Alustath Journal for Human and Social Sciences

Poetry is an artistic picture that reflects the life of its companions, their environment, their aspirations, their visions and their interaction with the data of this life. The realistic poetic experience is coherent and carries an artistic impact and semantic data that show the greatness and sophistication of the given experience and the depth of its thought and philosophy of its owners. Talking about moral values is a modern narrative that is as old as humanity and hearts receive it with pleasure and pleasure because it is a modern instinct and it has been linked to humanity from its birth to the present day. The knights felt the theme of the research and its material its functions and meanings varied and its connotations and buildings varied. I am related to the physical emotional and intellectual conditions of the people and the issues of their existential reality for many semantic states in their poetry are related to their reality and the paths they have taken in order to deal and interact with lived reality, with all its data and manifestations. Accordingly, the researcher tried to apply an analytical methodology to clarify and unveil those ethical values embodied technically in the structure of the poetic text and embodied in its actual form in the lived reality, with the demonstration of the knights\' poetic ability to color the poetic text in rich images, interacting with the desert environment.

The issue of different hadiths is one of the important issues throughout the ages and up to the present day as some disinterested, atheist and enemies of religion try to undermine the noble hadith through false accusations and allegations, including their saying that the hadiths are different from one to another. The scholars were alerted to that and this study came for the purpose of identifying the common and the dispute in the issue of the difference of hadiths and the methods of pushing that difference between two great scholars, Al-Shafi’i and Al-Tusi,. The study was divided as follows: introduction and three sections.
Among the most prominent findings of the study is that scholars share and differ in some issues. Among the shared thing is the classification of their books on the basis of the chapters of jurisprudence. They are distinguished in several issues, the most prominent of which is that the methods of raising the difference according to Al-Shafi’i in his writings are three: the combination copying and the weighting. As for Al-Tusi, the methods of raising the difference between the hadiths about him are likewise three ways: the weighting, the combination and the choice

The aim of the current research is to know the effect of the rational emotional visualization method in reducing inappropriate anger reactions among middle school students) in the city of Baghdad. The second average, with (10) female students for the experimental group and (10) for the control group. The two researchers built: a scale (anger reactions) and then extracted validity and reliability and building a counseling program (in the style of rational emotional perception) according to the theory (Alice). The method (rational emotional visualization) is one of the effective methods used with children and adolescents, especially those who suffer from unhealthy emotions of anger, for example (the impact of a trauma, an unpleasant event, or a negative emotional experience). The importance of this method lies in the fact that it is an easy method for the counselors to learn and does not require high training, and the counselor can teach it to the counselors easily. The results showed that this method had a clear effect in reducing inappropriate anger reactions.

The current research paper deals with the effectiveness of say something learning strategy in reading comprehension among fourth - grade female primary school in reading subject. The researcher has adopted the experimental approach in preparing the instrument that is used to carry out teaching practices of teachers and pupils during using say something learning strategy by pupils. The research paper will be reviewed by a committee of experts and reviewers.
The results of research paper have been dealt with statistically by using T-test for two independent samples and Pearson correlation coefficient. The paper has come up with the following conclusion: The say something strategy helps pupils comprehend what they read. Say Something strategy reflects positively in reading comprehension. say something strategy gives female pupils the opportunity to comprehend, listen, discuss and interpret text and check for understanding. The researcher has suggested number of studies as a literature review and conducting similar study to identify "say something strategy" in reading comprehension

