journal of the college of basic education

The city of Mosul represents centers of intellectual radiation in all scientific fields, throughout the historical ages, through building educational institutions. The self-desire of the Mosul community was a motive for many people to learn and develop the intellectual movement.
Monastery schools are no less active than their counterparts in the rest of the cities in spreading human and scientific sciences. Their interests have extended to include: medicine, arithmetic, astronomical sciences, etc. But what is regrettable is that our sources did not disclose mention of their activities in these fields, except for some indications that pertain to their works and their scientific status.

The research aims to know the effect of teaching history of Iran on the decision-making strategy on the achievement of third-year students. To achieve the goal of the research, the researchers put the following hypothesis:-
 There are no statistically significant differences at the level (0.05) between the average scores of the experimental group students who study history in Iran using the decision-making strategy and the average scores of the control group students who study the same subject in the traditional way in the achievement test
The College of Basic Education / Department of History has been deliberately tested to apply the research. Hall (2) was chosen by random appointment to be the experimental group who study using the decision-making strategy, numbering (30) students, and Hall (3) to be the control group who study in the traditional way. 30) female students and included topics according to vocabulary for the first semester of the year 2021/2022, and the two researchers studied the research groups. T-test for two independent samples, where the search result showed:
 The students of the experimental group who study history in Iran with the decision-making strategy outperform the students of the control group who study the same subject in the traditional way in the achievement test

The reason for choosing the topic is due to the strategic importance of the Red Sea region in global politics, as the Red Sea region witnessed an international race to gain a foothold in it, in addition to the intense American and Israeli naval presence in order to protect oil sources and supply routes. The research problem lies in the lack of official documents, and given For the geopolitical importance of the geostrategic and grand strategy of the Red Sea, whether in history, geopolitics, economy, war or strategy at the local, regional and international levels, we have prepared this research Given the nature of this historical study, the researcher was required to address the subject in an introduction, two chapters, an introduction, and a conclusion.

The current research aims at identifying the Woods model that helps students build knowledge themselves by linking their past knowledge with subsequent knowledge, thus helping the learner develop his mental skills through prediction, observation and interpretation in the form of collaborative groups, Especially when the emergence of strategies and models and modern methods called attention to the student rather than the preservation of study materials, which is the transfer of the educational process from relying on the lesson to rely on the student himself in the process of learning with the participation of the teacher, especially as the age we live is p In the face of these changes, the education system has to keep abreast of this development, including the knowledge of the Woods model, so that learners can cope with the various changes and how to adapt to them. .

Political figures in the contemporary history of Iraq have received great attention from the scientific and academic circles, as these figures have become subjects of scientific studies in order to reveal the truth about their roles and influences in Iraqi political life, within the time frame of the historical actions of those figures, which contributes to the correct understanding of the movement of that movement. History and knowledge of the factors that influenced it, and its future directions, and among these intellectual and cultural personalities, who provided great services to study basic aspects of the contemporary history of Iraq, by writing down the events and developments of that history, and presenting its material to researchers preserved by important publications, from which they take a valid starting point for scientific studies in Their field of specialization, and standing at the forefront of those historians is Abd al-Zaraq al-Hassani, whose efforts have mainly focused, since 1929, and with his own diligence on codifying the history of Iraq during the royal era. Throughout more than (50) years spent in research and writing.

