The Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Medicine

A total of (150) stool samples were collected from patient with diarrhea in Baghdad hospital and Al - Thahab. Al-Aboiath village. A total of (27) isolates were identified as member of the genous Salmonella, Serotype typhimurium of a percentage of 18 % of the total samples.Another(150) stool sample were collected from suspected calves and cows in some of Baghdad villages and dairy cattle stations


The identified isolates as member of Salmonella,serotype typhimurium were (7) at a percentage of 4.5% of the total taken samples. The study extend from December 2001 till May 2002.


Different biochemical tests were applied to differentiate the isolates from other enteric micro organism, Including the classical and newly introduced methodologies(i.e.,api 20E) in addition to the type and serotype determination using standard mono specific and polyvalent antisera. All the isolates showed no changes in there characteristic features.

This study was conducted, for the 1st time in Iraq, to infect 5 puppies, 1 - 5 month old, with protoscoleces of hydatid cyst isolated from the liver of donkey, slaughtered at zoo abattoir of Al-Zawra park in Baghdad, at a dose rate of 10000 protoscoieces i puppy (n=2) and 20000 protoscoleces / puppy (n=3) for 35 and 40 days post infection. The dogs were killed and the developed Echinococcus granulosus were isolated from the small intestine. Results of the study revealed


variation in the period of maturation of the collected cestodes, and the mean total length of the mature worms at 35 days PI was 4.53+ 0.24 mm, and for those at 40 days PI was 7+ 0.20 mm, whereas for the gravid ones at the same age of the latter was 8.57 + 0.25 mm. Results found that infection rate with E. granulosus, which their strobilae composed from 4 proglottids at 35 days PI, was 29.03%, and with those, which their strobilae composed from 5 proglottids at 40 days PI, the rate was 0.76%. It was found that the mean length of the gravid proglottid equal to or longer than half the total worm length with a ratio of 1.77 + 0.05 for those at 35 days of age, and 2.2 + 0.35 and 1.93 + 0.01 for mature and gravid cestodes at the age of 40 days.

This study was aimed to understand the chronic pathological change which is produced after potassium nitrate intake via water and food to broiler chicks for six weeks and in different concentrations also after


stoppage for four weeks of nitrate intake. 135 chicks one day old fabrow breed were used, after two weeks aclimazation, chicks separated in to seven groups, one was control and


the other six were given potassium nitrate in drinking water or in food in concentration 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 gm/kg of the body weight to each


group. Gross and histopathological changes were studied, the pathological alteration characterized by gastritis of true stomach with metaplasia of gastric mucosa and chronic enteritis. Hepatic cell degeneration and necrosis .kidney showed congestion, haemorrhage and nephrosis. The thyroid gland was atrophied and the spleen was active due to hyperplasia of lymphoid cells and germinal centers. There was increase in the size of the lung which showed microscopically interstitial pneumonia, the brain was grossly soft and congested and microscopically there was degeneration of purkinge cell and increase


neuromicroglial cells infiltration.

The increase in the rates of Met-Hb indicate an important statistical differences or significances especially in groups fed This study was aimed to understand the hematological changes in the level of Hb and Met-Hb which produced after potassium nitrate intake via water and feed to broiler chicks for 6 weeks and indifferent concentration also after stoppage for 4 weeks of nitrate intake.


A number of 135 chicks one day old faobro breed were used. After two weeks aclimitiztiation ,chicks were separated in to seven groups , one was control and other six were given potassium nitrate in drinking water or in feed at 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 gm/ kg body weigh to each group.


The results showed significant statistical in the Hb rates and the different nitrate concentrations used. Also there were significant differences in the 2nd week of the experiment and indicated a decrease in Hb concentrations. Statistical significant of difference was obvious in the groups fed on concentrations 0.25, 0.5 gm/ kg b.w. and in groups given nitrate in drinking water in concentrations 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 gm/kg b.w.


There were significant statistical differences in Met-Hb rates formed and the amount of nitrate used and the weeks in all animal groups treated with nitrate which started at the 3rd week from the start of the experiment.
0.25 gm/kg b.w. nitrate concentration and in drinking water groups at 0.5 and 0.75 gm/kg b.w. concentrations. no significant statistical differences between the control group from week 8th till the week 10th of the experiment.