The present research tackles the topic of the Assyrian sculpture during the first millennium BC., its most important subjects and the historical implications it involves. At the beginning, the focus is placed on investigating the beginnings of this art which is part of the arts of Mesopotamians, for the Assyrians with whom this art is associated are the Mesopotamians. Accordingly, the beginnings of this art progressed side by side with the beginnings of the Sumerian and the Babylonian sculpture until the Assyrian state turned into an empire the time when this kind of art shouldered the responsibility of defending the empire and maintaining its political and social stability. This new function of the art led it to be influenced by the other neighboring peoples or those subject to the Assyrian domination.
Then a review of the most important subjects represented by Assyrian sculptures is made which includes wars in the first place that comes in the forefront of its interests. This focus on wars by Assyrian Sculptures is attributable to the threats they faced from the neighboring countries and consequently the shift in the Assyrian Military Doctrine from the strategy of defense to that of attack to direct preemptive strikes to any possible enemies that may arise in their lands in the future
In fact, those subjects as were chosen by Assyrian sculpture expressed best the Assyrian military attitude. Besides, the art also tackled other subjects such as hunting and other peaceful activities that the Assyrian kings used to exercise. Obviously, the subject selected contributed in strengthening the ties between individuals and their institutions and in increasing the unity of society. Finally ,the study highlights that the significance of the Assyrian sculpture is not confined to its artistic and aesthetic value that made it occupy a special position within the highbrow world arts but to its great historical value because we can glean from it a lot of information about the reality of daily life in the Assyrian society, let alone information about the political and military activities of kings, leaders and rulers, which are not easy to obtain elsewhere.

This study aimed to measure the effectiveness of blended learning on developing the skills of designing and producing e-lessons, and the cognitive achievement of students of the College of Education at King Khalid University and their attitudes towards it. The study followed the descriptive and analytical approach in reviewing previous research, studies and literature related to blended learning and the quasi-experimental approach in designing the study, which included an achievement test to measure the cognitive aspect of designing and producing electronic lessons skills, and a measure of the trend towards using blended learning in the design and production of e-learning lessons. The study sample consisted of 45 undergraduate students who were studying the “Computer Use in Education” course in the second semester of the 2020-2021 academic years. They were randomly selected, and the blended training strategy that combines training was adopted by the "face to face" trainer and e-training based on the educational content management system. After conducting the statistical analysis process, the results indicated that there were statistically significant differences between the average scores of the sample members in the pre and post measurements in cognitive achievement related to the skills of designing and producing electronic educational lessons in favor of the post-measurement. It also showed that there were statistically significant differences between the average scores of the sample members in the direction towards using Blended learning in the design and production of educational e-lessons, and in light of the results of the study, many recommendations and research proposals were presented.

This study aims to identify “The Role of Civil Society Institutions in the Process of Social Development from the Point of View of Youth in Yasouf Village-Salfit Governorate”. The descriptive analytical approach was used due to its suitability for the purposes of the study. The random sample method represented for (youth in Yasouf village) also used where (42) questionnaires were distributed and (40) were recovered, which represent a rate of (96%). The stability of the paragraphs was confirmed by the Cronbach alpha coefficient, also the appropriate statistical methods by the (SPSS) statistical program were used to verify the objectives of the study and analyze its data. The study reached several results, the most important of which is that the advantages of civil society institutions were moderately satisfactory. Moreover, what raised the degree of institutions positivity is their ability to get external support and their ability to explain the Palestinians suffering to the world, also their ability to cooperate with funding institutions to support development projects. The study came out with several recommendations, the most important of which is that institutions must increase the people capability for political participation, and institutions must have a role in protecting Palestinians rights. These institutions must also disclose their financial data. In addition, they must get away from favoritism and partisanship when hiring.

The city of Fallujah suffers from bad design in their network and it still dominated by the same pattern of the road and street network system that was produced by the previous stages of the development of the city, which is awaiting the necessary and appropriate solutions. This calls for planning to modernize the road network and streets in it that can accommodate the reality of the city’s condition and the proposed expansions for its subsequent urban growth. The transportation network in Fallujah city was chosen as a case study. The network was divided into roads and intersections. The evaluation included two main roads and eleven sectoral roads, eleven arterial roads, and twenty-five intersections. The network was evaluated in three stages, the first stage was traffic flow and service level, the second stage was evaluating the network in terms of road and intersections marking, while the third stage concerned with evaluating the network in terms of sustainability. The HCS 2010 program was applied to evaluate the first stage, while the second and third stages were evaluated based on the field survey. The results of the first stage showed that most parts of the network in the northern zone suffer from traffic problems and have a low level of service, while most parts of the network in the southern zone have a high service level and enjoy high traffic flow. Most parts of the network were suffered from bad marking, which causes many problems for the users of this network. Related to sustainability, we note a lack of interest on the part of designers or decision-makers. It was concluded that traffic solutions should be economically feasible for some parts of the network, which would lead to improving the network’s performance at the level of the three stages.

