Journal of Tikrit University for Humanities

This study offers an overview of how both contemporary and traditional Arabic academics have viewed the idea of dialects and the development of Standard Arabic (Fus'ha). It talks about the dialectal characteristics in Standard Arabic sentence structure (Fus'ha) and the opinions of academics on the link between Standard Arabic and its dialects. The study comes to the conclusion that studying ancient dialects is difficult at the present time since there is so much linguistic data accessible that it is not very helpful in this area. This problem stems from the fact that, in spite of their important contributions to language, ancient Arabic intellectuals paid little attention to dialects and only sometimes mentioned them in their writings.

The research highlights the importance of reversal in literary narrative and its role in enhancing the significance and expressive effectiveness of the literary work, comparing it to cinematic technique that transform from one scene to another. The research deals with Wafaa Abdel Razzaq's Anne. The study is divided into two sections: while the first discusses the main purposes of reversal, the second studies its types. The researcher relies on the descriptive analytical method. The study deals with reversal of pronouns and how it signifies surprise. Reversal is also recognized through the pattern of cultural questions aiming at cultural answers. The study, further, deals with types of distraction, including extended, segmental, and rapid. The latter is considered one of the methods that the narrative relies on to accelerate events by deleting things from the text that do not need to be mentioned. The topic is generally comprehensive to reveal the methods of reversal and its types in the novel which attracts the recipient's attention to clear spaces of semantic aspects. This provides the recipient with a serious and clear idea about the novel and its techniques.

This research deals with the employment of some words during the era of Imam Ali (peace be upon him) to Malik al-Ashtar when he appointed him governor of Egypt. It shows the effect of this employment on the levels of the language: lexicon, phonetics, morphology, and syntax, with an explanation of their semantic effect. This research is divided into an introduction and four sections followed by a conclusion. While section one tackles the use of words lexically, the second tackles their use phonetically. Section three deals with morphological aspects and section four deals with grammatical ones .

Statement is an important topic in poetic discourse as it derives its strength from the speaker's ability to convey ideas to the recipient. It is also a persuasive technique used by ancient scholars in rhetorical texts. In modern times, it has gained significant attention in contemporary literary studies based on developments in critical studies. Due to the importance of this theory in the process of communicative discourse, the research examines the context of the argumentative artistic image in Abu Nuwas's poetry. This study attempts to reveal the poet's ability to formulate his persuasive arguments through sensory images that demonstrated the poet's exceptional ability to produce a coherent argumentative text intended to appeal to and convince the recipient of the content of the poetic discourse.

The poetry of the poet Muslim bin Al-Walid was distinguished by the profound impact of the religious text on his poetic texts, which led to a kind of intertextual overlap. This study attempts to trace the impact of the religious text and how the poet used it and was influenced by, whether it was the Holy Qur’an or the noble Prophet’s hadith. The religious text had a great presence in his poetry, so the researcher examines the language of the Qur’an as it is utilized in the examined poetry. The poet’s reading of the text is a deep reading, and this is why the researcher finds it permeating the examined poet's poetic text and the way he used the hadiths of the Prophet for the purpose of rhetorical and pragmatic values.

This research seeks to define imitation, its concepts, and the development of its word, as much poetry is based on imitation. Poets imitate what exists in the environment to which they belong and the reality they live and imitate. The research dealt with one of the most prominent poets of Arabic literature in general and poets of the Islamic era in particular. It further examines how the extension of imitation is manifested in his poetry and the possibility of employing religious imitation in his poetic texts.

The study focuses on the linguistic connotation of the word nasha'a that is mentioned in the Holy Qur'an. The linguistic meaning of the word indicates creation and resurrection after death—a matter that demonstrate the power of God Almighty in creating this universe and its miracles that only He Almighty can practice. As a result, everything that is said in the Qur'an regarding the creation of paradise, the resurrection after death, or the creation of living things, including the miracles of the first creation, are derived from this word.