This study was conducted to produce a specific antigen for detection L. monocytogenes infection. The antigen was prepared by culturing L. monocytogenes on suitable media and then disrupted by ultrasonicatorwaves.


The water – soluble extract of sonically disrupted Listeria were used for skin testing guinea pigs infected with (1*108 CFU / ml) of a L. monocytogenes. Two infected doses were used for immunization at intervals of (10) days between them.


Two skin tests were done, 10 days and 15 days after the 2nd infected dose. The skin test results were read after 24 & 48 hrs. which showed clear thickening differences and redness at the injection sites after 24 hrs. and become more clear after 48 hrs.

This study was done on 57 Awassi pregnant ewes, divided in to 5 groups, the Ist control group, the second group received twicel.M.injections of vitamin E (900 mg) and Selenium (3mg), the third group received one injection of vitamin E (900mg) and selenium (3 mg), the fourth group received vitamin E via feed block (1 gm) daily for two weeks, the fifth group received vitamin E via feed block for one week (1gm daily), and all groups injected with C Baghdad vaccine.This study had been shown a significant difference in antibody titer between treated groups and the control group, from2weeks post vaccination There were significant difference in antibody _ titre (p<0.05) between lambs of treated and control group. While there were no significant difference in body weight of ewes and lambs, but was a significant difference in milk production of treated and control group.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of Gumboro disease virus (IBDV) on the incidance of airsacculitis induced by E. coli after infection with (IBDV). The study included 240-day-old broiler chicks, which were divided equally into four groups and treated as follow: Group1 (G1): given 0.1ml of (IBDV) that contain 105.1 EID50 / ml in the crop at day 21 of age. Group2 (G2): treated as G1 than given 0.1 ml of E. coli sero type (0.88:H-) that contain 12x108 CFU/ml in the treachea at day 28 of age. Group3 (G3): given E. coli only on day 28 and in the same method as G2. Group4 (G4): given 0.1ml saline in the trachea at day 28 of age (untreated control). The rate of mortality after infection with (IBDV) in the both G1 and G2 was (11.6%). After infection with E. coli the mortality rate in G2 was (27.7%) while G3 showed mortality rate (13.3%).


There was a significant difference (P<0.05) between G2 and G3 in mortality rate concluded that experimental infection of broilers at day 21 off age with (IBDV) increased the susceptibility of the chickens to incidance of airsacculitis induced by E. coli.

Twenty chicks at (45) days old were used and divided into two equal groups , one act as treatment (Baytril) dosed orally (10 mg/kg ) for 5 days, while the control group dosed with distilled water.
Duodenum was isolated in vi tro examined with autonomic agents.

The result showed significant decrease in intestinal motility between treatment and control group after addition of atropine, acetycholine, atropine flowed acetycholine and after addition propranolol and propranolol flowed adrenaline.


Concluded from this study that using of Enrofloxacin case a negative alteration tonic and rhythmic contraction of intestinal (smooth muscles).

The isolation and identification of the bacterium L.monocytogenes among abortion in pregnant women were investigated in this research. One hundred and fifty samples including placental tissue and maternal blood were randomly collected from cases of abortion from AL-Habibia Teaching Hospital and AL-Yarmuk Teaching Hospital. These samples were taken from patients in 16 - 45 years of age. Listeria monocytogenes was isolated from three cases only, two of them


from AL-Habibia Teaching Hospital ,while the other one from AL-yarmuk Teaching Hospital. Their gestational age were 22 , 24 , and 28 weeks. Bacterial isolation was done by using routin and specific culture media and two methods for enrichment were preformed.


The biological and biochemical properties of the isolates as well as the pathogenicity of L.monocytogenes in mice were described in the original paper. Infected mice were died after 2 - 5 days post inoculation. The histopathological changes were acute suppurative inflammation in the begining « later on chronic granulomatous reaction were developed , within internal organs

