Diyala Journal of Human Research

This chapter aims to study the composition of the soil and some of the natural and chemical properties of the soil of the study area, where the study area (Diyala Governorate) was divided into (14) sites, from which (33) samples were drawn based on the bands (2B A, B, picture (36) Taking samples from the soil of the study area, while monitoring the coordinates of the samples’ locations using the (G.P.S) device. The focus of this part of the study is on the variation of the most important properties of the soil from the ideological point of view*, provided that it begins with the study of texture as one of the most important physical properties of soil related to agricultural production and affecting on Many of its chemical properties, some of which are studied during this chapter, based on the results of the field study and the results of laboratory analyzes

The decision of the Arab Oil-exporting countries in October 1973 to use oil as a political pressure weapon in order to find a peaceful settlement of the Arab-Israel conflict, and to cut off the supply of oil to unfriendly countries, caused a global energy crisis, the effects of which extended to most of the oil-consuming countries, including Japan, for its main dependence on Arab oil and the decision of the Arab countries Classifying it as one of the unfriendly countries, to confront this crisis, the Japanese government sought to adopt a balanced position by declaring its support for the Arab position on the one hand, and appeasing the United States of America on the other hand, and contributed to the high rates of inflation, the rise in prices, and the decline in the Japanese economic growth rate in 1974 For the first time since the end of World War II, Japanese public opinion escalated towards the government and the ruling Liberal Democratic Party, and this was embodied in the decline in the party’s popularity and seats in the House of Councilors elections in 1974, and the criticisms leveled at Japanese Prime Minister Tanaka Kakui, which forced the latter to resign .

The importance of Chinese-Vietnamese relations during that era lies in the fact that they were a starting point for both China and Vietnam to achieve their desired goals. On the one hand, China saw in it an opportunity to spread its revolutionary strategy in Southeast Asia by raising the slogan of getting rid of colonial and semi-colonial regimes, and therefore it was quick to recognize the Republic of Vietnam. Democracy, which was in a bitter struggle with French colonialism, began to support it with various types of aid to make it a model for the rest of the colonial regimes. On the other hand, Vietnam found in it everything it was looking for. The Chinese recognition of its state was the starting point for the recognition of most communist countries, and signaled the flow of various aids that It played a role in stabilizing the foundations of its young state, and strengthening its resistance to French colonialism, one of the results of which was the elimination of that colonialism in 1954. Therefore, the research aims to clarify the importance of China’s effective role in stabilizing the foundations of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam.

The current research aims to (a proposed
guidance program using the method of refuting
ideas in reducing rational selfishness among
middle school students). The literature and
previous studies dealing with reducing rational
selfishness were reviewed. The results of the
research led to the adoption of a scale for
reducing rational selfishness consisting of (26),
and the researcher designed it for the purposes
of the study. A counseling program based on
the heuristic method to refute ideas, and it was
applied to the experimental group, in sessions
numbering (12) sessions, two sessions per
week, session duration ((45) minutes), and the
data was processed using (SPSS) program and
a number of statistical methods. The results
showed that The counseling program has an
effect in reducing rational selfishness among
members of the experimental group, and based
on the results, the study came out with a
number of conclusions, recommendations, and

The current study aims at monitoring and classifying the land cover of Halabja region for the period 1985-2020 using the technology of remote sensing. It aimed to classify the types of land cover in Halabja region and to monitor the changes that this area exposed to during the period of the study from 1985 to 2020 through medium-resolution satellite imagery whose data is available on the website of United States Geological Survey (hence USGS) and represent them with objective maps. After processing these images by Arc map 10.3 program, by performing digital processing operations for these images, and then these images were classified automatically by the Unsupervised Classification and Maximum Likelihood Classification algorithms, according to which these images were classified according to Anderson System (USGS) the first level, starting with the old imagery 1985 up to the modern imagery 2020. The results showed Six categories (residential use, agricultural lands, natural vegetation, bad lands, barren lands and water cover category).

