Journal of Juridical and Political Science

There are many concepts and terms that attempt to clarify violence, but the prevailing and circulating definition within societies remains the illegal use of physical force in multiple ways to harm people and damage property, and thus create many results that have led to the creation of a state of political instability inside Iraq since 2003. The phenomenon of violence has varied In its causes and objectives, the internal causes and the external factors harmonized with each other in order to cause many forms of violence inside Iraq, and thus instability prevailed for many years. The exit of the occupier from the lands of Iraq did not reduce the cases of violence, but rather that certain years increased in the use of violence against the entire spectrum of the Iraqi people.

The research deals with a very important topic, which is social security viewed in the context of criminal protection for state security and the challenges it faces after a decisive change in the methods of war. The research also presents a different division of the generations of wars. We limit ourselves to four of them based on the change in the strategic war objectives and not just the means of committing them. This is because these means are not suitable for describing the real changes in the patterns of wars and the goals that it seeks to achieve. The research stresses the importance of putting the concept of state security in its correct framework, which is part of social security, so that the interest of the political system and the state issuing it does not take precedence over the interest of society as it is prevalent in traditional punitive laws (and the Iraqi law among them). In addition to the importance of expanding the legal diagnosis of images of indirect prejudice to social security that takes the form of media, economic and political activity, whether its source is internal or external. And presenting an integrated vision of state security that goes beyond the traditional formula in distinguishing between internal and external state security and considers the holistic character of the concept of state security in the modern era.

The Clogs and Fetters on the Right of Redemption of mortgage are considered as a form of obstacles and obstructions in favour of the mortgagee, to impede the mortgagor from exercising his or her right of redemption and restore the mortgaged property. These impediments and restrictions are organized into three main groups: the first is the means to terminate the right to release the equitable mortgage and its expiry, the second is the means to delay or postpone the exercise of the right to release the mortgage, and the third is the means to obtain additiona, secondary or subsidiary benefits enjoyed by the mortgagee creditor. English law has defined six barriers or restrictions: options and secondary or subsidiary benefits, the condition of restricting trade or profession, unfair clauses, closing the mortgage and the condition of postponing the release of the mortgage. As for the Iraqi Civil Code No. (40) of 1951, which is affected by Islamic jurisprudence, it stipulates two restrictions or impediments of this type, namely: the condition of agreement on the possession of the mortgaged creditor in the event of non-payment, and the second is the condition of the paved road, or what is known as the condition of agreement on the sale The mortgaged property without going through legal procedures

The need for solidarity arises when the life of the individual or society is exposed to a danger that he cannot prevent. Solidarity imposes the provision of positive assistance to others in times of calamities, as a result of the existence of common human interest and many democratic constitutions have addressed the solidarity between emphasis and mitigation of its provisions. The Iraqi constitution /2005 gave the legislature and executive power the possibility of imposing restrictions on the prohibition of forced labor which lead to restricting freedom. The Iraqi constitution did not treat explicitly the competence of the Union or regions to give assistance to regions are unable to deal with emergency disasters and crises. This does not prevent the existence of a federal law imposing mutual assistance in order to protect the unity of Iraq according to the constitution. However, in the reality there are legislative weakness in this area.

The danger of provoking sectarian strife lies in destroying the essence of the agreement on the basis of a peaceful meeting between members of the people, whether with regard to their relations as individuals and communities (components) or its impact on the political consensus documented in the constitution that governs the pillar of legal authority in the state. The images contained in the text of Article (2/4) of the Anti-Terrorism Law No. (13) of 2005, including terrorist acts and ordinary and dishonorable crimes which punishes in Articles (4-6) of the law. Financing is done by every act committed by any person who, by any means, directly or indirectly, willingly provides or collects funds, or attempts to do so from a legitimate or illegitimate source with the intention of using them with the knowledge that these funds will be used wholly or partially in the implementation of an act that would incite sectarian strife, whether Sedition occurred or not, regardless of the country in which this funding is located.a