Knowing and analyzing the climatic water balance of the study area is useful in determining the periods of water surplus and deficit in the agricultural side, depending on the monthly rates of maximum and minimum temperatures, the average wind speed, the number of actual and theoretical sun hours, and the relative humidity. The application of the (CROP WAT8.0) program gives a methodology in estimating needs Hydroponics for agricultural crops, depending on the climatic data and the values of the yield factor, contribute to determining the characteristics of the area, and thus estimating the amount of water using mathematical methods to calculate the net and total irrigation needs which leads to determining the amount of the water ration. This helps reduce the imbalance between the need for water and the availability of it to plan the optimal management of irrigation water and evaluate production under changing rain conditions.

The study aimed to identify the level of Savoring beliefs, psychological capital, and the correlation between them, verify the predictive of Savoring beliefs with psychological capital, and uncover differences in Savoring beliefs and psychological capital, according to the gender variable, and the study sample consisted of (102) students. Newlyweds University of Hebron, and in order to achieve the objectives of the study, the researchers used the Savoring Beliefs Scale prepared by Kawakubo, Bryant, Miyakawa & Oguchi (2019) and the design of the Psychological Capital Scale, and the results of the study showed an increase in the level of Savoring beliefs, psychological capital, and the presence of a positive correlation between Savoring beliefs. Taste and psychological capital, and a predictive ability of taste Savoring beliefs with psychological capital, and the results showed that there were no statistically significant differences in Savoring beliefs according to the gender variable except for the dimension of the taste of the moment in favor of females, and the results indicated that there were no statistically significant differences in psychological capital according to the gender variable.

The current study aimed at identifying the best structural model for the relationship between the academic achievement and the structural evaluation from female teachers' perspective, and the motivational trends among the 10th. grade students in Gaza. The sample of the study consisted of (489) 10th. grade female teachers in the directorates of Khan Younis, East Khan Younis and Rafah, and the 10th. grade female students in governmental schools of the Ministry of Education in Khan Younis and Rafah governorates for the scholastic year (2019-2020) numbered (2337) female student. The study sample was chosen by random stratified method, and the number of the sample reached (200) teachers from the tenth grade, and (296) students from the 10th. grade. The structural evaluation scale was applied to female teachers prepared by the two researchers, and the motivational trends scale in learning was prepared by Zainab Abdel-Alim Badawi (2014), and the psychometric properties of the two scales were calculated for validity and reliability. Academic achievement was determined by the total number of grades obtained by the 10th. grade students in school achievement tests in all academic subjects at the end of the first semester 2019-2020.
The study reached the following results: the existence of a positive, direct, and total effect, statistically significant of the teachers' use of structural evaluation activities on the motivational trends of learning on the students, and the existence of a positive direct, indirect and total effect, statistically significant of the teachers' use of structural evaluation activities on the academic achievement of the students, as well as the existence of a positive direct and total effect, statistically significant of the motivational trends in learning on the academic achievement of female students.

Infertility is a very important psychological stress factor for women. These stresses are exacerbated in eastern and Arab societies in particular. The effect of stress depends on the coping strategies with stress, as well as on psychological immunity. This study aimed to:
1. Examine the level of psychological immunity of women who suffer from infertility. 2. Examine coping strategies with psychological stress in women who suffer from a state of infertility 3. Identify the differences in psychological immunity according to the variables of age and length of marriage. 4. Identify the differences in coping strategies with stress according to the variables of age and length of marriage. 5. Examining the relationship between psychological immunity and coping strategies with psychological stress.
Two measures of psychological immunity and coping strategies were adopted. A sample of 78 women attending Kamal Al-Samurai Hospital was selected. The results showed a moderate level of psychiatric immunity. The results also showed that the coping strategies interaction, the use of emotional support, effective interaction, and the use of instrumental support. Also, statistically significant differences were found in the psychological immunity according to the variable of age and the duration of marriage. There were also statistically significant differences in the methods of religious coping and the use of means of support according to the variable of age. There was also a significant relationship between most coping strategies and psychological immunity. In light of these results, a number of recommendations were presented and a number of future works were suggested.

