Diyala Journal of Human Research

This research aims to address the topic of praises of the Prophet Muhammad (3) in the era of the message, an analytical study. The study of this topic came to confirm the importance of praise in the presence of the person of the Noble Messenger, may the best prayers and peace be upon him, and because of the many praises of our Prophet Muhammad from the era of the message to the present day, so we decided to stop at the study of the women praising the Prophet , in the era of the message, who wrote eloquent and eloquent poetry in praise. The Beloved Chosen One , out of love and reverence for him.

The city of Asher witnessed great development in the political and economic aspects, and a boom in the intellectual and cultural movement, which in turn was reflected in the entire Asherian society, as it brought this society from a nomadic society to an advanced civilized society, thanks to the scholars of that era .
The city of Ashir was established in 324 A.H. (936 A.D.) by Ziri ibn Munad, who made it the capital of his burgeoning state. He brought builders from neighboring cities to construct it, resulting in a well-fortified and resilient city. Ashir was situated atop a high mountain, surrounded by mountains on all sides, with access via a single narrow path that could accommodate only ten men at a time. The city's strategic location attracted residents from surrounding areas seeking safety and a prosperous life, leading to its prominence. The city of Ashir was the birthplace of numerous scholars, jurists, judges, linguists, and poets, who left a significant and visible impact on the cultural and intellectual heritage of various Arab Islamic centers.

The research study of (The Realistic Trend in the Text of the Al-Katell Wa Al-Katella translated as (the Dead and the Murdered) by Sabah Al-Anbari , is one of the serious studies, as it comes in the context of shedding light on that vital trend in writing the theater text, the realistic trend, and then this trend - represented in Al-Anbari's text, the dead and the murdered, is an applied theoretical approach, which meets the clarification or monitoring of this pattern with its technical mechanisms and tools, which constitute a clear and mutual interaction between the writer and the subject of the play; within the portrayal of reality and its characters, and from his artistic point of view, not the literal transfer of this reality, away from imagination, complexity, and interpretation. The research is a theoretical and applied approach that clarifies or monitors this pattern in terms of its mechanisms and artistic tools, which constitute a clear and mutual interaction between the writer and the subject of the play; within the portrayal of reality and its characters, and from his artistic point of view, not the literal transfer of this reality, away from imagination, complexity, and interpretation, revealing the events and circumstances of reality and its objective conditions, through events and characters carrying the ideas of their era, its nature and political, social and cultural conditions, according to a traditional dramatic structure (beginning, middle and end), as well as the technical elements of an event, plot, conflict, characters, dialogue, and time.
The play and the writer's ability to employ a violent conflict within the events linking the characters of the play. The conflict constituted here a distinctive dramatic element in terms of the quality and escalation of the construction and dramatic movement towards the climax and then the solution, but the writer's successful employment of the element of conflict was an effective dramatic line, as the conflict is the main pillar on which the drama is built.

Rooting is a well-established issue in Arabic linguistic thought. Talk about the origin of the phenomenon is not absent from most linguistic studies. Rather, you find it present in most of them, if not in all of them. Perhaps the most prominent and clearest of these was one of the issues of disagreement between the grammarians of the Basra and Kufic schools. It is the twenty-eighth issue of disagreement between the two schools that Abu al-Barakat al-Anbari (d. 577 AH) enumerated in the Origin of Derivatives. Is it the verb or the infinitive? It is no secret that what is meant by derivation here is morphological derivation, which is also termed “small derivation.” However, the issue was not resolved between the two schools, and the dispute still exists to this day. The evidence of the two groups is equal and no one prefers an opinion except due to the inclination or whim of one of the two schools or a previous position on them.
It is known to scholars that what is meant by the major derivation is the linguistic heart, which is the second section of the derivation divisions. However, the issue of rooting in it has not been discussed - to the extent of our knowledge - as no one has provided an explanation of the origin of linguistic root permutations; Does he not know which faces of the linguistic heart are the origin of the faces? Which one is a branch of it? Therefore, we conducted this study to examine this issue, as there must be a root and a branch in this section as well, and since it is a derivation, it requires that there be a derivative and a derivative of it. To achieve this goal, we divided the research into two axes: In the first of them, we presented the concept of derivation and its definitions according to ancient and modern linguists, and in the second axis we presented the origin of the greater derivation and the criteria followed to explain the origin of it, including the abundance of vocabulary, the theory of ease, and the law of least effort in pronouncing the six permutations