Schools were considered among the most prominent points of communication and knowledge and cultural exchange, and the title of civilizational advancement, east and west. .) A study of one of the Baghdad schools during the Mongol rule period. There were tendencies for some of the Mongol sultans and their rulers in Iraq to restore the glories of Baghdad and what it was during the prosperous Abbasid eras, especially in the scientific and cultural aspects. Some links and mosques to what they were in the past, albeit with a simple thing. Some also built and established new schools, links and libraries that took on their Arab-Islamic character in administration and architecture... A number of their sultans and governors emerged in this aspect, including the governor Atta Malik al-Juwayni and those who had A connection with them, including al-Juwayni's wife, who worked on the establishment of the Asmatiyah school and related things - and I dealt with it in a previous research - which applies to the following periods, including the period of the Jalairi rule (740-813 AH = 1339-1410 AD) during the reign of Sultan Owais (760-777 AH / 1358-1375 A.D.) where the Al-Masudi school was established, the subject of the research, which was established by Khawaja Masoud bin Sadid Al-Dawla, who was one of those close to the governors of Iraq, and he had cultural interests represented in calligraphy and knowledge of the writings of previous nations, as well as his practice of some administrative functions.. and the school was established alongside it in Baghdad Al-Morjaniya, which was established by Khawaja Marjan in the year 758 AH = 1356 AD and others, relied in the research on late historical sources whose events reached the eighth century AH = the fourteenth century AD, including a book summarizing the Majma’ al-Adab by Ibn al-Futi, which included a study of events in Baghdad after the Mongol invasion and the conditions of its schools and scholars, and a book The Ghayathi history, which dealt with the historical events of the Mongol era in general from the year (656-891 AH / 1258-1486 AD), including the events that preceded and followed the establishment of the school in the year 785 AH, and the political and administrative changes witnessed during the Mongol rule ... We also do not forget the importance of modern references Which dealt with the study of the administrative and political conditions and the scientific and urban conditions that permeated them, including the book Encyclopedia of the History of Iraq between the two occupations, especially Part 2 and Part 3, and the book The Ilkhanid State. One of the references that had a clear impact in codifying the news of the Al-Masudi school is the subject of the research..The research was divided into several topics, the first of which dealt with determining the time period of the Mongol Ilkhani or Jalairi rule, and then dealt with the following topics, a summary of the life of its founder, Khawaja Masoud bin Sadid Al-Dawla, and then Studying the establishment of the school and its internal organization, and reviewing the news received about its library and comparing it with the schools that were established in the period under study.

The narratives of Imam al-Sadiq (peace be upon him) were distinguished by a high scientific value, and this value comes through the sources on which the Imam (peace be upon him) relied in disseminating his sciences and knowledge. The Holy Qur’an comes at the forefront of the sources from which Imam al-Sadiq (peace be upon him) drew his historical knowledge. The Holy Qur’an included historical texts spread in the multiplication of the verses, which included events and historical news.Imam al-Sadiq (peace be upon him) relied on the approach of presenting texts and narrations on the Holy Qur’an to ensure their authenticity, and this is a very important issue that gives a positive aspect to the reader regarding his interpretation (peace be upon him) of the Holy Qur’an. Where he , peace be upon him, requires that these narrations do not contradict and violate what is stated in the Noble Qur’an, here the Imam (peace be upon him) gives precedence to the Book of God over what people say, regardless of their rank. Rather, it links the historical event with the Holy Qur’an so that the recipient has a process of realizing this event through the sacred text. That is, he links the historical event with the Qur’anic text, thus giving a historical material of a scientific and ideological nature that is free of impurities.In his debates (peace be upon him), the school of Imam al-Sadiq (peace be upon him) was distinguished in his time by freedom of opinion and research, and this was one of the reasons for the spread and dissemination of Imamate knowledge, before the end of the second century Hijraa. Rather, this culture became a model for freedom of opinion and research, and all Islamic sects followed suit in theological and scientific investigations.
Thus, the events and conclusions of the research revolve, reinforced by historical evidence and clear evidence that supports what the researcher has reached, and God is the guardian of success.

The outbreak of the Iran-Iraq war coincided with the arrival of Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping to power in China, and the transformation of China's domestic and foreign policy from ideology to pragmatism. In light of this, China defined its policy towards Iran during the Iran-Iraq war stage.

The research aims to follow up the most important historical stations that present the characteristics of the relationship between the Arab League and the patterns of the Arab-Israeli conflict during the second half of the twentieth century and the beginning of the third millennium, specifically the war of Hamas movement with the Zionist entity , which went through many stages of policies and procedures in the context of the Arab efforts aimed at finding a solution. We do not exclude those decisions in the files of the Arab League from studying the issue of Jerusalem, which it dealt with in an inseparable manner from the Palestinian issue in general

Many schools of historical criticism started in the seventeenth century with the methods of verifying manuscripts, to the nineteenth century, when the methods of historical research were proven that culminated in the school of historical criticism. With the "linguistic method," we will open a new school for historical studies, and these are some of its points:
1- The study of the origins of words to find out the oldest ones. For example, did “Baal” the Canaanite god precede “Bel” the Babylonian, god, or vice versa? Because the two deities hold the same function. According to linguistic development, the Canaanite word is the oldest, because the hard Arabic phoneme "Ain" ((ع turns into the light Arabic phoneme "alif (ا) and not the other way around.
2- Investigating ancient Arabic manuscripts concerning the Greek or Syriac origin translated from it. This investigation helps to control an Arabic text that transcribers have distorted over hundreds or sometimes thousands of years, and thus we obtain a more accurate text. For example, by returning to the Syriac or Greek origin, we were able to change Arabic words, on which all Arabic manuscripts were unanimous: “little/few” in Arabic becomes “biography”, “mind” becomes “lien”, “to pull” becomes “exist”, “careful” becomes “assertive” and “simplicity” becomes “vitality/activity”.
3- In investigating these manuscripts, we understand very well the development of Arabic writing and the development of grammar. This helps us to criticize the sources, and re-read them. It also helps us in determining the meanings of words in their time before their meaning evolved as it is known today, so we checked it more.