This study aimed at establishing the science of explaining the comparative hadith in terms of finding out its idiomatic meaning, its origin, its beginnings, its stages, its origins, its controls, its rules, and its topics upon which it is based, and then determining the scientific methodology that the researcher pursues. It is also intended for the student who wanted to write about this science and find out the benefits, and goals of this type of modern explanation.
The research has been organized into the introduction, the research problem, the importance of the topic, the reasons for choosing it, and previous studies. The research plan which consisted of the aforementioned introduction, seven sections and the conclusion. The research also included the most prominent findings, recommendations and references. Then, after the plan, a statement of the research methodology was followed. The most prominent results of the research are as follows: First: A terminological definition of the term “explanation of comparative hadith” was not mentioned in the books of the applicants, with the idiomatic definition that is based on balance and comparison between opinions, but it found practical applications to it. Second: “Explanation of Comparative Hadith” is represented in two colors:
A - Comparison of topics and that is in the comparison located in one hadith with one topic, or in several hadiths with different topics.
B - Comparison in curricula and trends.
Third: The research on "Explanation of Comparative Hadith" is one of the most prominent methods for those who want to reach a just opinion on any issue related to the explanation of the hadith.
Fourth: The research on "Explanation of Comparative Hadith" is considered one of the most prominent sciences to enrich the researcher's portfolio.

The paper communicates the Turkish economic interests in Libya according to its new strategy, as well as its impact on its foreign policy with the Arab countries. The conduct of interests relies on the descriptive historical method to get the analytical one. The Turkish government has been able to develop its strategy in light of the events in the Middle East region on the basis of the principle of zero crises and resolving them through political dialogue. Due to its policy which has angered many regional countries, especially the Arab countries, which opposed their ambitions and stood against them, after exploiting the Libyan crisis in 2011 to their advantage. In addition to that, the Turkish government has taken the Libyan land as a starting base towards its goals that were set in its strategy in order to control navigation in the Mediterranean Sea to impose its will. Its latest agreement with the Libyan government, for the demarcation of the maritime borders on the 27th of October 2019, was considered the means in terms of the political and legal cover. After souring its relations with Egypt and Greece, Turkey adopted political Islam as a cover for its project in the region. It also assisted financially and logistically the Islamic forces in order to be able to reach power particularly in Libya. So, it gained an important foothold in the eastern Mediterranean and North Africa in order to obtain economic gains and offset its losses, which were estimated in the hundreds of billions of dollars. As a result of the change of the Gaddafi regime as a result of the events of the Arab Spring in 2011 and the resulting change in a number of Arab countries' systems.

This research is based on the study of some characteristics of drinking water (physical , chemical , biological) in the areas of ( Al-Mansour and New Baghdad ) in Baghdad governorate by taking random samples of water (liquefaction , house tanks) for some homes in the two study areas during the specified months (February , July) for 2018, It was found through the results of the researcher's analysis that some indicators of pollution in water samples (liquefaction , house tanks) increased as the concentration of turbidity in the liquefaction water increased as a result of overtaking the water transmission lines and breaking it in the two study areas compared to water ( house tanks) during the two months of the study as it did not exceed the permissible limits and the reason is due to the continuous sedimentation of turbidity at the bottom of the tank , and it was also observed through laboratory analyzes that the high concentrations of (electrical conductivity , chlorides) in water samples ( liquefaction , household tanks ) during the two months of study , and the reason is due to mixing of wastewater As for the bacteriological analyzes of water samples (liquefaction, household tanks) water samples (liquefaction ) did not record any presence of bacteria, the reason is due to the use of (chlorine, alum) in water treatment projects in appropriate quantities It works to eliminate the presence of bacteria , as for water samples (house tanks) the presence of fecal coliform bacteria has been recorded , and the reason is due to the availability of appropriate conditions A feature for the growth and spread of bacteria in it .