This research dealt with a phenomenon of the Arabic language, which is the phenomenon of verbal homonyms in Al-Sahah Dictionary by Al-Jawhari, which is full of them, as he was interested in the meaning of words and the attribution of linguistic meaning to their dialects, as the ancient Arab scholars called them (languages). One of the most prominent objectives of this study was to investigate the words that include verbal homonyms and analyze them. We explored the depths of this study according to two approaches: the descriptive approach and then the analytical approach. This study concluded with the most important results: Al-Jawhari showed verbal homonyms in his dictionary, and his approach mentioned the original or common meaning among the Arabs, then mentioned other meanings, saying: “Also, the word also in his dictionary refers to another meaning for the same word.” Al-Jawhari emphasized in his dictionary the attribution of meanings to their dialects, as he indicated that it was the language of Hudhayl, Tamim, or the people of Yemen, and he often indicated that the meaning was metaphorical if it was metaphorical

The research aims to study and analyze the commercial use in the city of Mandali, which is one of the most important uses of the city’s land and its economic activity. The area of the city of Mandali reached 613.5 hectares, of which commercial use occupies 9.7 hectares, or 1.58% of the total area of the city. The total number of commercial establishments reached 364 establishments that acquired Individual trade establishments accounted for the largest share, with 336 establishments, at a rate of 92.3%، and the number of wholesale trade establishments reached 28 establishments, at a rate of 7.6%. After a field study and data collection for these establishments, the research reached a number of results, the most notable of which is the spread of commercial use in a random and unorganized manner that lacks many controls. Standards: These institutions were mainly concentrated in the central commercial district and secondary commercial areas in residential neighborhoods and the streets branching off from the central commercial district. Establishments selling food and ready-made clothing were ahead in number and percentage over the rest of the types of retail establishments for goods and other merchandise in the city.

Before discussing the stance of modern linguistics on the issue of inflecting the six nouns by letters, the study must first briefly address the nature and originality of inflection and the inflection markers used by ancient scholars. Inflection typically involves four cases: nominative (with the marker ḍamma), accusative (with the marker fatḥa), genitive (with the marker kasra), and jussive (with the marker sukūn), in addition to the secondary markers that indicate movement. This study aims to explore these markers and outline the views of ancient scholars on the inflection of the six nouns by letters. It compares these views with those of modern linguists, focusing on what they have added and introduced. The study scrutinizes the opinions of ancient and modern linguists on the inflection of the six nouns by letters, highlighting the most significant grammatical statements on this issue.

The research addresses unconventional (non-renewable) water resources in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries, represented by desalination of saline water and wastewater treatment. The GCC countries have recognized the need for alternative and unconventional water sources, finding desalination to be a suitable solution. This technology has proven successful and increasingly important in providing water to the region. Desalination technologies have developed to the extent that the GCC countries have become the world's largest producers of desalinated water. The study revealed that the GCC countries have employed various technologies, including thermal and membrane techniques, contributing to a significant water source in the region. In 2020, the production of desalinated water reached 6,354 million m³/year, and the production of treated wastewater reached 8,410 million m³/year, sourced from 441 desalination plants and 322 treatment plants. Despite the high financial costs and the use of fossil energy resources (oil and gas), which are accompanied by environmental issues due to greenhouse gas emissions, the study revealed that the GCC countries have the capabilities to establish desalination and wastewater treatment projects thanks to the availability of capital and energy resources

The research entitled (The Political Activity of Carlos Menem until he Joined the Peronist Party in 19633) aims to explain the nature of Menem’s activity in the political party and why he embraced Peronist socialist ideas, who was he influenced by, how he joined officially, what are his activities in this field, and his position on the phenomenon of military transfers that they occurred frequently during the second half of the twentieth century.
The most important conclusions of this study are Carlos Menem’s admiration for the personality of Juan Peron, which was reflected in his embrace of Peronism as a political support for him, and he believed in its ideas, principles, and political positions. Menem also recorded his vocal opposition to the phenomenon of military coups that were repeated in the country, and as a result he was arrested more than once. Finally, Carlos Menem's affiliation with the Peronist Party prompted more movement and activity for this party, as he opened the horizons for Menem's political future through his candidacy for political and administrative positions, which he assumed in the 1970s.

This study uses post-colonial theories to examine the literary production of the Iraqi poet Mudhaffar al-Nawwab (d. 2022), who is known for his poetry about the struggles of oppressed people. By describing the post-colonialism as a theory of criticism that deals with revealing different phenomena and fields in the contexts of resistance on the one hand and domination of the economic, military and mediatic hegemony of the great powers on the other hand. Hence, the research chose its title “Representations of Post-colonialism in the Poetry of Mudhafar Al-Nawwab”
The study treats three main axes: The first axis examines the consequences of colonialism and its effects on the colonized people. The second one explores the center and the periphery. The third analyzes the post-colonial discourse in Al-Nawwab's poetry.
This paper ends with a conclusion of the most important results of the research, an English abstract, then the footnotes of the study followed by the references

The area includes a natural potential that provides an opportunity to attract tourists from water springs , waterfalls , large numbers and many caves , with a suitable climate comfort degree (temperature and relative humidity) which is one of the most influential climatic elements affecting the comfort of tourists , as the degree of comfort reached between (15-25) according to the comfort presumption table . with the presence of water resources that provide the beauty of the view , a source of use for individuals , a reason for recreation , and source of wildlife . Tourism in the region needs planning for its development , it is necessary to equip it with basic infrastructure and services that serve tourism and provide sound management for the maintenance of natural resources, in addition to environmental education and awareness program at all levels with bulletins and guide books, inventorying natural areas of a touristic character , advertising them, and preparing controls for their maintenance and management . the most important obstacles to tourism development in the region were identified (seasonality of tourism demand, which creates a crisis between supply and demand, high prices, scarcity of specialized and technical staff, and spatial disparity in the distribution of tourist facilities) the Crampon equation was applied to determine the necessary tourist distance that Iraqi cities occupy with the region.