A total of 622 fecal samples were collected from 3-30 days old calves, of both sexes. All samples were obtained from 3 groups according to stat of feces: Watrey diarrhea, pasty and normal, from May to December, 2000 in AL-Ishaki farms. Also, 400 stool samples from children at the age of 1-10 years suffered from watery diarrhea and 100 samples from workers in farms more than 20 years old, of both sexes, from December 2000 to May 2001. Two laboratory methods were used to identify Cryptosporidium oocysts: Modified Cold Ziehl Neelsen stain and flotation with sheather's solution. This study recorded a total rate of infection in neonatal calves 35.04%, with highest rate 53.80% in diarrheic calves and 27.62% in calves with pasty feces and lowest rate 16.45% in normal. Also recorded a highest rate of infection 45.56% in calves 3-7 days old and lowest 10% in calves 22-30 days old. In regarded to seasonal variation, the highest rate of infection recorded 54.94% in August and lowest 17.47% in July. This study showed that the sensitivity of Modified Cold Ziehl Neelsen diagnostic stain was very high 100% in comparison with flotation diagnostic method were the percentage of positive cases: 50.44%, 17.39% and 15.38% in the three groups of calves according to state of feces.


A total rate of infection in human (children and workers) was 12.4%, and according to ages, this study recorded highest rate of infection 17% in 1-<3 years, and lowest 6% in workers > 20 years old. According to seasonal variation 36.58% was the highest rate of infection in January. No significant difference recorded between both sexes, the rates of infection were 10.75% and 14.05% in female and male respectively.

A total of 250 fecal samples were collected from 1->30 days old calves, of both sexes suffered from diarrhea, from 3 different farms in Baghdad: Al-Ishaki 120 samples, Al Nasser 80 samples and 7 Nissan 50 samples. Three diagnostic methodes were used for each fecal sample for detection of single and mixed infection with intestinal protozoa: Cryptosporidium, Giardia and Eimeria: Modified Zehil Neelson stain and Ligol's iodine stain and flotation technique with zinic sulphate solution for detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts, Giardia cysts and Eimeria oocysts respectively.


This study recorded a total rate of infection with intestinal protozoa 37.6%, and rate of single & mixed infection in 3 farms 21.2% & 16.4% respectively.


The total rate of single infection with Cryptosporidium, Giardia and Eimeria were 52.8%, 26.4% and 20.7% respectively.


For mixed infection, this study recorded a total rate of double infection with Cryptosporidium & Giardia, Cryptosporidium & Eimeria and Giardia & Eimeria: 46.3%, 34.1% and 9.75% respectively, while a total rate of triple infection with 3 intestinal protozoa was 9.75% in 3 farms.


The result of this study revealed the relation between ages, sexes of calves with single and mixed infection with intestinal protozoa. The highest number of calves with single


infection with Cryptosporidium were 12 in age of 1-10 days, with Giardia 6 calves in age of each 21-30 and >30 days, and with Eimeria 10 calves with age of >30 days. For mixed infection, the highest number of calves with double infection by Cryptosporidium & Giardia, Cryptosporidium & Eimeria and Giardia & Eimeria: 10 calves in age of 21-30 days, 10 and 4 calves in age of >30 days respectively, while the highest number of calves infected with triple infection by three intestinal protozoa were 4 calves in >30 days of age.
Sexes of calves have no effect on the rate of single and mixed infection with three intestinal protozoa.

This study was planned to isolated and identify some psychrotrophic aerobic sporeforming bacteria from raw milk and determine the predomenant isolate.
Microbiological estimations were performed for (100) raw milk samples collected from four sources (filters, stations, bulk tanks and milk containers) and for the same samples after heat treatment at 80°C for (12) minutes and upon subsequent storage at (7)°C for 0,7,14 and 21 days.


The Aerobic plate count (APC) was determined and the total bacterial count were compared with each of the mesophilic sporeformer count (MSFC) at (0) & (7) days of storage & the psychrotrophic sporeformer count (PSFC) upon storage at (7)°C for 0,7,14 and 21 days. Positive relationship existed between the increase in (APC) before heat treatment & the increase in (MSFC) at (0) or (7) days or (PSFC) at 0,7,14 & 21 days of storage at 7°C. Immediately after heat treatment at (80)°C for 12 minutes 59% of the samples had psychrotrophic sporeformer counts of <10 cfu/ml, but after (21) days of storage at (7)°C, 79% of the samples had counts of > 109 cfu/ml.
Bacillus cereus and Bacillus mycoides were identified as the predominant psychrotrophic sporeformers in the heated milk, stored at 7°C.