I explained in the search determination what to use or not. And explain how to access the application of jurisprudence in what can be used and what can not be used I explained the relationship between use and non-use. It concluded that use is an industrial process, not a theory, This process is needed by both the jurist and the fundamentalist to take advantage of the fundamentalism detective and the work of the religious words. Use is a process that enables the man of opinion to understand the legal texts. Most of the topics of use are related to words. And research what can be used more than research not be used. That the fundamentalism rules by which the word may or may not be used are often the same They have multiple types, for example the conflict between evidence in situations that can be used and in situations that cannot be used.

This research reveals the extent of the impact human variables on food waste in Salah al-Din Governorate for the year 2023. The research is limited to the monthly average of family income, family size, and the educational level of the husband and wife, as the impact of these variables varies according to the administrative units of the governorate. It is recognized that the highest monthly average of family income is confined to those whose monthly income is more than one million dinars, as it reached 36% of the total average of monthly income. Category of Middle size family reached (4-6) percentage out of 38.4% of the total size of families in Salah al-Din Governorate. It is revealed through the educational level of the husband that the percentage of 28.1% of the educational level category was bachelor’s degree. As for the educational level of the wife, it reached a 28.7% for primary school or below out of the total educational levels of the wife throughout Salah al-Din Governorate for the year 2023.

The subject of research is concerned with the importance of representing the ground appearance, as the study relied on the use of traditional methods of representation, which is based on the use of the details of the ground appearance fully while dealing with the property of design and perception, and do not forget to focus on visual variables. These methods are then tested to arrive at the most perceptive and acceptable maps. Diyala Governorate is located in the eastern part of central Iraq and from the provinces that have international borders, bordered to the west by the provinces of Baghdad and Salah al-Din, to the north by the province of Sulaymaniyah and part of the province of Salah al-Din, to the south by Wasit province and to the east by Iran, and it extends between latitudes (3.33_35.6) north, and longitude (44.22_46.00) east. Therefore, the researcher relied on the inductive method, the technical approach and the cartographic analytical method, in order to achieve the goal of the study. The study found that the traditional methods in the production of maps of the ground appearance have many positive points, including the inclusion of all ground features, whether with regard to the water network, contour lines, soils and geology, heights and land units, and the study proved that there is a discrepancy..

This research aims to identify the most important religious and archaeological tourist areas in Salah al-Din Governorate , which would have a significant importance if they were invested and developed properly.
This study used number of different approaches, including the positivist approach, which relies on the collection of facts, data, and information about the studied phenomenon. This approach relies on statistical and quantitative method. The study showed projects for recreational parks, swimming pools, entertainment complexes, tourist cafes, and rest stops, approved by the investment authority in the governorate. Their number in the governorate reached (26) investment projects for the year 2022, distributed among (10) parks and entertainment complexes, at a rate of 38.5% of their total. It is noteworthy that the completion rates ranged between 5-67%, and there were only two projects in which the completion rate reached 100%. This indicates that there is a slowdown in the implementation process due to reasons including poor planning, management and follow-up.

The aim of the study is to reveal the number of beneficiaries of the social protection network, who are the poor residents in the governorate, and explain their spatial variation, as well as to determine the extent of the program’s contribution to alleviating poverty in the governorate. The contribution of the social protection network program to alleviating poverty in the governorate varied among units in the governorate. The whole governorate contributed (34.5%), and the researcher adopted the descriptive and historical approach in tracking the trends and growth of the beneficiary population. The problem of the study was to determine the numbers and percentages of the real beneficiaries of the social protection network system in Kirkuk Governorate and whether there is a clear discrepancy in their distribution between Units, and according to the environment. The possible answers to these questions were that the beneficiaries of the social protection network support do not represent all the poor residents in the governorate.
The most important finding of the study is that the population in Kirkuk Governorate reached (1,770,765) in 2023. The beneficiaries of the social protection program support were (55,553) persons in the year, while the number of the poor was (179,085) in the same year.