Women enjoy a special place in Arab Muslim societies and historical writings, due to their enjoyment of a higher value in all societies in general. In every era of history, women were subject to a set of social customs and traditions, some of which were imposed on them, isolating them from society, and depriving them of some of their rights, such as education, for example. Some of them practiced it voluntarily and with her desire as part of her upbringing and the environment in which she was raised. And due to the lack of social studies, especially with regard to the conditions of women, so I liked to research the conditions of Iraqi Muslim women during the Ottoman era, specifically in Baghdad and Mosul, to see their conditions during that era.

On the bridges of communication between East and west in the field of Sufism and female guardian ship in Africa in particular ;by tracing the course of this phenomenon and controlling the most important temporal articulations and defining historical moments BY highlighting the of this movement in bridging the relationship between the East and the Westin the field of the mysticism and the sciences of the inner and outer. We have shown how this experience is unique and of a special nature. perhaps due to the influence of the geographical and historical factor. And we touched the issue of the relationship between the phenomenon of women s guardianship and society .And we showed how the different segments and groups of society interacted ;including youth ;women the general public and elites .And where are the representations of this manifested through practices ;believe and criticism?. F. how necessary is it to adopt a local anthropological approach and move from the stage of assimilation to the stage of transgression .establishment and dual criticism?

The Egyptian architecture used adobe in its early beginning , and then used stone extensively at the time of the founder of the third dynasty, King (Djoser), and at the hands of the professional engineer (Imhotep). The architecture began with simple forms such as the royal tombs, which consisted of square-shaped terraces and simple installation, and then developed into what is known as the pyramids, by adding multiple terraces, as is the case in the step pyramid of King Djoser. As for the temples, they varied, some of them were for the sun god or the other deity, and some of them were known as the funerary temples attached to the pyramids, and some of them were known as the valley temples. The research includes three axes, the first deals with the history of Egypt in the era of the Old Kingdom, and in the second axis it deals with the impact of religious belief on the genera form of architecture.

The subject of the Mutasarrifate of Mount Lebanon (1861-1918) is considered one of the topics that deserves study because the mountain region enjoyed semi-independent political activity from the Ottoman Empire in its seven provinces (Koura, Batroun, Keserwan, Metn, Zahle, Chouf, and Jezzine). As the Ottoman state did not have the right to interfere in its internal affairs except after the approval of the European countries, as was decided in the Istanbul Conference on the ninth of June 1861, which counted these seven provinces that constitute Mount Lebanon as an autonomous region enjoying autonomy. Outside Mount Lebanon, it shall be agreed upon in coordination with representatives of European countries (France, Britain, Russia, Prussia, and Austria). This particularity of Mount Lebanon came as a result of the outbreak of civil wars between the inhabitants of these provinces in the years 1841, 1845, and the last of which was in 1860, which was more deadly for the Lebanese. The second party is the Maronite Christians. Following the intensification of the struggle between the two communities to control the government, the aforementioned European countries intervened in the affairs of Mount Lebanon as protectors of the Christian subjects in the Ottoman Empire. Due to the religious specificity of the residents of Mount Lebanon, being a mixture of several sects and sects, the constitution of 1861 was legislated, which consisted of seventeen articles and an appendix that was amended in 1864, and six other articles were added to it in 1912. After the outbreak of World War I in 1914 and the entry of the Ottoman Empire into the war against France and Britain, the Ottoman government worked to end the Mutasarrifiyah system in 1918 and rule it directly.

