kerbala journal of pharmaceutical sciences

Etodolac is a member of the group of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) with analgesic and anti-arthritic properties. Etodolac possess a physicochemical properties that make it a suitable candidate for transdermal drug delivery, since using the transdermal route increases patient compliance, avoids first-pass metabolism, and maintains the plasma drug level for a longer period of time. Microemulsion is a drug delivery systems capable of solubilizing poorly water soluble drugs as well as their enhancement of topical and systemic availability. The aim of the conducted study was to develop an effective percutaneous delivery system for etodolac since it characterized by low water solubility and undergoing hepatic catabolism in the way of improve drug dissolution and its bioavailability. Etodolac microemulsion formulas were prepared using phase-titration method by plotting of pseudo ternary diagram using 30% anise oil as internal phase, 30% emulsifiers (tween20/ethanol) (5:1 /1:1 /1:0) and 40% weight ratio of distilled water as the outer phase. The blanks and etodolac-microemulsions formulations were evaluated. The obtained characterization results for the prepared microemulsion formulas were; a globules size range (7.92 to19.9 nm.), PDI values in the mid-range poly-dispersity (0.117 - 0.28), FTIR studies indicates absence of any type of chemical reaction between the active drug and the excipients and the estimated viscosity values for etodolac microemulsion formulas and their blanks were inversely related with the amount of co-surfactant in the S.mix.. Finally it was concluded that the prepared microemulsion formulas of etodolac succeeded to improve solubility of the drug and protecting the drug against enzymatic degradation and oxidation, also its membrane permeability was enhanced too.

Background : Asthma is one of the most common chronic diseases among children. Increases in asthma prevalence, morbidity and mortality have intensified public health concern. Childhood asthma carries a significant burden for patients, families and communities.
Asthma management includes monitoring, control of symptoms and the prevention of exacerbations. A wide gap exists between recommended and actual practice, owing to educational barriers and a lack of adequate asthma-related knowledge.
Aim :The aim of this study to assess the knowledge, attitudes of parents having children with asthma and to identify the factors associated with parents knowledge.
Method: A cross-sectional study with analytic elements enrolled two hundred and five parents of children with asthma between (six months – five years) , who attend the Karbala pediatric hospital between the 15th of February to the 30th of June 2018. A special questionnaire used which consists of four parts: involves socio-demographic questions, information about disease duration and the type of treatment , questions to assess the parent’s knowledge, and questions to assess the parents attitudes.
Result: The largest number of participants were mothers with mean age 29 years and largest number of asthmatic children were males (69.3%) with mean age were 34.4 months. 48.8% of participants had poor knowledge score, while 61% of participants had poor attitude score. The most factors effect on knowledge score were residence, sequence of children in their family, duration of disease, age of onset of disease, age of participants and educational level of mothers.
Conclusions: generally, the parents had poor knowledge and attitudes about their children asthma so improving knowledge and attitudes may encourage better practices among parents of children with asthma.

Background: Epilepsy is one of the most prevalent chronic diseases (4/1000 children and 7/1000 adult worldwide). It is also associated with significant increased risk of psychiatric disorder and family distress. Treatment consists of anticonvulsants medications, lifestyle modification and psycho education. The compliance of the patient with treatment is very important for the management of epilepsy however, the subject has not been widely investigated.
Subjects and methods: A convenient cross-sectional study was conducted among 113 patients (62 females and 51 males) with uncontrolled epileptic in a tertiary care center in AL Hussieny Teaching hospital in Kerbala and the Medical City in Baghdad / Iraq and the later represents the main center dealing with non-responding patients referred from all over the country. A special survey questionnaire form was prepared for this purpose including demographic information in addition to family history, type of epilepsy and treatment. In addition the results of investigations performed were assessed including: Video Electro-Encephalogram (EEG,) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI).
Results: The mean age of the sample was 25.27±15.14 year and no significant gender difference was discovered. The monotherapy group of patients were younger than combined therapy group however the difference in age was not significant (p=.275). Most patients (71%, 80 patients) were in the monotherapy group, while only 29% (33 patients) were in the Combined therapy group. Video EEG was abnormal in 69.9% of (79 patients) of the total sample, while it was positive in 36% in combined therapy patients vs. 27% in monotherapy patients. Similarly, MRI was abnormality was encountered more in the combined therapy group (21% vs.14%). The main finding for this study was that monptherapy type of treatment was better in controlling epilepsy with highly significant difference (61% vs. 28%, p<.001). Additionally, the significant predictors of epileptic fit were positive family history and duration of disease.
Conclusions: Monotherapy was found to be significantly better than combined therapy in controlling fit among patients with uncontrolled epileptic in tertiary care centers in Iraq.