In the present study , we investigate the effect of Gamma radiation of wavelength 81.58416X10^-13 on the viability of protoscolices , the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus , which was isolated from liver hydatid cysts of invested sheep.


The study was accomplished on 80 white male mice , the mice were divided randomly into four equal groups , group 3 and 4 were invested intra peritoneally with 2000 Gamma irradiated protoscolices, with 5 and 25 Gray of Gamma rays for 1.2 and 6.6 minutes respectively


The experimental irradiation of protoscolices was Gamma rays cobalt 60 ( Co-60 ). Then the ability of protoscolices was checked before and after the irradiation. Group 1 and group 2 were used as negative and positive control respectively.
After one month group 2 , 3 and 4 were given challenge dose of 2000 protoscolices intraperitoneally for every singlemouse in every group. Mice were killed after 2,4,6,8, and 12 weeks after the challenge .
Macroscopic and microscopic studies were done for all experimental groups.


The following findings were seen :
1. Reduction of the violability of protoscolices by inverse of the radiation intensity incorrespondense with the time of exposure.


2. The macroscopic studies indicate reduction in the average number and diameter of the secondary hydatid cyst in the irradiated groups in comparison with the positive group.


3. The histopathological changes were characterized by presence of degenerated distracted hydatid cysts in the livers , especially in the irradiated group , with the presence of hyperplastic splenic white pulp lymphoid tissue in comparison with the positive control .

study of KALA-AZAR cases in Iraq was conducted during July 2004 , to study the epidemiological distribution of KALA-AZAR cases in Iraq for the years (1999-2003) comparing it with the cases of the previous years (1994-1998).


Data were collected from the communicable diseases control "CDC" center of Baghdad with detailed information of age, gender, time and seasonal distribution, which recorded for the last years (1999-2003) , also with data of the KALA-AZAR cases for the previous years (1994-1998), while the data concerning study population was obtained from the planning directorate of MOH depending on the last cansus reports of 1997 , most of the Iraqi governorates were included (except the self-rule's governorate). The different governorates were categorized according to the number of KALA-AZAR cases and to their geographical position.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of formaldehyde on the kidney of rabbits.
Treated animals were housed in closed room and exposed to formaldehyde fume using 10% formalin solution for a period of six months. Exposure was twenty-three hours for the whole period of the experiment, though one hour a day was left for ventilation. Control group was exposed to distilled water humidity.
Histopathologically, there were glomerulonephritis, congestion, cellular infiltration in addition to other changes.

Comparative studies about the characteristics of the acute toxicity of streptomycin and gentamicin and the antagonization effect of calcium to their toxicity were performed in mice. This was made by comparing the time of appearance and disappearance of toxicity symptoms of this aminoglycoside before and after calcium therapy and also by comparing the LD50 value of both agents. It was concluded that streptomycin is less potent but more efficacious as toxic agent than gentamicin and that calcium had a competitive inhibitory effect to the toxicity of aminoglycoside perhaps because of the similarity in their charges and binding si\
Calcium therapy seems to offer quantitatively the same protective level for both agents (nearly one time) but qualitatively better protective level against acute toxicity of streptomycin in mice than for gentamicin.

Twenty rats were divided equally into four groups, housed separately in special metabolic cages. Animals of first, second and third group injected S.C. with gentamicin sulphate alone at a dose of 5mg/Kg (T) or as a mixture with calcium at a dose of 7.5 mg/Kg injected S.C. (T2) or separately with calcium given orally at a dose of 22.5 mg/Kg (T3). The fourth group considered as a control and injected S.C. with distilled water (C). The experiment includes samples analysis of sample of one week pre and post treatment and three weeks daily treatment.


The results showed significant changes in studied parameters proportional with treatment period in animals of first group (Ti) in comparison with other groups expressed metabolically as a decline in body weight, increase in daily urine volume, biochemical as increase in serum creatinine, BUN, AP, AST, as well as histopathological changes in kidney nephrons and tubules.


Calcium therapy whether as a mixture (T2) or alone (T3) gave nearly complete protection against gentamicin toxicity in the first and second week and incomplete one in the third week of treatment that could be attributed to the competitive interaction between calcium and gentamicin due to the similarity in charges and binding site that may cause a decline in gentamicin disposition in the target organ and tissue cell and so reduce its toxic side effect.