The Arab proverb is a type of ancient Arabic prose known to the Arabs since the Jahiliyyah, then they employed it in their poems. The Noble Qur’an came and the noble Prophet’s Sunnah followed it by multiplying proverbs in some of their texts. Scholars have used it as a witness from Arabic grammar evidence, but I did not find before as far as I know who employed it A rhetorical witness in teaching Arabic rhetoric, knowing that he reached from rhetoric what other evidence has reached, in addition to being a brief speech that is easy to memorize and employ; So I thought it was important to invite him to be employed as a rhetorical witness and to shed light on his faces and his rhetorical significance.
The research was divided after the summary in both Arabic and English and the introduction to topics and demands. The first topic dealt with: the definition of proverbs in language and idiom, the second topic: the history of proverbs, and the third: proverbs and rhetoric, and it is on the demands: the first requirement: the rhetoric of proverbs and their importance as rhetorical evidence, the second requirement: the parable The Qur’an and the Prophet and their rhetoric, the third requirement Books and studies on the rhetoric of proverbs, then a conclusion and recommendations.

This study aimed at identifying the family's acceptance of an autistic child and its relationship to certain demographic variables. The researcher used the descriptive analytical method to reach the results that achieve the objectives of the study, where the sample was selected in a deliberate manner of (49) parents ,autistic children enrolled in hadka center. However this study was taken from (SPSS).The study found a range of results, The results showed that the general level of ratings of parents' attitudes towards their autistic children is a positive rating level the most important of which is the extent to which the family accepts the autistic child in the social field, There are no statistically significant differences at the level of indication (α ≤ 0.05) of the extent to which the family accepts an autistic child depending on the variable age of the autistic student in all areas of the study. There are no statistically significant differences at the level of indication (α ≤ 0.05) in the areas of study for the social and psychological field, while there are statistically significant differences in the cognitive or academic field, attributable to the variable severity of disability for autism. The results were also discussed in the light of the objectives of the study, and a series of future research and proposals were developed based on the results.

The aim of the current research is to reveal the level of Arabic language teachers' ability to develop creative speaking skills for second-grade middle school pupils. To achieve this goal, research materials and tools have been prepared. These include: a list of creative speaking skills appropriate for second-grade middle school pupils, a list of skills development methods Creative speaking among second-graders of the middle class in the light of creative speaking skills, a note card for developing creative speaking skills, then verifying the consistency and sincerity of these tools, then choosing the research sample from the Arabic language teachers in Abha, then applying the study tool to the sample of Research, then statistical analysis, interpretation of results, presentation of recommendations and proposals, and the results showed: the inability of Arabic language teachers to develop creative speaking skills among second-graders middle class, and the absence of differences due to years of service or training courses in the ability of Arabic language teachers to develop methods of speaking skills Creative among middle school students.

The research deals with King Senusret through: The Middle Kingdom of Egypt is the period in the history of ancient Egypt that followed the period of political division known as the First Intermediate Period. The Middle Kingdom lasted around (2000 - 1786 BC).Senusret I, the second king of the Twelfth Dynasty, who brought Egypt to the height of prosperity and the son of the founder of the Twelfth Dynasty, Amenemhat the First. The period of his rule where he participated in the rule of Egypt with his father, King Amenemhat the First, and ruled Egypt alone after the death of his father. His reign extended to 43 years, during which life flourished in Egypt.His works in all parts of the country where the era of Senusret I is distinguished by the great works and the reforms he made inside the country, especially his great buildings that we see spread throughout the country and have placed him in the first row among the great pharaohs who were famous for their important buildings. Details of the participation of Senusret the First, his son Amenemhat the Second, in the rule, and finally the death of King Senusret the First.

Riddles are one of the common methods of speech that are applied to everything. In the other, they are a widespread speech style, and they have many fields on the basis that life has many fields as well. Hence the importance of these mysteries in people’s lives to the extent that it spread and penetrated their various sciences and became famous for scholars who worked with them and included them in their various productions. The riddle is the hidden thing, and the ambiguity in the thing concealed it in contrast to what it revealed, and the plural is the gas. Riddles are often used to test intelligence, to pass time and entertainment, and to be poetry as well as prose
Among the benefits of riddles is solving complex problems that people are unable to solve, as well as reward, as well as the attainment of virtue. During the Abbasid era, puzzles were found in the judiciary. It is also found in mental and linguistic sciences such as readings, hadith, jurisprudence, language and literature, as well as Sufism and medicine. Hence, a group of scholars have emerged. The research dealt with several issues related to riddles, namely: the concept of riddles, riddles in the judiciary, riddles in different sciences, translations of those who worked in them.