The importance of this study lies in researching the conditions of the Jewish community in Kurdistan, Iraq, and their ways of living, along with their religious, social, cultural, and economic conditions. Furthermore, it delves into the circumstances surrounding their migration and displacement, and explains the methods used by the Zionist movement, involving both inducement and intimidation of Kurdish Jews with the intent of turning them into settlers in their usurped territory in Palestine. Additionally, the study addresses the reasons that led the Zionists to choose this particular group of Jews, which are answered in the chapters of the study.

The Wadi Naft Basin and Wadi Hizam are among the dry and important valley basins east of Diyala Governorate. The study of their morphometric characteristics is important in geomorphic and hydrological studies. They express the relationships between erosion factors and processes and the ground phenomena associated with them and arising from them. Analytical methods dealing with the phenomena of the earth's surface, relying mainly on data taken from contour maps, satellite visualizations, and field studies of basins, such as DEM digital elevation data, as they are reliable characteristics in establishing a geographical database for the basin, and then drawing the water drainage network as natural phenomena Morphometric, the aim of this study is to conduct a quantitative analysis of the characteristics of drainage networks.

The importance of this research was embodied in the statement of the self-vision of a group of Diyala poets from the year 1976 to the year 2020 AD. Poetry is considered one of the fields in which subjectivity is most evident. Through it, poets express human tendencies to reveal a relationship between the text and the writer’s self. We have noticed that the vision Subjectivity among the poets of Diyala has appeared in two types. The first type is self-alienation, through which they expressed the sadness and brokenness that dominated their souls due to defeat in reality. Alienation was embodied in two types: subjective alienation and spatial alienation. As for the second type, it is the self full of pride, and loftiness. In this type, the poet’s ego rose. Through it, the poets embody their vision of themselves by mentioning their good qualities, noble morals, and so on. The research came with an introduction to the importance of vision in modern Arabic poetry. In the first section, I mentioned the concept of poetic vision in ancient and modern times, the difference between vision and vision, and self_ vision in poetry, then the second section is self-alienation, and the third section is the ego. In poetry and a conclusion in which the results of the research were shown

The abject is literally defined as the rejection of what comes of oneself of bodily fluids and bodily waste. It is also true of the dirt in the environment , dirt in bathroom , the garbage , etc. .While abjection is the reaction one shows at realizing an abject.
Annie Baker's The Flick (2013 ) portrays a trio of theatre employees, who are carrying out marginal jobs of sweeping , cleaning up the garbage left by the audience and projecting movies on screen respectively . They are underpaid and through carrying out marginal jobs , they are discarded by movie –theatre audience and thus tend to be figuratively abjects .
The aim of present paper is to analyze the abject figuratively in Annie Baker's The Flick in the light of Julia Kristeva's work ,Powers of Horror : An Essay on Abjection

The main purpose of this study is to determine the impact of a foundation year in an English Department and its role in developing students’ language skills. The main research questions for this academic study are: Does a foundation year have a positive impact on students’ language skills in English Department? Does a foundation year prepare students for their academic studies in English Department? It is believed in the English department that having an active foundation year is highly beneficial. To obtain data, an open-ended survey is used involving 110 non-native English students (57 male and 53 female) who graduated from the foundation year at the University of Leicester and the University of Nottingham, prior to starting their academic studies in the Department of English at both universities. In order to analyse the data obtained, the researcher used a mixed methods research approach, including both quantitative and qualitative methods. The researcher follows the work of Chen (2021) as an adopted model. The current study concludes that the foundation year has a positive impact on students’ language skills and academic performance, and prepares students for their academic studies in the English Departments.

This research paper aims at studying the tools of the linguistic analysis used by fourth century scientists that can approach the concept of linguistic analysis to poetry terms. It includes all the mechanisms, the processes and the ways used by the scientists as tools to analyse poetry linguistically to find out its potentials and purposes . The main tools of linguistic analysis to the language of poetry are the following :( aphaeresis and Assumption),(Augmentation),(Handing in and Postponing) (Interpretation) ,(parsing) , (Embodiment),(The Functional Denotation of letters), and (The Functional use of syntactic structure). This paper is restricted to embodiment and parsing to deal