Pharamcokinetic studies were performed for gentamicin sulphate at single dose of 5 mg/kg compared with formullae of same dose of gentamicin with calcium gluconate at a dose of 7.5 mg/kg injected i.v. and i.m. to four groups of 5 rabbits. The results of i.v. injection showed elimination of first order two compartment model with lower plasma gentamicin concentration, lower inhibition bacterial period and increase of gentamicin clearance in mixture group may be due to its competition with calcium for albumin which increase the free drug available for excretion and distribution while after i.m. injection absorption of gentamicin from formullae was lower but its plasma elimination (B) was slower with nearly same inhibition bacterial period as in gentamicin dosed group. These results explain kinetically why calcium lower gentamicin toxic side effect after i.m. and i.v. injection

Out of 100 raw milk samples collected from one hundred cows infected with mastitis, thirty three isolates of different types of pathogenic bacteria were isolated using different types of selective media.


On the basis of traditional bacteriological tests, these isolates were identified as the following: 13 isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, 9 isolates of B-haemolytic Streptococci, 6 isolates of Coliform bacteria, 4 isolates of Corynebacterium pyogenes, and only one isolate Bacillus cereus.


In addition to these isolates, a number of non-pathogenic bacteria were recovered during the isolation and they were considered as contaminants of milk such as S. epidermidis, C. bovis and B. subtilus.


The total number of living bacteria present in milk samples was measured and it was ranged from (1400 to 1800) bact./ml.


The isolates of pathogenic bacteria were tested for their sensitivity to different types of antibiotics and the results were: 100% of these isolates were sensitive to Gentamycin and Tetracycline, 11 (84.6%) isolates of S. aureus, 6(66.2%) isolates of B-hacmolytic Streptococci , 4(66.2%) isolates of Coliform bacteria and 3(75%)

This study was conducted on 790 stool samples from infants and young children up to ten years of age, suffering from acute diarrhea who attended Kirkuk Pediatric Hospital, from the beginning of August 1999 of July 2000. The animal study was carried on 160 lambs, 130 calves and 110 kids suffering from diarrhea in private veterinary clinics in Al-Tameem province.


The rate of acute cryptosporidiosis was (10%). There was no significant difference between the two sexes . It was higher in winter and spring than summer and autumn months .


The infection rate was higher among children in contact with poultry than those in contact with cattle and sheep and was lowest among those not in contacts with animals.


The distribution of cryptosporidiosis among domestic animals was as follows: in lambs, calves and kids the infection rates were 20%, 19.2% and 23.6% respectively.

This study was performed to detect the effective laboratory method for diagnosis of Cryptosporidium spp. in patients attending the laboratories of Al-Tameem General Hospital and Kirkuk Paediatric Hospital in Kirkuk city, for the period from the beginning of January to end of August 2000..


It was shown that the modified Ziehl-Neelsens stain (hot method) with methylene blue (counter stain) was most efficient in identification of Cryptosporidium oocysts (4.36%), followed by malachite green (counter stain) (1.94%) and modified Ziehl-Neelsen (cold method) with malachite green (counter stain), safranin methylene blue, lugol s iodine preparation (mounting) (0.97%) for each and the modified Ziehl-Neelsen stain (cold method) with methylene blue (counter stain) was the least efficient (0.84%). .

Powder of pomegranate barks (Punica granatum L) was prepared. Different concentration of watery pomegranate solution contain, 5, 10, 20, and 40 mg / ml were prepared Six types of pathogenic bacteria were used. Suspension was made from those bacteria and each type of bacteria contain (10x1 - 10x2) / ml. Those bacteria include Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Klebsiella and Corynebacterium The affect of the plant solution of pomegranate was tested on petri - dishes containing Trypticase Soya agar by diffuse agar method. Equal amount of each type of the tested bacteria was mixed with the varying concentration of plant of pomegranate barks solution. All petri – dishes of the tested bacteria with the pomegranate barks powder were incubated at 37 c for 1-2 days. The result showed that the pomegranate barks solution of 40 mg / ml had the strongest inhibiting zone on all tested types of bacteria, while solution of 20 mg/ml. showed weak inhibiting zone. But the lower concentration showed no inhibiting zone for any of the tested bacteria.