This study represents an attempt to understand the shifts in contemporary Western political thought by studying and analyzing one of the most important political concepts that have taken an important place in the field of political theorizing, which is the concept of the political matter in the contemporary political thinker and theorist Chantal Mouf. The study is about answering basic and central questions of defining what it is and the characteristics of the political order for Chantal Mouf and the distinction between it and the concept of politics. To answer these questions, the study was divided into two topics: The first topic focused on introducing the thinker Chantal Mouf and her intellectual assumptions, and it came under the title "Chantal Mouf, Identity, Adoptions and Intellectual Background." The second chapter deals with the concept of a politician, his limits, characteristics, and the difference between him and politics, and it came under the title: the political matter and politics, the limits and characteristics.

Some countries in which civil wars or internal conflicts take place may resort to a number of mechanisms in order to build peace and national reconciliation. Among these mechanisms are the issuance of general amnesty laws as the general amnesty is a legislative procedure issued by the state’s legislative body and the judicial and executive authorities implement that law. The amnesty measures are subject to the discretionary power of countries emerging from conflict by preventing the prosecution of perpetrators of crimes in order to prevent returning to disputes again. We see that there are countries that have expanded the scope of amnesty to include all crimes committed, even if they are serious crimes, and there are some countries that narrowed the scope of the amnesty to suit with its obligations to protect human rights. It has been prevented from including serious crimes in the draft amnesty laws. Therefore, we believe that the primary purpose of issuing these laws is to achieve lasting peace in those

Each state by its Administration has the right to sell and rent the public movable and immovable property for various purposes and interests under public interest. Those powers granted to the administrative authority concerned with selling and purchasing, which enable it to perform its tasks, are not absolute, but rather are procedures regulated by laws and instructions issued to achieve this purpose. However, bidding processes are accompanied by many procedural and substantive problems, starting from its early stages to the final referral decision. Since the administrative decision constitutes a disposal by the administration to establish a legal center, modify it, or cancel it, this decision related to peremptory referral is not like any decision taken by the administration for the requirements of the public interest, but rather it is a decision that distinguishes, justifies, and supports it, especially since it did not jump, it suddenly surfaced. Rather, it was taken based on pre-determined procedures in the law and drawn up in detail in the folds of its texts, and when no agreement was reached between the legislator through several texts. This would not solve the problems arising from this situation and others. The statement of the legal nature of the peremptory assignment decision in public auctions made it important to discuss the research to form a general idea of ​​what the peremptory assignment decision is, as well as public auctions with explanation, detail, discussion, and conclusion, and researching the concept of the peremptory assignment decision in public auctions means finding Answers to a set of questions that are embodied in the nature of the final referral decision on the one hand, and standing at the effects that it entails, in terms of the rights and obligations that it creates for both parties, and what is meant by them is the administration on the one hand, and the increasing definitive referral on the other hand.

There is no doubt that the problem of juvenile delinquency and how to confront it is one of the most important problems that worry the whole world. Juveniles are the mainstay of the future, the nucleus of society, and the basis for the progress of civilizations and nations. The more national legislation in any country adopts the philosophy of reform and rehabilitation when codifying its provisions for juveniles, the more the legislation becomes in line with the new trends in the field of punitive policy. This requires scrutiny to scrutinize the meaning of the event and the differences in penal responsibility and the extent of the influence of social, psychological and environmental factors and conditions that control the actions of juveniles and that may prompt the juvenile to commit crimes or break the law. It is possible that there is unintentional negligence in the penal institution so that these institutions do not have trained and specialized staff who realizes the importance of following up on juvenile delinquents and the places designated for them to spend the penalty period prescribed for each juvenile.