The current research aims to identify dialectical thinking among university students. To achieve the goal of the research, the researcher built a dialectical thinking scale according to the theory of (Rigel, 1975) and applied the scale to the research sample, which consisted of (400) male and female university students, after they were chosen randomly. The study data were processed statistically using (T-test for one sample, T-test for two independent samples, Pearson correlation coefficient, and the Cronbach equation). The research reached the following result: The members of the research sample have dialectical thinking compared to the theoretical average of the scale. The research came out with a set of recommendations and proposals. .

The phenomenon of school dropout is one of the problems that pose major challenges that threaten the educational system, school and educational institutions in general, and the student in particular, as they impede the achievement of the educational goals that it seeks to achieve in addition to the negative effects that may result in the progress and development of one society so that these can increase The educational phenomenon includes the extent of social problems such as deviation, drugs, theft and the spread of socially and morally unacceptable habits, but this problem stems from the behavior of students as a result of factors that may be (educational, social or economic). Education, and for the school environment to be rich in various activities and skills, as well as the school’s participation with other institutions or organizations such as making trips, festivals, events and visits to different places, which helps students to learn, develop, develop and acquire new information and link it to their private and public lives, which satisfies their psychological and social needs.
Where the study aimed to clarify the concept of school dropout, its causes and ways to treat it. The study includes three chapters. The first: includes the importance of the study and its objectives and defines the terms mentioned in the title of the study. The second chapter includes the theoretical framework for the study variable from previous theories and studies, while the third chapter includes the conclusions. Recommendations and suggestions

Abstract
The orientalists Thomas Arnold and Joseph explained the importance of Islamic civilization and its impact on the whole world. As their studies focused on mathematics and astronomy and the role of Muslim scholars in this important aspect, and they included in their works the history of mathematics and astronomy since its appearance in the Arab countries and the Arabian Peninsula, up to the emergence of Islam. The orientalists showed the machines and tools that Muslims invented in astronomy, the stars, and the body, including the astrolabe, observatories, and drawings of the planets and stars, their nature, and the solar system and its signs.

Extract
The aim of the research is to identify the moral justification of secondary school teachers, and to identify the perceived pressures of secondary school teachers. And to identify the direction and strength of the relationship between adaptive perfectionism and perceived stress among secondary school teachers. To achieve the objectives of the research, the adaptive perfectionism scale was built according to Slaney's model (Slaney, et al., 2001), and the perceived stress scale was built according to Lazarus' theory (Lazarus, 1984). After he followed the scientific steps in its construction and verification of its validity and stability, the scale was applied to a sample of (200) teachers who were chosen by the stratified random method with a proportional distribution. The data of the study were statistically processed using one-sample t-test, Pearson correlation coefficient, z-test, alpha-Cronbach coefficient, factorial analysis, regression analysis and analysis of variance. The results revealed that the research sample enjoys adaptive perfection compared to the theoretical average of the scale. A large proportion of secondary school teachers have perceived stress in relation to the theoretical average of the scale. The relationship between adaptive perfectionism and perceived stress was not statistically significant, and the current research came up with a number of recommendations and suggestions.

Abstract
An educational proposal for the development of the evening study system in higher education.
The current research aims to formulate an educational proposal for the development of the evening study system by identifying its problems and obstacles in higher education. This is achieved through the following:
Identifying the main items that reveal the problems and obstacles of the evening study.
Understanding the significance of the differences in difficulties faced by students based on gender.
The current research focuses on evening study students at the College of Basic Education, University of Diyala, for the academic year. The researcher used the descriptive method to achieve the research objectives.
The researcher utilized a questionnaire tool to identify the nature of the problems and obstacles facing evening study students. After ensuring validity and reliability, the tool was applied to a sample of 400 male and female university students. By using appropriate statistical methods to identify these problems and difficulties, the results were as follows:
Students, based on gender, wish the development of the evening study because it is similar to the morning study system, as it is for students admitted through the centralized admission and who have complete dedication to it. Their difficulties are relatively proportional compared to evening study students who suffer not only from the academic subjects but also from the unit system, hours, and attendance instructions.
The researcher concluded recommendations, including urging researchers, academics, and research centers concerned with this matter to enrich this topic numerically and scientifically.
The researcher also proposed suggestions for the development of the evening study system, focusing on scientific accuracy. These suggestions include establishing an university for evening study with a five-year system to alleviate the intensity of academic subjects, as well as introducing less than half of the academic subjects in online education to address and regulate absenteeism, with exams being conducted in person. Regarding the number of students, if it increases and forms a significant burden on the university, a competitive exam would be imposed, consisting of general cultural questions rather than specialized ones, along with other proposals that emphasize the importance of this subject.