This study was conducted at Diyala University, College of Basic Education, Department of Arabic Language for the academic year 2018-2019. The study aimed at identifying the impact of the ambassadors' strategy on the students’ attitudes of the Arabic Language Department towards the subject of viewing and application. The researcher chose the College of Basic Education at Diyala University from among the colleges of Iraq intentionally, from which two sections were chosen from the third stage, representing section (A) the experimental group and section (B) the control group. The experimental group that studied the observation material using the strategy of ambassadors and (50) male and female students in the control group that studied in the usual way.
The experiment lasted (8) weeks during which the researcher taught the students of the experimental and control groups. The statistical means used for the analysis included: T-test was used for two independent samples, Kai square and Pearson correlation coefficient. At the end of the experiment, the two researchers applied the dimensional directions questionnaire and arrived at the conclusion which revealed the superiority of the experimental group over the control group.

The text is studied from the premise that it is a linguistic structure and the concept of structure requires the existence of various and interrelated relationships between the elements of the text and its paragraphs through many linguistic means called linking tools, using different methods and linkages.
The text in itself is a tool for interaction in a specific communicative context, which later turns into an object of work, creativity and thinking. With this transformation, the text possesses a more powerful activity.
Discourse in general is a social practice in which language is inseparable from the position and the Qur’anic discourse is an informational communication system that produces values with many knowledge dimensions. The Holy Qur’an was able to devise effective communication methods that varied according to place and context, which made the noble text an impact on the hearts of those addressed.

This research aims to identify information processing levels among high school students in light of the Corona pandemic according to gender variable (male - female), specialization variable (scientific – humanitarian), academic grade variable (first - second - third) and the academic achievement variable (high - medium - Low). To achieve research objectives, the researcher designed information processing levels scale. The psychometric properties of the scale were verified. The scale was applied to a random sample of 595 students from public education schools in Makkah, academic year 1441 AH / 2020
After collecting the data and processing them statistically, the research reached the following findings:
The research sample has average levels of information processing. There are no statistically significant differences in the levels of information processing among students according to the variable of gender, specialization and grade. There are statistically significant differences in the academic achievement variable. The differences in the levels of information processing were in favor of students with high academic achievement against low achievement students. The differences in the levels of information processing were in favor of students of average academic achievement against students of low achievement. Finally, the findings of the research recommended the necessity of developing the levels of information processing of high school students through educational programs that develop the skill of receiving information and how to process and invest it, thus contributing to the revitalization of their cognitive abilities.

This research aims to identify the following: The extent of the impact of mastery motivation to Umm Al-Qura University's students using the Carol model in designing an Instructional Software. The Significance of differences in motivation of mastery among Saudi female students of Umm Al-Qura University, according to the variables of their academic specialization. 3- To accomplish the goals of the research, the researcher developed a measure of motivation for mastery to use it on a sample of (31) students from Umm Al-Qura University, they were chosen intentionally in the second semester 1441 AH of graduate students who were studying a programmed instruction course. The statistical package of social sciences (SPSS) was used in data processing. The results of the research have shown: 1-Umm Al-Qura University students enjoy a high level of motivation using the Carol model in designing instructional software. 2- There are statistically significant differences between female students according to their specialization in motivation of mastery; recommendations are considering the research results.

Scientific competencies constitute the key to development if it is invested in appropriate are places. Iraq has the scientific Competencies that proven their qualifications and scientific in all forums, however, the violence witnessed by the social system in a different way ted to these competencies leaving the Iraqi academic scientific community and the reason for compulsory suspension of the labor market is either through murder, assassination or displacement as result, the opportunities for developmental advancement are lost. Therefore, this study seeks to build a strategy to maintain these competencies by taking a set of measures necessary to enhance their scientific and cultural capacity extending bridges the between competencies who reside and reside abroad.