After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the strategic competitor of the United States of America in the international system, in the early nineties of the last century, the role of American hegemony in international politics emerged, and the international system transformed from a bipolar world represented by the United States of America and the Soviet Union to a unipolar system represented by the United States of America, from here Other emerging, emerging and influential countries in the international system have realized the danger of continuing unilateral American hegemony in the international system, so the emerging countries in the world saw the need for new actors at the regional and international levels to compete with American unilateralism, especially after the international transformations that occurred in the post-war international system. cold. These actors are the emerging countries, the most prominent of which are China, the Russian Federation, India and Brazil. These countries began to form new organizations and economic blocs. They are actors seeking to change the balance of power in international relations, the international system and the global economy. Among the most important of these international organizations and blocs (Shanghai Cooperation Organization, which was founded in In 1996, and the BRICS bloc, which was established in 2010), and the BRICS were formed by (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa), while the Shanghai Cooperation Organization was formed by (Russia, China, Central Asian countries, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, and Kazakhstan, Pakistan and India), The main objective of the formation of the BRICS bloc and Shanghai was to reduce American hegemony and address the imbalance of power and the return of the Russian Federation to its international position that it lost after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, and the international system’s realization of China’s economic strength as it is a coming economic superpower with rapid growth and is able to compete with the United States the United States of America economically

Tourism represents for peoples in general a positive phenomenon that they are proud of and is characterized by what it bears of that characteristic, especially religious tourism because of its importance to these peoples and the legacy and belief they bear, representing their beliefs and their religious intellectual orientations. Attracting the population and a positive state in civil peace of peoples’ coexistence despite their different religious and ideological orientations.
And in Iraq specifically, and through all the indicators that indicate that Iraq was, is and will become one of the most important centers for attracting religious tourism in the world, as it embraces prominent Islamic and non-Islamic civilizational landmarks that people from different places and countries visit for the purpose of religious tourism, which can play a prominent and effective role. In developing the economic and social aspects, which reflects on providing an acceptable standard of living for the population and thus contributes to the stability and progress of the economic situation of the country.
And based on what we mentioned above, the research was divided into four axes. The first axis represents religious tourism in Iraq in the pre-Islamic era among us. The second axis is religious tourism in the era of Islam. In the third axis, I touched on the legal basis for religious tourism in Iraq. As for the fourth axis, the philosophical basis for tourism came. Religious in Iraq.

John Kennedy is considered as a prominent sign in the history of United Stated of America. Through sixtieth of the twenty century, His policy (limit by limit) had leaded to introduce a original changes on interior and exterior polies. The interior was oriented to the youth in which he had seen hope and future, the future which make U.S.A at the first class of labor countries. Such policy was different of the previous presidents by the approach of the managerial and political work. Therefore, his policy through his rule (1961- 1963) made effects in all fields of the society specially programs of development and social reform. He tried to accelerate the economic growth movement, increasing industrial investments, struggled in civil rights in order to ensure the rights of American black people, following women issues and recovering the equality movement with men. In education, he sought to develop education technology in all schools and colleges and attracts the nation to education compulsion. He issued codes the most important are the code of civil rights, health care and age care, the code of the great society to develop substructures of U.S.A. However, in 22 nov.1963 he was assassinated and he couldn’t see his results which are agreed and applied through the subsequent president Lyndon Johnson .

The Islamic Maghreb is distinguished by the legal and social dominance of the Maliki school of thought..The charisma of its jurists and the “power of the Sultan” allied to spread throughout Morocco and Andalusia and dominate its institutions. The Malikis established a strict doctrinal system that got rid of all its competitors from the Awza’is Hanafis Dhahiries Idrisides and Ismailis!
The Malikis did not dispense with the knowledge of the oriental Malikis, so the distribution of knowledge were active towards the Orient since Malik throughout the Middle Ages, for pilgrimage and educational attainment by the scientists of Mecca Medina and Iraq. And if there are many justifications for the dominance of the Maliki school of thought, and the Moroccans’ adherence to and aversion to the rest of the schools. While Ibn Hazm Al-Dhaheri acknowledged: "Two doctrines spread at the beginning of their command of leadership and power, the doctrine of Abu Hanifa and the doctrine of Malik bin Anas." Ibn Khaldun explained it with several subjective and objective factors. Does this explain the persistence of the Maliki kingdom of Morocco and its continuity to this day?