This study dealt with the relationship between syntactic structure and regression, and the importance of regression in systematic - syntactic structures. The research is based on the mention of the reason for the revelation of each verse in the event that the reason for the revelation was mentioned, and tracing the meanings of the verses in the books of interpretation, especially those that dealt with the verses from their structural aspect. The nature of the research required that the research be divided into: (first: mentioning, second: omission).

This study deal with the novel " Tarneemat Imra'ah.. Shfaq Al-
Bahr " for the Iraqi writer Sa'ad Mohammad Raheem concentrating on the concept of time being a basic constituent in the novelistic discourse.
The concept of time reveals the aesthetic the discourse in the novelistic text, for determining the significant features in writing novels.
It also focuses on revealing the time technological characteristics and their constituents which improve the novelistic text by employing the narrative technologies as time change, mixing tenses, and using new expressive styles.

The research deals with the quantitative analysis of the road network in Al-Khalis district, which aims to analyze the transport network through several statistical methods and criteria represented by indicators through which to determine the degree of interdependence, in addition to measures of ease of access, in order to highlight the role of roads in the interdependence of the elements of the urban system in it, and to indicate the extension of the road network. Transportation and its impact on the distribution of population in the region, it also shows the efficiency of the transportation road network and its ability to link the parts of the study area with each other.

This research came under the title "Social Life in the State of Al-Yaaribi", and it aims to define the reality of social life in the State of Al-Yaaribi. It came in three main sections, which dealt with the beginning of the rule of the Yaaribi state, and Imam Nasir bin Mushed al-Yaaribi assuming the imamate in 1624 AD. Formation and highlighting its characteristics and features. The research also touched on the reasons for the weakness of the Yaaribi state, and the impact of its weakness on social life.
We were motivated to complete this research with a keen enthusiasm to know the details of the history of Oman under the rule of the Yaaribi, and to identify aspects of it that were not known, especially in this social aspect, which prompted us to investigate the sources and references that serve the study in this aspe.

There are many uses of urban land in the city of Canaan, and the share of each use in it varies. It is necessary to know the amount of each use of land in the area of the city, because it represents an important step for city planners in predicting the spatial requirements for uses of urban land in the city, so that the future need for it will increase as a result of the increase in population in the city. The future, and the aim of the research is to prepare a detailed study on the uses of urban land to search for the expansion of its area in the future by shedding light on knowledge of population and area expectations for a period of (10) years and the resulting change in land uses and estimating the expected need for it in the future. The research concluded After applying planning standards to urban land uses in the city of Canaan, the most notable results were that the estimate of the area of the future city was identical to the estimate of the areas of land uses expected in the future, in order to achieve a kind of cadastral efficiency for the city. The research also came up with a number of proposals, the most prominent of which is work to preserve the balance. The population in the city of Canaan is facing the significant expansion taking place in some uses, especially commercial use, as well as the development of new residential areas in one of the spaces outside the city.

Emotional repression is a high case of tension that is inhibited inside human self. The attempt to inhibit emotional expression which is in human is a kind of a natural outlet of natural energy which are expressed by emotions. Which led to inhibit this energy is the forming of outer pressure on him because of repression and case of pressure, which is reflected negatively when the individual is subjected to biological and psychological diseases. The individual in this situation resorts to substitutes to solve the crises. The current research aims to identify (the level of emotional repression among preparatory students) and to identify it according to variable of gender (male -female). The researcher Emotional repression for the purpose of data collection, which was prepared by the researcher according to the Theory of (Gross-2004) consisting of (29) items in its final form with three fields and four alternatives. The statistical characteristics of the scale were extracted and it was found that all items are distinguished and statistically related. In addition, the psychometric aspects of the scale such as virtual validity and construction validity. The researcher for the purpose of study designed a counseling program based on (stop-thinking) method for Oren Beck and the was applied on the experimental group in (12 sessions) about two sessions a week for (45 minutes). The data were treated statically by using (SPSS) program and a number of statistical means. The results of the counseling program showed that the member of the experimental group have emotional repression, according to the results the study came up with conclusions, recommendations, and suggestions.