International agreements are the only means that countries resort to in order to achieve international cooperation. They differ according to their subject matter, including: the so-called humanitarian conventions. Reservation is the procedure that states usually resort to, in order to avoid a text of the Convention, which is in the interest of the reserving state. Because humanitarian agreements aim to preserve human dignity, opinions differ regarding the possibility of reservations since the permissibility of reservation or not varies according to the subject and purpose of the agreement. Therefore, we proceeded in this research from the problematic issue: what is the extent of the possibility of reservations on humanitarian agreements? What is the truth about the dispute over whether it is a necessary measure, or a dangerous measure for the human rights system? At the end, it became clear to us that the principle governing reservations in the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties is that it is not permissible to make a reservation to a convention, if it is prohibited therein or if it does not fall within the reservations that allow it. Reservations to the provisions of humanitarian agreements that contain imperative rules constitute a violation of the subject and purpose of the agreement

First, we must show that there is no limited definition or a specific type of artificial intelligence, and it is in the process of evolving not only every day, but every minute, to make our lives safer and safer. However, everything has a price, and the price of these smart things will cause a set of errors and damages resulting from Defects sometimes, and they have a set of legal consequences resulting from that. In order to be able to prove the defect of these smart products in the event of a danger, it is necessary to prove the error, the damage, and the causal relationship between them. Iraqi jurisprudence has mentioned the methods of explaining the responsibility of proving defects and the role of the judiciary in that; and the role of the expert in resolving these advanced disputes in the field of advances in artificial intelligence.

The subsequent conduct of states parties is one of the means of interpretation of international treaties stipulated in the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties of 1969. This method is mentioned as a basic means of interpretation in Article (31) and also as a complementary means of interpretation in Article (32) when the general means of interpretation do not lead to Clarify the ambiguity of the text or resulted in vague and incomprehensible interpretations and phrases. This method is the best expression of what the parties want in terms of the meanings within the treaty document in which the dispute was raised, even if the dispute over the interpretation of an ambiguous text contained in a treaty is presented to the international judiciary in case the general rules are not reached. In interpretation to clarify this ambiguity, the international judiciary often resorted to the behavior of the states parties after the conclusion of the treaty to determine the way in which the parties implemented the articles of the treaty as the best expression of the intention of the parties to conclude the treaty. This method may extend beyond that when this behavior acquires a reciprocal and repetitive character that may later give rise to a binding international custom that represents the behavior of the states parties to the country and represents its material corner.

The study dealt with the identification of terrorist acts and their effects as one of the criminal phenomena that have spread in this era، and that they take multiple forms and have many motives، including political، social، economic، religious. . . etc. The study concludes that terrorist operations have many causes and motives that contribute to their occurrence. It is not necessary that all of them be available in them، but that the availability of some of them is sufficient for the occurrence of the phenomenon of terrorism، and that terrorist operations represent a real danger to security in all the world، and indicate social unrest، and corruption of values ​​and family relations، which It reflects negatively on the enjoyment of basic rights and freedoms and its reflection on the reality of the economic life of individuals، which leads them to drop out of school and to pay attention to the permanent search for work to meet the main requirements of life، and to focus on the right to education as one of the economic، cultural and social human rights within the framework of international human rights law and charters international access and achieving it by all in accordance with gender equality and Non-discrimination on any basis of discrimination، and the grave effects of terrorist operations in violating human rights، including the right to education and depriving individuals of it due to the lack of security and the shortage in the number of teachers who were displaced from their areas in order to preserve their lives and the lives of their families، in addition to the destruction of schools throughout Nineveh Governorate and Nahiyah Qayyarah in particular and that the terrorist organizations focus their operations on destroying the infrastructure and institutions that aim for individuals to enjoy their rights، including schools and other civil society institutions. The categories covered by the right to education are children and women who have lost their right to education and the issuance of the necessary legislation to ensure the enjoyment and protection of rights and the issuance of the necessary legislation to recognize the decisions and results issued by the camp schools that were established by the state and international organizations to provide basic education for the children enrolled and work to prepare trained educational cadres Psychologically to assimilate the condition of children and adults The door for those deprived of their right to education and the necessary protection for these cadres while providing them with support.

Displacement is one of the most prominent phenomena or challenges resulting from international and non-international armed conflicts. It works to create disruption and destabilize security and stability for individuals and move them from safe places to other places. This leads to demographic change in the region and affects not only the places that are exposed to military actions, but extends its impact to other host regions. Iraq is the most prominent example of this, as it has gone through many stages of displacement. The last of which was the fall of Mosul on 10/6/2014.