By virtue of its strategic location close to the theater of military operations, and its association with France, Morocco contributed to the Second World War 1939_1945 on the side of the Allied countries. Sultan Muhammad bin Yusuf (Mohammed V) made an appeal to the Moroccans, in which he called for Morocco's full and unreserved support for France in this war, hoping that The victorious countries grant independence to Morocco after the end of the war. Morocco's logistical contribution was of great importance to the Allied countries in order to block the road to Germany in the event of its attempt to occupy the Mediterranean basin. As for its military contribution, Moroccan soldiers received intensive military training by French officers, and the latter was trained by corps of shooters and anti-aircraft artillerymen. He participated. Moroccan soldiers in the liberation of the territory of France and Belgium and penetrated into German territory. In addition to Morocco's economic contribution and providing France with animal and agricultural products, and the establishment of funds for financial and in-kind donations, and mining wealth became at the disposal of France and its allies, which negatively affected the Moroccan economy, and after the end of the war, the allied countries did not fulfill their promises to Sultan Muhammad V and the Moroccan people.

The study of the biography of the Ahl al-Bayt, peace be upon them, is one of the basic building blocks of the ideological, intellectual, political and social ladder that Islam accepted as a method for correcting belief and regulating behavior, due to the great virtue they were known for and the distinguished position they achieved in the history of Islam.Many throughout history believe that the concept of justice is a vague concept that does not exist, and it cannot be fully achieved by any group or applied on the ground. Natural and moral law.The Prophet Muhammad, may God’s prayers and peace be upon him, and the family of his pure house were the most prestigious model in applying and achieving justice by achieving the truth, supporting the oppressed, and uprightness in the biography in word and deed. He embodied tolerance and interaction in a sincere and correct manner that no one lived up toHere, we dealt with the concept of justice in the thought of Imam Musa bin Jaafar, peace be upon them. Forbearance was one of the most prominent characteristics of Imam Musa, peace be upon him. He was a proverb in his dream and suppressing his anger. With favor, to erase the spirit of evil and selfishness from their souls

The study of Arab Muslim historians is one of the most important historical studies , as it reveals an important link in the episodes of the nation intellectual heritage , as it defines features of arab Islamic history and then this study consolidates the approach of historical research .
The importance of this study comes Maghltay considered one of the most prominent arab muslim scholars and thinker in the eighth century AH , and who in varios scientific fields , including his book ` al tarajim al sakita men ketab tahtheb al kamal ` the subject of our study .

The city of Herat is considered one of the cities of the Khurasan region and one of the cities that Muslims conquered and illuminated it with the ray of Islam. Its features and peculiarity were that it was a shining path and its interaction was positive with the Arab Islamic state, and its great center in the Arabian Peninsula. Our study about this city in terms of the historical geography of the city of Herat in terms of its location, area, foundation, scientific and intellectual achievements, and its ancient and modern role that this city has practiced throughout the period of our research, and that is its significance. In the Arab-Islamic. Heritage

In Persia, a new phase began in the relationship of the Persian government with the clergy, especially during the reign of the Shaheen (Muhammad Mirza bin Abbas Mirza and Nasir al-Din Mirza). The government began to establish a strange relationship with the clergy, and although the government pretended to support the clergy, it failed in the end Establishing a relationship with them, due to the extremism of the Shaheen (Muhammad Mirza bin Abbas Mirza and Nasir al-Din Mirza) who do not believe in the teachings of Islam, and it was difficult to agree between the government and the clergy, and as a result, many religious rebellions against the Persian government emerged during the period (1834-1852 AD).

The city of Kadhimiya (the holy) bequeathed several generations with feet in science and leaders who established their works in the land. It was necessary to study these works, the most prominent of which is the Al-Zahra School. Then came our research tagged “Al-Zahra School 1911-1949 a historical study” that the importance of this research is based on the study of the school and shed light on the Its location, its building, its most important teachers and students, its name, as well as its historical development over the years that Iraq has experienced.
The research is divided into an introduction, a conclusion, three sections, and a list of sources. The first topic included the most important religious schools in the (holy) city of Kadhimiya, which bore the title “The Historical Roots of Religious Schools in Kadhimiya City until 1911.” Its building, its most important teachers, students, school planning, and Islamic architecture in its construction, which bore the title “Al-Zahra School, its inception and development until 1949.” As for the third topic: it included the school’s positions on: the British occupation of Iraq (1914-1918), the Twentieth Revolution, and the treaty The Iraqi-British 1922, titled "The Al-Zahra School's Position on Internal Developments in Iraq Until 1949".