Sustainable development of natural resources of the area through studying the natural characteristics. It is located in the northern part of Iraq and is confined between brackets length(“0،’55،°42 (“0، ؘ10،°43) (east and respectively two latitudes length (36°, (“5،’51 (“55،ؘ47،°38)north and respectively,with an area of approximately(47.15)KM2. Geographical the largest part of it lies within the Injana formation in (49,99)% and the opening formation which reached a percentage of (28.81)%.It is characterized by porosity and permeability, the erosion rate decreases which bring out some geomorphological features of the region which have added attractive forms to tourism,such as caves. The soil of the region was divided according to the BURINGH classification into two parts. The first is rugged,cracked, rocky land affected by water erosion, and it is the largest in area. The second is brown soil with deep thickness represented by the soil of the valleys of the undulating mountainous region with the highest elevation estimated at approximately (1,000 m), and the lowest elevation of the area (460 m) above sea level. SWOT tool was applied to shed light on the strengths and address weaknesses as it is based on the natural aspects to develop the future development of the region.

This research tackles (The Thermal Balance of the Human Body in Nineveh Governorate: a Study in Applied Climatology ) lying between the circles of latitude (034 -00 – 037 -53) north and longitude (041 -25-044 -25) east with height (223) m the sea level to know the thermal balance of the human body. In fact, temperature is regarded as an important and influential climatic factor on man's health to determine the thermal balance of his body which is similar to a machine which does not move without fuel. The aim of the research is to measure know the thermal balance of the human body in Nineveh Governorate using Adolf equation and to know the acquired and lost temperature, to determine its indications during day and night depending on the descriptive method and adopting the quantitative analysis of climate data for Nineveh stations covering forty three years (1980-2022). One of the results of the research is that there is variation in temperature in the area studied. The lost temperature increases in winter, spring, and autumn , whereas the acquired temperature increases in some months of summer and autumn during day and night.

This practice represents an interactive co-evaluation activity among students, involving such elements as motivation, cooperation and collaborative work. It promotes meaningful learning experiences in a competitive environment. The goal of this activity is to examine topics which are explored during the semester through games that are created by students, as well as to promote holistic development and diversity through the investigation of a wide range of global cultures. Further, the activity seeks to enhance the internationalization of the pedagogic model that guides our collective educational philosophy. An empirical method of research is adopted in the current study which is based on observing students during an activity. Since the activity enhances students’ creativity for a better contextualization of the country to be presented. It replaces the traditional way of testing (the written tests) and gives the students the opportunity to see the level of the acquired learning in an interactive and fun context

Reg practiced his favorite hobby in studying the history of the ancient cities of Iraq and their antiquities. Therefore, he is considered the first to begin a campaign of research and investigation of the antiquities of Iraq. In addition to his excavations in Babylon, he went on a trip with his wife Mary to northern Iraq and excavated the Assyrian antiquities, conducting scattered excavations in (Tel Quynjaq).Under the Wall of Nineveh, with the aim of collecting what artifacts could be collected and transporting them to England. Among his most prominent works in the ancient city of Babylon was his topographical map of the historical city, which became a reference for those who followed him in identifying the distinctive remains of the city of Babylon. He drew an accurate map of the city of Nineveh, and wrote books about the antiquities of Iraq. It became an incentive for European countries to send archaeological excavation missions in Iraq.
It is worth noting that Rigg's excavations, his search for antiquities, and his reception of travelers arriving to the country, such as (James Silk Buckingham) in 1818, actually encouraged the plundering of Iraqi antiquities. His works had a wide resonance in British and French newspapers, which later encouraged European consuls to carry out research and sabotage. In ancient Iraqi cities, such as the French Consul (Paul Emilie Botha), who began his non-scientific excavations in 1842 and 1843 in Mosul (Tel Quynjaq and Khorsabad),and through them he obtained he collected the greatest and most beautiful antiquities, especially the winged bulls, and transported them to France. (Al-Alaq, 2013, p. 75)

The purpose of this study is to identify the most important subjects and dominant patterns in a sample of editorial articles that were published in the Iraqi Al-Sabah daily between December 20, 2020, and January 10, 2021. Using a content analysis tool, this descriptive study employs an analytical methodology. The research's most notable findings include the fact that the two nations' official visits have increased by 45% and that Iraqi-Iranian ties have become more active. According to the study, most of the patterns seen in the sample of articles were impartial toward opinions on Iraq and its neighbors, Iran and Turkey, by a majority of fifty percent.