This research paper aims to explore the influence of the religion adopted by the old British Isles inhabitants on literature and many aspects of their life. Before discussing the religion of the Anglo-Saxons, I think it would be more convenient if we discuss the religion of the Celts and then of Romanized Britain.Long before the Roman took military interest in the British island (about 600BC.) the Celtic tribes settled in two waves of invasion: the Goidels (Gaels) who went west and north towards Ireland while the second invasion the Britons who settled in the fertile mid-plains.
There is nothing known about the religion of these barbarian tribesmen except what little can be deduced from the fairy folklore of Celts in Christian times. The most detailed account of old Celtic religion by a contemporary was written by Julius Caesar. The Celtic religion was known as the Druidian, they practiced magic and human sacrifice. It was a form of nature-worship. The priestly leaders (Druids) acted as prophets. They supervised the offering of sacrifices, and trained new priests, and this was the only form of education at that time. It was a religion of fear and priesthood and the Roman detested this power of the priesthood.

Stakeholder and parent perceptive have an influence on children’s educational performance of early reading stages. The purpose of this study was to understand stakeholders’ perspectives of early reading skills as a curriculum for early readers with learning disabilities. This study used a quantitative method to identify perspectives of stakeholders and parents. Data were collected from 25 public elementary in the metropolitan area of Hail City. Data were analyzed with Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), and Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) to investigate effects and interactions between variables. The results indicated that 93% of parents and stakeholders strongly agreed on the importance of reading skills as follows: phonological awareness, phonics, and fluency. Also, participants’ role had a significant impact on the variables of perspective while age of participants had non-significant impact. Also, educational levels of participants had no significant affect and impact on the perspective. But, when grouped two variables, participants’ role by Age interaction had a significant effect on the combined dependent variables. Also, participants’ role by education level interaction had significant impact on participant’s perspective. Participants’ role’s by age by educational level interaction had significant impact on the perspective.

The majority of Iraqi translator-student have problems at two main levels: the conceptual level and the productive level. From different perspectives, such problems are either related to ‘language’ or to ‘cognition’. This binary view is an indication to the implicit and interchangeable relationship between language and cognition. The relationship between cognition language and translator starts with the first language and its effect on the Iraqi translators. Identifying the effect is the aim of the present study. It is hypothesized that Iraqi students are negatively influenced by the problems and weaknesses of first language schema. This reflects the major claim and later concludes that first language instruction in the Iraqi schools syllabus should be carefully planned in relation to language. This issue could be done by the contextualization of first language. This contextualization nurtures cognitive skills which are in turn essential in translation learning and practice.

The present study of Franny and Zooey (1961) deals with Salinger's concerns about predicaments of youths that agonized the latter's life. Franny's main focus is on an undergraduate college student who finds herself amid college milieu stigmatized by materialism. She resorts to her brother Zooey in Zooey tale, who is troubled by the same predicaments of his sister, to assist her sort out their predicaments that are related to identity, family, religion, beliefs, life and death, education, source of power, and society. Zooey enables her, by the end of the novel, to mature and cope with society's shortcomings through wisdom. The paper illustrates unique adults struggle to adapt themselves to live a normal social American life. Yet, this struggle and suffering prove necessary to reach a moderate coexistence in which dwells mental and spiritual peace, tranquility and stability.

In academic writing, students at universities struggle when they write a short composition in English as a foreign language. Process writings, such as brainstorming, drafting, obtaining feedback, and rewriting, are pedagogical techniques that are widely utilized to teach writing composition in a foreign linguistic communication in parliamentary procedure to develop writing skills. Teachers frequently, use groups work from which students can benefit when there is positive social interaction. EFL students learn better when they incorporate together and can share their strengths and weaknesses of ideas with others in an effective way, as students complete a composition task with assistance that they may not be able to do individually. Nevertheless, some instructors are reluctant to incorporate group testing activities in writing class. In this study, the researchers investigate the impact of group testing as an assessment strategy on writing composition development. To achieve the aim of this study, a quasi-experimental research design with two types of tests (individual test and group testing) were used. Results revealed that group testing provides a good influential assessment strategy to enhance students’ performance in a composition and has a positive effect on long-term retention and enrich their thinking process on subsequent development of writing composition.