Active learning derives its philosophy from contemporary global and local variables. It is a response to these variables by reconsidering the roles of the teacher and the learner, and making the learner the focus of the educational process. Therefore, the current research emphasized the importance of active learning and its ability to change the image of the teacher as the only source of knowledge, and the need to reconsider the roles of both the teacher and the learner in the educational situation. The current research aims to identify the concept of active learning and its importance in the educational process. The research may consist of three chapters. The first chapter was titled (General Concepts of Active Learning), while the second chapter was titled (The role of both the teacher and the learner in active learning). The third chapter, in which the researcher talked about selected strategies in active learning, represented by the project-based learning strategy, the round table strategy, and the learning strategy together. The researcher hopes that he has been successful in his research in talking about active learning and its importance in the educational process, and directing the attention of those in charge of the educational process to the need to build and develop curricula in stages.

The Sovereignty Council was scheduled to exercise the powers of the President of the Republic, while the Council of Ministers was scheduled to exercise two legislative and executive powers. However, the Sovereignty Council determined its authority by approving the laws that the Council of Ministers enacts and legislates. Thus, the Council’s contribution to the exercise of its authority was a formal and symbolic contribution, as it is not He has political influence over the state, as his actions were purely advisory, and the Sovereignty Council did not have any supreme authority. Rather, his job is to ratify the legislative actions of the Council of Ministers, and he performs the tasks that are within the competence of heads of state to accept the credentials of foreign ambassadors, in addition to the fact that the members of the Sovereignty Council are persons Those who are easy to influence due to their old age, that the leader maintained the religious and national representation in the Sovereignty Council after the resignation of Muhammad Mahdi Kubba and the death of Khaled al-Naqshbandi, in addition to that the change in power was the result of an armed revolution led by the army, and if there were free elections, the revolution would not have taken place in the first place.

On July 12, 2006, Hezbollah fighters carried out a qualitative operation, and were able to kill and injure a number of "Israeli" soldiers and capture two others. It was called the “Truthful Promise” in reference to the promise of Sayyed Hassan Nasrallah, Secretary General of Hezbollah, to free the rest of the prisoners, and he announced a formula to release the two captured soldiers in exchange for the liberation of the remaining Lebanese and Arab detainees in “Israel” prisons. The Iraqi press followed the developments of the aggression on a daily basis, especially the position of the Supreme Religious Authority in Najaf, and the Presidency of the Republic, regarding the Israeli massacres, and UN Resolution 1701, and the war constituted a historical turning point that made the Lebanese resistance present a model for a new victory in the history of the Arab confrontation with "Israel".
Hizb allah. Security Council. Qana. Southern suburb. Resolution 1701

The scientific and intellectual movement began in Jabal Amel in the seventh century AH, the thirteenth century AD, based on a foundational stage in which the Amel scholars appeared, as they made the Imami thought in that spot a home and for other sciences in which there are many scientific centers. In a short period of time, it became a source and an exporter of science and scholars.
The Jabal Amel renaissance emanated from its own scholars, despite the backwardness that afflicted our Islamic world, but the scholars of Jabal Amel continued their scientific work steady with determination and perseverance.One of these scientists was the second martyr, Sheikh Zainuddin bin Ali bin Ahmed Al-Amili, who was one of the pioneers of reform and one of the founders of the scientific and intellectual renaissance there, with what he embodied in form of of scientific personality, social morals, reform ideas, educational projects and valuable compositions in literature. He is considered one of the prodigies of the islamic nation in his scientific stature and virtue, and he prevailed, through his efforts and knowledge, in restoring the lost sectarian identity of the Shiites in Jabal Amel and the Levant, which was lost in the pool of political currents that opposed the Shiit sect, which was manifested in the intolerance of non-Sunni sects and the fight against other sects outside the Sunni sect which were prosecuted by authorities.

Egypt has witnessed many fluctuations in its foreign policy with the change of presidents, each president comes pursuing a foreign policy governed in many cases by international and regional developments in that period, and Egypt has adopted multiple positions on the Eritrean-Ethiopian conflict since the Eritrean revolution and its demand for complete independence from Ethiopia, and from the solution of our research this we cast light on Egypt's position on the Eritrean-Ethiopian conflict for the period from 1977 to 1981, where that period witnessed a noticeable variation in the Egyptian position, so we see it in favor of Eritrea It provides financial and popular support to it based on its support for liberation movements in Africa and many countries of the world, and once again it takes the character of neutrality and intervenes to bring the views of the two parties to the conflict closer, and again it supports the Ethiopian party against Eritrea. The division of our research for several axes, where the first axis included the position of the conflict during the years 1877 to 1979, the second axis included the problem of water and its impact on the Egyptian position in that period, while the third axis talked about the position of the Egyptian during the years 1980-1981, a period in which the end of the rule of Egyptian President Mohamed Anwar Sadat.