The aim of the research was to identify the effect of the thinking hand strategy on acquiring philosophical concepts among female students of History Department and developing their philosophical thinking. The researcher chose the experimental design consisting of two groups, one experimental and the other control. The researcher intentionally chose the students of the History Department in the College of Education for Girls. The choice fell on third-year students to be the research sample of (64) female students. The research tool was represented by the test of acquiring philosophical concepts, which included (30) multiple-choice test paragraphs that measure the three processes of acquiring the concept. As for the second tool, it was represented by a test of philosophical thinking, which in its final form consisted of (25) paragraphs. The validity, reliability, effectiveness of the wrong alternatives, and difficulty coefficient of the two tools were confirmed. After applying the two tools and processing the data statistically using the t-test for two independent samples, the results showed a statistically significant difference at the level of (0.05) between the average scores of the experimental group studying philosophy according to the thinking hand strategy in the test of acquiring philosophical concepts and philosophical thinking, in favor of the experimental group. In light of the research results, the researcher presented a number of recommendations. And suggestions.

The current research aims to know the effect of using the computer on the achievement of fourth-grade literary students in the subject of geography. The research community is Tikrit District students for secondary and preparatory day schools. The research sample was intentionally determined in two schools: Khalid bin Al-Walid Preparatory School, the experimental group (45) students, Al-Mahzam Secondary School for Boys, and the control group (45) students. Research hypothesis: There is no statistically significant difference between the average scores of students in the experimental group taught by computer and the average scores of students in the control group taught by the traditional method at a significance level of (0.05). The researcher prepared the research tools: an achievement test consisting of (40) paragraphs. The researcher applied his experiment in the second semester of the academic year 2021-2022. Then the researcher conducted the post-test for achievement. The data was processed statistically and the results appeared:
The experimental group outperformed the control group in achievement, which studied using the computer.
Conclusion:
Using the computer within the limits in which the current research was conducted proved its effectiveness in increasing the achievement of fourth-grade literary students in the subject of geography foundations and its techniques.
Recommendations:
1- Adopting the method of teaching using the computer in teaching the subject of geography foundations and its techniques in the fourth-grade literary.
Suggestions:
1- The researcher suggests conducting a similar study in other educational stages

The research aims to identify:
1- Marital communication among primary school teachers.
2- Statistically significant differences in marital communication among primary school teachers according to the gender variable (males - females).
3- Life pressures among primary school teachers.
4- Statistically significant differences in life pressures among primary school teachers according to the gender variable (males - females).
5- The nature of the correlation between marital communication and each of the life pressures among primary school teachers.
The research sample reached to 200 male and female teachers from primary schools in Tikrit. To achieve the objectives of the research, the researcher built a marital communication scale, which is part of the main requirements of the current research, it consists of three areas: similarity, reinforcement, and attraction. The scale is in its initial form consists of (60) items. The apparent validity of the scale was verified, as well as extracting the correlation coefficient between the score of each item and the total score of the scale. The reliability of the scale was calculated using the retest method and reached to 0.84, which is considered a good reliability factor.
As for the second variable, which is life pressures, the researcher prepared the scale, which consists of four domains, namely (psychological, social, familial, and professional). The scale, in its initial form, consisted of (40) items. The apparent validity of the scale was verified, as well as the correlation coefficient for each score was extracted. The items with the total score of the scale and the reliability of the scale were calculated by re-testing, as it reached (0.82), which is considered good stability.

The current research aimed to identify (The Impact of Thinking Strategies on Developing Cognitive Processing Levels and Strategic Thinking among Fifth-Grade Literary Students in the Subject of Philosophy and Psychology). The research population included fifth-grade female students in secondary and preparatory schools affiliated with the Salah al-Din Education Directorate. The research sample consisted of (62) students, with (31) students in each group (experimental and control).
The researcher equalized the two groups in several variables such as previous cognitive processing levels, intelligence, age, strategic thinking, and parents' cognitive processing levels. The experimental group students were taught using the thinking styles strategy, while the control group students were taught using the conventional method. The experiment lasted for a full academic semester.
The researcher prepared a strategic thinking test consisting of (20) items within six skills: (fluency, flexibility, originality, accuracy and clarity, observation and reflection, problem-solving). The face validity of the test and item discrimination were verified, in addition to its reliability.
After applying the post-experiment test, the research results showed a significant difference between the two groups in their strategic thinking, favoring the experimental group students. In light of the research results, the researcher presented a set of conclusions, recommendations, and suggestions.