The current research aims to identify: The first: emotional reassurance among university students Second: The significance of statistical differences in the relationship to emotional reassurance according to the variable of gender (males - females) and specialization (scientific - humanities). The sample of the current research consisted of (400) male and female students from the University of Diyala for morning study, of both genders (males - females) and specialization (scientific - humanities). For the academic year (2022-2023), it was selected according to the proportional random stratified method and according to the gender variable (males - females). To achieve the objectives of the current research, the researcher adopted the (emotional reassurance) scale developed by (Maslow’s feeling - lack of feeling of psychological security) expressed by both Dr. (Dawani and Dirani) and used in the study of Al-Khuzaie (2002), which consists of (52) items. The psychometric properties of the scale were extracted in terms of face validity and construct validity indicators. As for reliability, it was extracted using two methods, test and retest, which amounted to (0.80) and by the Cronbach alpha equation method (0.86), as the scale consisted of (52) items. When analyzing the data statistically using the SPSS statistical package, the results resulted in the following: 1-The individuals in the research sample have emotional tranquility. 2- There were statistical differences in the relationship to emotional reassurance according to the gender variable (males - females), which were in favor of (females). There were no differences in the statistical relationship according to specialization (scientific - humanities). In light of these results, the research came out with a set of recommendations and proposals.

The current research aims to identify Positive orientation among secondary school teachers.
The direction and strength of the relationship between professional thinking and positive attitude among secondary school teachers and statistically significant differences in positive orientation among secondary school teachers according to variable gender (male-female) and the number of years of service (less than 10 years – more than 10 years).
To achieve the aims of the research the researcher constructed the positive orientation scale according to the Theory of (Caprara et al, 2009). The apparent honesty and sincerity of the construction, and the stability of the scale were verified by the test and re-test, as the stability coefficient reached the re-test method (0.76), and the Alpha Cronbach method stability coefficient reached (0.90). The current research sample consisted of (400 male and female) teachers from the Directorate of Education of Diyala, and according to the number of years of service (more than 10 years - less than 10 years), the research sample was chosen in a stratified random manner with a proportional method. When treating the data statistically the researcher used (T-test for one independent sample, Pearson's correlation coefficient, T-test for two independent samples, and Alpha Cronbach's coefficient). The results showed that the research sample has a high positive orientation compared to the hypothetical average of the scale and significant differences, and the results indicated that there are statistically significant differences according to the variable of gender (male-female) and in favor of females and that there are no statistically significant differences according to the variable of number of years of service (more than 10 years - less than ten years).

The research dealt with the subject of the female workforce in the health sector in the Najaf Governorate, which is one of the population topics that has sparked the attention of many specialists such as geographers and demographic, as the research aims to identify the rate of female workforce growth and its contribution indicators in the government health sector,
The research reached a set of results, the most important of which is the existence of a spatial contrast to the work of the workforce growth in the Najaf Governorate and at the level of its administrative units, and the growth rate (14.3) for the period (2013 - 2021) in Najaf Governorate, and the Abbasid district and the Najaf district came with the highest growth rate ( 18.6, 15.7) sequences, and the lowest growth rate (6.5, 0.0) in the Qadisiyah and Al -Shabaka, respectively.
The indicators of the contribution of the female workforce were not devoid of variation, and the rate of raw activity of the female health worker in Najaf Governorate for the year 2021 (2.2) of the total workforce in all government sectors (males and females), and the Najaf district center obtained the highest rate of raw activity reached ( 4.5) The lowest rate (0.6, 0.0) in AL-Hira and Al -Shabaka, and the exception of the female contribution rate to the contribution of males in the health sector for the year (2021), as the rate in the governorate reached (79.0) females per hundred males, and the highest rate of female contribution (126.4(In Al -Qadisiyah district, the came with Al –Shabaka, lowest contribution rate of (0.0) female per hundred males.
المقدمة:

The research aims to identify the romantic compatibility, failure, among university students and the relationship between them, and to achieve the research objectives, the researchers built a scale (for romantic compatibility) according to Finkel theory, 2017 (Finkel, 2017)) and the romantic compatibility scale consisted of (28) items, and the apparent validity was verified And the validity of the construction, and the stability of the scale was verified by two methods of testing and re-testing, and the stability coefficient reached (0.81), while the stability coefficient of the tool using the Cronbach alpha method reached (0.77), and the scale was presented to a group of arbitrators specialized in the field of educational psychology, measurement and evaluation, As the research sample reached (400) male and female students from the University of Diyala, and using the statistical bag (SPSS), the results of the research showed that there is a romantic agreement among the university students. In order to achieve the goal of the research: to identify (failure), the two researchers translated the failure scale prepared according to Young's theory (Young, 2005), and the scale consisted of (75) items. (0.85), while the reliability coefficient of the tool using the Wackeronbach method was (0.88), and the results showed that there was a failure in the research sample, and there was also a relationship between romantic compatibility and failure.

In this research, I seek to clarify the connection of the vocal level to the pillar of Arabic poetry, through the method of repetition, which is a stylistic phenomenon that the Arabs have known since the pre-Islamic era in their literature, whether prose or poetry, and this phenomenon has an effect on connotation, rhythm, or internal music.

The current research aims to build a suggested
indicative program with a method of restoring the
cognitive structure in reducing the cognitive
dissonance among middle school students. To
achieve the goal of the research and test its
hypotheses, the researcher used the experimental
method with design (experimental group and
control group with a pre-post test). The cognitive
structure of (Meckenbaum) and the number of
sessions (12) sessions according to the needs that
were identified from the paragraphs of the scale and
by two sessions per week and that the duration of
the session is (45) minutes and as the statistical data
was processed, the researchers reached to build the
proposed indicative program in a method of
repeating The cognitive structure in reducing
cognitive dissonance among middle school
students, and in light of thi

The current research aims to identify the fragile self-esteem of university students. The study sample consisted of (500) male and female students from the University of Diyala, who had been chosen by the random stratified method with a proportional distribution. To achieve the objectives of the research, a fragile self-esteem scale has been built, which consists of (30) items. The face validity and construct validity of the scale have been verified. The reliability of the scale has been verified by two re-testing methods, and the reliability coefficient was (0.86), and the tool’s reliability coefficient reached based on Alpha Cronbach’s method (0.83). All the following statistical means (one-sample t-test, Pearson correlation coefficient, z-test, and Cronbach coefficient) have been used through this research.
The current research reached the following results:
There is no fragile self-esteem among university students.

The current research focuses on identifying a proposed program (existential therapy) in developing psychological happiness among university employees, to achieve the aim of the study, the researchers built a measure of psychological happiness based on a model (Ryff, 1989). The scale consisted of (48) items in its initial form, and the statistical characteristics of the scale were extracted, and the stability of the scale was confirmed by two methods of re-testing, and it reached (0.88). As for Cronbach's alpha, it reached (0.84), and thus the scale became in its final form consisting of (48) items. The sample consisted of (400) female employees from the University of Diyala and the presidency of the university. At the end of the study, the researchers reached a set of recommendations.

The current study aimed to identify the challenges of delivering early intervention services to children with disabilities, from their parents’ perspective in Makkah. For the study, the researchers used the descriptive analytical method using the questionnaire for data collection with a sample of (101) parents of children with disabilities chosen randomly. The results of the first question indicated that the challenges of delivering early intervention services for children with disabilities as perceived by their parents got a moderate rating (M = 3.34). The community-related challenges came first with a high rating (M = 3.77), followed by institutional challenges with a mean of 3.44 (moderate). The family-related challenges came at the bottom of the list with a moderate rating (M = 2.81). Furthermore, the findings of the second question indicated no statistically significant differences (α = 0.05) that could be attributed to the educational qualification or the economic level variables. The researchers recommend conducting more qualitative studies to delve deeper into the challenges facing the delivery of early intervention services as perceived by parents.