The city of Jabal Amel is considered one of the important Islamic cities in which religious schools spread and many scholars graduated from it who were credited with conveying the true image of the authentic Muhammadan Islam. It is important in spreading the principles of Muhammadan Islam, and we have discussed the life of the first martyr since his birth and then the schools in which he studied and the distinguished professors who were credited with the arrival of Sayyid Muhammad bin Makki to the prestigious scientific position, and then his scientific works and the most prominent students who studied at his hands until his martyrdom after the trial his mock up

No one has succeeded in saying that Yemen, including the city of Hodeidah, was not affected by the events of the First World War, as a result of its neutral position, or its distance from the main battlefield in Europe or in the Near East region, so whoever looks at the details of this research feels that the Yemeni people have lost hundreds. Of his sailing boats that were known as (Dawa) and their homes and facilities on the coast, which are all properties of the Yemeni community, especially the people of the coastal city of Hodeidah, whose land was a large field for many battles, which resulted in the whole country suffering from The maritime blockade and thus the economic blockade imposed on the country in general, had its repercussions on the city of Hodeidah and its negative effects, as a result of its central geographical location and economic wealth, so the Yemeni people suffered many of these events and their developments throughout the stage of the First World War.

This research is a continuation of a previous topic, during which we presented a detailed study on the spatial and temporal distribution of the population affected by the virus in Iraq from the start of the pandemic until the end of the world 2020, and because the virus is still affecting more and more, and this is shown through the continuation of cases of infections and deaths among the population, so we decided on this The research is to follow up on the development of cases of infection, recovery, and the number of deaths for the population under the influence of the virus throughout Iraq during the year 2021, with the aim of identifying an aspect of the health reality in Iraq and the measures taken by the Iraqi Ministry of Health to limit its spread.

The most important factors affecting agricultural production and the most controlling in determining the amount of agricultural production are natural factors, especially temperature and rain. It aims to study the thermal requirements of the fig tree crop in Kirkuk Governorate and the thermal potential available in the governorate by relying on climatic data for the period (2011-2021) in order to know the extent of the effect of temperature and rain on the cultivation and production of the crop. The research concluded that the study area is a region It is climatically appropriate for the cultivation of the crop, and there is a variation in the average temperatures during the study period, and it was found that the temperature is one of the most important climatic elements affecting the cultivation of fig trees in the study area.

The research aims to study the landforms in Wadi Al-Zalmi Basin, by studying the resulting geomorphic processes, which include mechanical, chemical and substratum weathering processes, and that the processes of erosion and water and wind sedimentation have an impact on the formation of the shapes, and the landforms have been classified based on the system of the Higher Institute The Dutch Geosciences (I.T.C) which is represented by geomorphological processes and the prevailing weathering and erosion processes

For the purpose of determining the cadastral changes in land use in the study area, reliance was made on the data of the relevant departments and institutions, Through the use of some statistical methods for the results of the field survey, such as the method of analysis using the Pearson and Spearman laboratories and the Ka2 square and the linear-linear test with the aim of arriving at determining the most important characteristics of spatial variation for residential use according to the residential neighborhoods of the study area. characteristics. The study relied on clarifying this on a set of tables, statistical techniques, maps and graphical forms to highlight the phenomenon of change and clarify it accurately. The study was to change the land uses and the urban situation in terms of building areas and the urban description of its urban development, and the distinctive planning and design elements for it to determine the level of changes taking place in it