The study aimed to identify the level of creative skills and the effectiveness of the training program to develop the creative skills of educational counselors in the Salahuddin Education Department for the academic year (2023/2024). For the purposes of the study, a questionnaire was built to measure the level of creative skills consisting of (15) paragraphs, and a training program was built to develop creative skills of (8) sessions for educational counselors. The psychometric properties of the scale and the program were extracted. The study sample consisted of (60) male and female counselors, who were divided equally into two groups: control and experimental. The results showed a low level of creative skills for the sample members, the presence of There are statistically significant differences between before and after - On the scale of creative skills, the results were in favor of the post-testThere were statistically significant differences in favour of the experimental group between the average scores of the two groups: the experimental and the control in the post-test.. The research presented a set of proposals and recommendations.

The aim of the research is to identify the effectiveness of the (d.school) model for design thinking on the achievement of fourth-stage female students in the scientific branch and the development of successful intelligence among them. The quasi-experimental approach, the descriptive approach, and the design of the two experimental groups, the number of its students (32) students, studied using the (d.school) model for design thinking, and the control group, the number of its students (32) students, studied using the traditional method, prepared an achievement test consisting of 40 multiple-choice paragraphs, which had validity, reliability, and psychometric properties. The Sternberg Tripartite Intelligence Test for Abilities was adopted, and the results showed the superiority of the experimental group over the control group in both the achievement test and the development of successful intelligence.

The aim of the research is to analyze the effectiveness of the proposed strategy based on Guilford's theory in achieving the history curriculum for the first intermediate grade. The researcher relied on an experimental design, where the students were divided into an experimental group and a reference group. The research community consisted of all first-grade middle school students in schools affiliated with the Baghdad Education Directorate. A representative sample was chosen, consisting of the experimental group (25) students who received the strategy that was proposed based on Guilford’s theory, and the reference group was (26) students who received the usual methodology.
A history curriculum achievement exam consisting of (25) items was used as a data collection tool and was of a multiple-choice type. Its validity, reliability, level of difficulty of the items, and power of discrimination were studied before implementing it on the two sections according to appropriate statistical treatments. The results showed that the students in the experimental group who received the proposed strategy according to Guilford's theory achieved improvement in the achievement test compared to the students in the reference group who learned with the traditional methodology.
Based on these results, it can be said that the proposed strategy based on Guilford's theory has positively affected students' achievement in history. Therefore, schools can be recommended to adopt this strategy in teaching this subject to achieve better results for students.
According to the research outcomes, the researcher included a number of recommendations for exploiting Guilford’s theory in teaching the history curriculum, including activating students to exploit imagination and creativity in perceiving historical events in a different and multiple way and presenting new visions, diversifying educational mechanisms and using multiple educational methods that cover discussions, responsive activities, and research plans to support the experience. Learning.

Drawing conclusions means using the information provided to make judgments. When students are asked to draw a conclusion about something they have read, they are asked to use information in text that is either explicitly stated or implied to make a judgment. This study aims to find the average level of the EFL 5th. year preparatory school students' achievement in drawing conclusion. It finds that there is any significant difference between the experimental group's achievement and the control group's achievement in the post-test. There is any significant difference between the students' achievement as males and females in the post-test. It hypothesized that there is no statistically significant difference between the mean scores of the experimental group in achievement post-test and the average theoretical mean scores. There is no statistically significant difference in experimental group's achievement in production and recognition levels in the post-test. Sixty two students from the fifth scientific grade have been randomly selected. Both groups are equalized in some important variables according to their age, education and their scores in the pretest. The results show that there is statistically significant difference between the experimental group's achievement and that of the control group for benefit of experimental group.