The current research aims to know the Impact of a proposed counseling program by changing the rules in reducing the contradiction In emotional expression among middle school students, and the researcher used the experimental research method, and to achieve the goal of the research, the researcher built a measure of contradiction in emotional expression as a measurement tool for middle school students, and it was built according to the theory (1990, King & Emmons). The current research was limited to middle school students / morning studies of public schools in the Baquba District Center of the General Directorate of Education of Diyala Governorate, for the academic year 2022-2023.
The scale, in its final form, consisting of (36) Items, was applied to a research sample consisting of (400) middle school students using a simple random method. The researcher used the statistical analysis program (SPSS) for the humanities and social sciences to process the research data.

Trauma theory is a wide field of research that copes with the psychological and physiological influences of traumatic experiences on individuals. Due to specific traumatic events, trauma refers to a kind of experience that impact a person’s ability to manage, such as wars, accidents, sexual abuse, violence, disasters, and any type of event that affects a person’s life. One of the various effects of such traumatic events is the significant and long-lasting psychological and physical effects, including Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Such influence causes instability in the individual’s life and might lead to more catastrophic consequences, more importantly, may lead to committing homicide or suicide. The research also assumes questions of whether the motives of murdering are worthy or not in addition to this, the research explores the criteria used to evaluate the characters' motives. The present study is conducted to investigate the impact of instability on traumatised persons and their unpredictable behaviour and motives behind the homicide and murdering of some female characters in selected novels of the American writer Gillian Flynn.

Persecution is the systematic abuse by one person or group of people against another. The most common forms of persecution are religious persecution, racism and political persecution, although of course there is some overlap between these terms. Many factors lead to persecution and can ruin the lives of the persecuted by causing suffering, harassment, imprisonment, arrest, fear or suffering. Moreover, the persecuted is considered oppressed socially, politically, and culturally, and this may lead to taking an incorrect action or judgment against the persecutor person and cause destruction of his being, life, reputation, and future.
So persecution is a campaign to harm people and destroy their life in various aspects depending on the mood of the oppressed subjugates people. Throughout history, people have been persecuted for their religion, race, ethnicity, political beliefs, sexual orientation, and many other factors. Also, it is the harassment or oppression of a person or group of people, especially because of who they are.
This paper attempts to analyze persecution, namely knows also as injustice or oppression, depicted in Lillian Hellman's The Children's Hour (1934), analysing them depending on Socrates' ethical theory. Socrates' theory of ethics is a preeminent moral theory that can be used as an analytical tool to analyze the social and cultural factors that some people may be offended by engaging in deviant behavior that causes harm to others. The oppression of the main characters is analyzed to show how this is done.
Hellman shows the teacher as a person who is oppressed by others, which is are represented by, the two headmistress who were accused of lesbianism by their students in Lillian Hellman's The Children's Hour. Consequently, this paper aims to analyze the personality of the teacher as a person who was wronged by his students and by the community despite his honesty and work with sincerity and respect to serving the society and its students, but he was rewarded with accusations and lies that led to the destruction of his life as well as his reputation.

Recently, the world has witnessed the war between Russia and Ukraine, which has represented a direct challenge to international rule of law and stability of the international system. Thus, it has led to different types of political tweets among which those of American president Mr. Johnson. He has started a new type of media war on twitter, accusing Russia and hold them the responsibility for what is happening recently in Ukraine. This raise in the use of political tweets give increase to some controversies over their ideologies and the linguistic strategies employed to convey these ideologies. This creates an obvious need to critically investigate these tweets to find out these ideologies and strategies. The current study is based on the hypotheses that British political tweets depend heavily on linguistic devices to convey their intended messages, claiming that tweets can convey the intentions of the president in such crisis. The selected tweets have been analyzed in the light of the adopted model based on Fairclough (1989).