws, for their adherence to the traditional principles of breaking the contract without paying attention to the extent of development that began to appear on the contractual links, which not only internal links but also international ones, This is confirmed by the regulation that was achieved by the partial annulment of the contract under the Vienna Convention on the Contract for the International Sale of Goods, which was given unprecedented attention by the Latin legislation, the subject of comparison. The motive may be to preserve the contracts to which it is subject and to reduce the cases of its complete dissolution and shortening
Minimalistic.

The responsibility of civil private schools for the safety of their pupils and after their establishment, can end naturally and is to compensate for the damage caused to the affected student.
This requires the study and analysis of what is the claim of compensation for damages arising from the responsibility of civil private schools for the safety of students in the first section, which included two requirements in the first identify the parties to the lawsuit, the second was devoted to the nature of the legal compensation claim, while the second section is devoted to the scope of compensation for damages in a liability The civil civil schools for the safety of their students, which in turn included two requirements dedicated to the statement of compensation for material damage, while the second was devoted to the statement of moral damage.
He concluded the research tagged (compensation for damages arising from the responsibility of civil private schools for the safety of their pupils) with our findings and suggestions we have proposed.

The crime reveals a criminal intention of a person who committed it. This intention is different from one person to another and from one crime to the other. The offenses of incitement show a dangerous intent of the instigator because he/she aims at creating the idea of criminality in the minds of people and influencing their will to push them to commit the crime. It can be as a means used by the instigator so as to reach what he/she want to reach.
The evolution of the means of life in general has had a great impact on the use of these means to carry out illegal acts and behaviors, and to use them as methods for propagating provocative thought, in addition to the continuation of the effectiveness of traditional methods with their great and effective impact. This coincided with the division of society into groups and divisions as a result of several factors combined. This was an environment that is suitable for the growing and increasing incitement of other sects and other creeds and the incitement against religions as well.
The sectarian incitement has become one of the most used tool by terrorist and extremist groups, using resonating expressions that touches their souls, turning many into followers to carry out their operations and/or to exclude others, and sometimes as funding sources and thus they provide people and funds.
In light of these dangers, we find that punitive legislation has dealt with this deadly picture with legal provisions. However, this has not diminished them, but they witnessed a significant increase. This has led the penal legislator in many countries to issue specialized legislation dealing with this phenomenon through anti-terrorism laws and to consider it as one of the facets of the terrorist crime. As the case of the legislation of the Iraqi Penal Code No. 13 of 2003, and also the endorsement of it and holding regional and international conventions to criminalize terrorist acts, including this crime.
In spite of all these attempts, we find that the danger of this crime is still increasing. Many of the provocative bids are not yet covered by the law due to many considerations, such as that they do not rise to the level of the image provided by the Iraqi legislator in the anti-terrorism law. Therefore, the legislator should be aware of these acts through legislating legal texts that are criminating them. In addition to the amendment of the law referred to above by introducing a definition of the crime of sectarian incitement so as not to mix it with the images of terrorist crimes that the legislator mentioned, which negatively affects the adaptation of the court to the case.

Most of state security crimes involve, in their nature, a threat to the interest of the state in the possibility of achieving a certain harm, because a potential assault on the right is actually an assault on a worthy of protection interest, and the achievement of the material outcome to which criminal behavior is heading is not a necessary element in the legal composition of most of state security crimes because they are dangerous crimes. Accordingly, the legislator does not wait to punish until the criminal result is achieved, but rather he initiates to accelerate the criminalization to an early moment when the crime is deemed to have taken place, even if it is not. For the dangerous of crimes early completion in the context of crimes against the security of the State, the legislator considered that the conduct constituting them should be covered by the punishment, even though it has not yet occurred to the extent that it directly harms the protected interest in the scope of such crimes, as in the case of an agreement to commit a crime that violates the security of the State because this picture does not fall within the scope of criminalization and punishment according to general rule.

Abstract
International peace and security and the continuity of the nuclear agreements have a strong link to their non-violation or denunciation, and the non-continuity of those agreements with the special interests of each State.
The legal and contractual system of nuclear conventions must be preserved and the denunciation of nuclear agreements must be maintained, and the principle of non-proliferation of nuclear weapons must be followed to maintain international peace and security, which is one of the most important purposes of the Charter of the United Nations.
If withdrawal is a voluntary act, there is absolute flexibility regarding the need for an extraordinary event to justify a withdrawal. The principle of contract shall be considered as prejudicial to the law of the contractors and also to the principles of international law.

This research theme of the environmental dimension of the international collective security system by identifying aspects of the subject. This became an important episode in series of elements of the international system of the collective security. So, we can't look at the security of the international community without engaging in measures taken to protect, repair and repositioning the environmental situation to a level that is symbiotic and sustainable. Through search component approaches to the subject, starting from the analysis of interchangeability between environmental collective security and international collective security. The former, becomes major risk that threaten the security and stability of peoples.However, its impact on the survival of future generations and the continuation of the human race on this planet. Thus, it is a new security issue of humanity and requires consolidation of efforts to address this problem by limiting the environmental challenges on the international collective security system. In addition, to identify Impacts and negative repercussions on this on this system.