The classical view of Vitamin D is responsible for regulation of hemostasis of bone, calcium, and phosphorus intestinal absorption. In addition to the classical function of Vitamin D, VitD plays non-skeletal biological actions like bone metabolism, cell proliferation and immune cells activation because VitD receptors spread in different types of tissues including intestine, prostate, skeletal muscle, heart muscle, breast, colon, pancreas, brain and immune cells. Type 2 diabetes mellitus is spread around the world which caused by inadequate insulin secretion following long time insulin resistance. There several proposed causes that connect insulin resistance with overweight or obesity, genetic background and genes polymorphism. Similar studies have studied the possible association of insulin resistance with immune regulation and inflammatory cells. The purpose of this review to handle the new information regarding the possible association of VitD deficiency with insulin resistance and deactivating inflammatory cells like macrophages and monocytes.

This study includes the synthesis, characterization, and cytotoxicity evaluation of 1-((2-(4-(t-butyl)-3-hydroxy-2,6-dimethyl benzyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole-1-yl)methyl) urea, thiourea compounds (1-16) as N-Mannich imidazoline bases. The compounds (1-16) performed by the condensation of the Oxymetazoline with urea, thiourea and various aldehydes. The products (1-16) confirmed by mean of their IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, spectra and elemental analysis. The toxicity effect against HepG2 cell line assessed for some of the prepared compounds use the MMT method. The tested compounds showed improved results in comparison with the target drug.

Background: Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous virus associated with lymphomas. However, in Karbala as other parts of Iraq, EBV detection is not a part of the workup for lymphoma diagnosis.
The aim of this study: to study the prevalence of EBV types in the subtype of Hodgkin lymphoma among patients from Kerbala province, Iraq.
Methods: Archival formalin-fixed paraffin embedded blocks from 31 patients with mean age 32.56±15.685 (range from 5 to 70years) diagnosed Hodgkin lymphoma during the period from 2010 to 2018 in Karbala city included in this study. Histological diagnosis was reviewed. Around 25mg of archival tissue were used to extract DNA. DNA extracts were used Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) targeting the EBNA3C region of the viral genome. This PCR system offered detection and typing of the EBV. T-test and chi-square were used to evaluate the association between age with the subtype of Hodgkin lymphoma, gender and EBV state.
Results: The majority of the Hodgkin lymphomas belonged Mixed Cellularity HL (MCHL) [n=18, 58%] where Nodular Sclerosis HL (NSHL) was seen in 42 % (n=13). The other subtypes of HL were not reported in this study. Male more affected with HL than female (16 vs.15) and the peak age range of HL 31to 40 years. EBV was detected in 18(58%) out of all cases. EBV type 1 was more common in MCHL were types 2 was the most common among NSHL cases. To our knowledge, this is the first time such data has been generated in Iraq.
Conclusion: most of the HL cases in Kerbela are associated with EBV. there is a difference in the distribution of the EBV types according to the subtypes of lymphoma.

The grafted acrylamide copolymerization on Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC) in aqueous media was synthesis and studied via ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN) with thiourea as initiators. The graft polymer was illustrated through FTIR, DSC, TGA and DTG analysis. The effect of the monomer ratio to CMC was examined at the optimal grafting conditions found. Swelling properties of both CMC and the grafted polymer also the degree of swelling as a function of time have been studied and calculated in diverse media to get the time needed to achieve maximum swelling. The new prepared polymers with the maximum grafting percentage, PG have been used as polymeric drug carrier for 2-deoxy-D-glucose, DOG in two different media also the amount of DOG release from the polymers was found via spectrofluorometer.

Glutathione S-transferse family is an antioxidant enzymes. This family of proteins is characterized by enzymatic and non-enzymatic properties that have rendered them an important factor in many metabolic processes, including internal and external origin detoxification , cell proliferation, apoptosis, and drug resistance. The genetic polymorphisms in glutathione s- transferase affect the biologic activity of this enzyme and thus affect its role in the metabolic pathways that participates in it and make subjects vulnerable to many of the cancerous diseases that have been addressed here. In addition, genetic polymorphism of GST may affect on the response of the patients to anticancer drugs.