This research aims to identify the (Effetc model Perkins and Blythe in the collection of geographical when students average first grade) was a researcher in this research adopted the experimental design of a partial restraint, the design of the experimental group taught subjects article to conform to the form Perkins and Blyth and the control group taught topics the article itself (the usual way). The researcher has chosen a way that a simple random draw, (secondary excellence for girls) to be an arena for an experience of current research, and having identified the researcher school, I found that the first-grade average is made up of three people, and in a way a simple random drag two divisions each Vkanta chose Division (b) represent the experimental group and the Division (a) represent the control group by 35 students in each division and Kavit researcher among students two sets of search statistically in some of the variables that it considers may affect the safety of the experiment and the accuracy of the results and these variables are: (chronological age students measured in months, geographical degrees for the academic year before, prior knowledge test, IQ test scores, academic achievement for parents, academic achievement for mothers)
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The present study aims to construct a Teaching program proposed in the collection of material GIS and identifying its effectiveness on the 2nd year female students who are participating in the experiment al group at the Department of Geography, college of Education For Women, University of Baghdad.
A Partial control experimental design which is a pre – post experimental – control design is adopted in the present study. Two groups are assigned randomly as an experimental group which is section A , and a control group which is section B from the Deportment of Geography at the college of Education for Women . The total number It amounted research sample (60) by a student (30) students in each division.
The two groups are equalized in several Factors which are : IQ lest , Age in months , prior knowledge , And testing of the above information for geographic information systems (pre-test), and academic achievement for parents, as well as several intruding factors are also controlled during the experimental work

These traffic accidents are companies and organizations that suffer from problems in cases such as those that suffer from problems in vehicle companies or road companies. In addition to its impact on development projects and a large window in society.

The research aims to identify illiteracy in Al-Qadisiyah governorate spatial variation, according to the environment and age structure, at the governorate administrative units level.
To achieve this, use quantitative and descriptive method, tabulat data and convert it in tables and percentages maps, charts and graphs for easy spatial comparison.

It is the current study to identify the effectiveness of a proposed program based on future thinking skills in achieving its geographical subject and mental flexibility among students of the fifth literary class. In order to verify this, the researcher formulated the following zero assumptions:
To achieve the aims of the research, the research community was chosen from the fifth preparatory grade students for the second year of Karkh Education Directorate for the academic year (2018-2019). The number of students reached (38) students. A student of the experimental group, the other formed (of the experimental group) and the other consisted of (33) of the control and to ensure the internal integrity of the experiment towards two categories of groups with variables (chronological age, previous achievement, previous knowledge, intelligence (Achievement test) was prepared from (50) items of multiple choice type to measure the levels of Bloom's classification (knowledge, understanding, application, analysis, synthesis, evaluation) and its validity and reliability were verified and the difficulty and distinction factor was extracted and applied to two research groups the researcher used an equation T-test for two independent samples, and the results showed that the experimental group that studied according to the program was superior to the control group that was studied according to the traditional method.

Climate is one of the most important factors that directly and indirectly affect plant life, as the influence of the prevailing climatic conditions on the distribution of the main groups of plants on the surface of the globe appears stronger than the influence of any other factor of nature. Climate does not work only through its elements such as heat and rain And light and wind directly affect the spatial distribution of plants, but also appear indirectly on plant life in the process of weathering of the rocks of the earth's crust, the formation of soil and the processes of the layers of its sector, and in the mineral and organic components

The importance of fuel filling stations has increased in Iraq at the present time with the expansion of city areas and the increase in the number of cars, "which resulted in an uneven distribution of stations on different city sites, and that the main task of fuel stations is to meet the needs of the population and vehicles with fuel derivatives," and fuel filling stations represent An important vital part of land uses for transportation and services purposes, as it is the main source for supplying vehicles of various types and providing residents in residential areas with oil derivatives, so it is an important element as it is available in most parts of cities and distributed on all types of transportation methods, as the increase in the consumption of multiple energy sources, including Transport fuel of both types (gasoline, gas oil) has led to interest in establishing fuel filling stations in a way that is appropriate to the size of the population and to serve the means of transport of all kinds in the country

The population of some climate elements and relative moisture and winds at the Kut Judiciary Center is important in determining the features of urban formation, a study of temperatures is one of the most important climatic elements that have a direct impact in The life of man and all its activities and heated temperatures and reduce relative humidity and reduce the speed of wind whenever we travel from outside the city because of the frequent human and cars and a large strain part as well as many buildings The contrast in climate elements between separation, indefinition and other area.

The natural constituents in the Abu Shareesh basin are represented by the geological structure, surface features, and climate, where the influence of these constituents varies in the formation of landforms, as the geological structure had a clear role in the study area. Stratigraphically, the dominant rocks in the region are sedimentary rocks, and the study of the surface features aims at topographic and geomorphological analysis in the basin, in order to know the spatial variation that gives a clear idea of the slopes and the direction of the slope, and we infer from it that there is a general slope in the region that extends from the southwest towards the northeast, In addition to studying the climate with its elements (Solar radiation, temperatures, wind, precipitation) and their impact on the study area.