The principle of good faith is one of the accepted principles of legal systems. This principle is characterized by multiple meanings. It is close to justice and equality. It is also multifunctional. It is sometimes a corrective approach in cases where the narrow application of the law leads to unacceptable results. Decision-makers reach reasonable conclusions in thorny and difficult issues in all these cases (good faith) leads to rationalization of results.
The principle of good will is subject to discussion by many jurists. The debate revolves around the essence of the principle, whether it involves a normative content, or that it expresses moral standards such as truth. However, the ILC has not limited good faith to its moral side only, But rather the legal aspect. I went on to say that "the expression of good faith is not only moral but also legal.".

A commercial paper is considered movable money and is transferred by endorsement or manual handling if the endorsement of the bearer or blank and sometimes the bond is created directly to the bearer, as in the blank check. Sometimes the original owner loses possession of the bond to the bearer in a certain event and is then endorsed for someone who is unaware of his loss called the holder. The commercial law has addressed the issue of the loss of the bond to the bearer and its access to the holder in Article 56, as well as the Civil Code in Article 1164. Their judgment is inconsistent with the ownership of the bond. omen Article (56) recognizes the ownership of the award in accordance with certain rules and Article (1164) recognizes the ownership of the original owner in accordance with certain controls as well.
The types of endorsement in terms of form are three nominal and for the pregnant and blank, if the nominal endorsement comes out of the scope of the conflict because the paper will be determined by the owner directly and can not be disputed, and therefore does not provoke a loss of ownership dispute, but the danger lies in the loss of the paper showing the pregnant or blank, which is called It has the bond of the bearer and falls within the scope of the conflict, including the commercial transfer and the bill of exchange, appearing a proprietary or documentary manifestation of the bearer or blank, and the check appearance is a proprietary manifestation of the bearer only.
The conflict shall be resolved by the application of the cleansing of defenses rule on the bond to the bearer, which falls within the scope of the conflict with respect to its loss and access to the holder in accordance with the rules set forth in this rule. The endorsement must also be valid and summarized for the conditions of health in terms of formality, satisfaction, place and reason, The lost holder of the holder and not the original owner who lost the transfer.
The rule of tenure in the movable title deed is applied in the following cases: If the commercial paper appears and was a manifestation of the holder or blank and reached the holder of good faith and the endorsement is void, as well as applied to everything that deviates from the concept of the deed to the holder in the conflict, and also if The endorsement is a power of attorney, as well as the endorsement of the check as an insurance endorsement, and if the endorsement occurs after the submission date and after the protest action.

The damage caused by the environmental pollution of commercial companies is one of the most difficult issues affecting the environment, as these damages have spread rapidly due to increased activity of commercial companies, especially those with industrial activity. This has negatively affected the components of the environment and damaged biodiversity. For the public and the public interest of the community within the polluted environment, various efforts have been made to reduce this spread and to repair the damage that these companies have done by establishing their responsibility and committing them to appropriate compensation for the restoration of biological diversity Pollution occurs.
The responsibility of these companies and their responsibility is determined. When this responsibility is established, it must be obliged to compensate and repair what has been damaged because of its breach of its obligation to preserve the environment and not to damage biological diversity. This responsibility is not sufficient for the existence of general rules. The responsibility of these companies for biological pollution is treated in a way that is consistent with the specificity of environmental damage, in order to reach the philosophy and the desired goal in the existence of a safe environment in which natural living organisms are not polluted and maintain natural balance.

The system of administrative decentralization requires the independence of the local areas with their own powers and competences exercised in accordance with the constitutional rules and ordinary legislations issued by the central authority, and the exercise by local authorities of their powers according to these limits requires the central government to exercise control over them. As defined by the Constitution and the law, as well as the prevention of arbitrariness that may be imposed on persons entrusted with the task of managing the affairs of their areas, administrative decentralization revolves around the existence and the distribution of the executive function between the Center and local bodies , Although there is a distribution of the executive function, there is a joint contribution between the central government and local bodies, a contribution of varying degrees and extent to the different conditions and circumstances of each country. What distinguishes the system of administrative decentralization is the independence of the local administrative bodies and the ownership of specific powers, but this independence relative, not absolute, It may narrow or expand according to the relationship between the central authority and local areas, ie, administrative decentralization is not the same may vary their political systems depending on the circumstances and transformations that occur and can identify the degrees of decentralization through their applications in the legislation Iraq's various data which differed according to Iraqi political systems across multiple stages, so research requires dividing it into two sections we address the first demand philosophical and legal foundations of the system of administrative decentralization, and we will discuss in the second section of administrative decentralization applications in Iraqi legislation.

It is unthinkable that the relationship between the employee and the state remains indefinite, because if a person reaches age, his mental and physical abilities gradually diminish. This may have a negative effect on the employee's performance of the tasks assigned to him. If the employee has reached the end of his relationship with the public office and is referred to retirement, as well as other reasons including resignation, death, loss and disability health.

Eating jurists of different schools that Atantmon the legal idea of the Organization of the constitutional powers (the principle of separation of powers) research and analysis and argued over the status enjoyed by this idea in the texts of constitutions, and through our research we compare between the dominant legal idea on the work of the three authorities (original idea) and what it is stated in the text of the Constitution of Iraq of 2005 with respect to the formation of the judiciary dependent on the comparative method of this deductive approach based on display of legal ideas as born in their native habitat and what is stipulated in the articles of the Constitution all this in order to work to remove the discrepancy which may occur between the texts the Constitution and the legal ideas approved.