Journal of Petroleum Research & Studies

Geomechanical studies are very important in the development stages of oil fields to solve many problems such as wellbore instability and sand production. However, this study is not complete without the availability of mechanical properties of rocks. These properties estimate from petrophysical logs based on the compressional and shear wave velocities. But the shear wave is often missing from most wells, and the reason might be cost-saving. Therefore, this study aims to find correlations to predict the shear wave velocity of the Mishrif reservoir.
The empirical equations are formed using log data of six wells drilled in the southern Iraq oilfield. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software was relied on to find the empirical correlations. Eleven empirical equations have been obtained, but the best are three equations: linear, quadratic, and cubic because they give the highest value of R2 = 0.924. Also, these three equations (linear, quadratic, and cubic) have been tested for sensitivity, and the most stable equation was quadratic. Moreover, the equations examined using four wells measured shear wave velocity, and the results were very reliable. Finally, the equations were tested by estimate the shear wave in wells where there are no measured data, then calculating the mechanical rock properties, predicting wellbore instability, and comparing the breakout with the caliper, and the result was excellent. This study is an excellent solution for shear wave estimation in wells where there are no measurements.

Nanotechnology is a recent technology which is used in all industry sectors. In the oil and gas industry, this technology is commonly used due to its importance in solving the problems encountered while drilling operations and production stages. Nanotechnology can be used to improve the drilling process by adding nano-materials to drilling fluids in order to reduce drilling problems. This research is extended to previous research that published in journal of petroleum research and studies to compared the effect of nano-materials [Commercial nano-materials Multi Walled Carbone Nano Tube (MWCNT) and nano silicon oxide (SiO2) with nano-silica (rice husks, that prepared in PRDC labs) on water base drilling mud properties].
All characterization tests were achieved by the Nanotechnology and advanced materials researches center it is belongs to the University of Technology. The investigated properties of drilling mud included rheological properties and filtration. All tests are conducted according to API specifications (American Petroleum Institute).
The results show an improvement in the rheological properties (plastic viscosity, yield point, apparent viscosity and gel strength) and filtration after adding the commercial MWCNT, nano silicon dioxide(Sio2) and the prepared nano-silica (rice husks) to the water based mud. The results of plastic viscosity of MWCNT,Sio2 and nano silica(rice husks) are 12,20,8 cp after adding 0.7 gm to the water base mud while the amount of filter is 11.8 ml after adding nano particle size of MWCNT , nanoSio2 and 11.6 after adding nano silica(rice husks). The prepared nano silica (rice husks) gave results similar to the results of the commercial nano silicon dioxide (SiO2). Therefore, using of nano silica (rice husks) can be cost effective due to producing these materials locally instead of using the commercial nano SiO2.

The selection of casing depths and casing design are considered one of the most critical steps in the well construction process. Inaccurate selection of casing setting depths and casing design can result in many challenges, long time and hence high well costs.
"X" oil field was taken as a case study. There is only the exploration well X-1 drilled up to date. The 20˝ surface casing was relatively long because it was set at the top of Dammam Formation. That means deep surface hole, long trip time, large amount of mud, long surface casing, large amount of cement and hence high cost. Also, Hartha Formation was not evaluated because it is isolated with the 13 3/8" & 9 5/8" casing and the perforation through two casing was not available. Another problem, the 9 5/8˝ production casing damaged at the depth 32 m due to failure of tolerating the axial forces before or after the cement job.
All data was inputted into the Landmark software to simulate the well. It was found that the surface casing can be set at the top of Lower Faris Formation instead of Dammam Formation. Also, The Hartha Formation can be drilled in the 12 ¼ ˝ hole and isolated by 9 5/8˝ casing instead of drilling it in the 17 ½ ˝ hole and isolating it by the 13 3/8˝ casing. It was also found that the 9 5/8˝ production casing can withstand all loads by selecting casing with higher weight.
The cost of the modified design was also checked to study the feasibility of the modified design. It was concluded that the modified design can save around 300,000 USD for each well comparing with the design of well X-1.
It is recommended to apply this design on the appraisal well to be drilled. If the design shows no problems, it can be considered the optimum design of appraisal and development wells to be drilled in the future. Also, the slim-hole design can be studied and an economic feasibility comparison can be made with the current and the proposed design in this study.

This review introduces the concept of geothermal energy and the technologies used to harvest this sustainable and clean source. Geothermal systems were explained in details in the review. They were classified into two major types, steam cycle and binary cycle. The steam cycle is always used at higher enthalpy, and a binary cycle is used at low enthalpy. The power generation methods used to produce geothermal power from geothermal resources, typically, comprises of well production, injection and steam and gas separators, heat exchangers, preheaters, turbines and condenser. The steam cycle type allows the water to evaporate and the steam will be separated from brine solution and expanded in a turbine, generally the salty water will have discarded out of system, or it is flashed again at lower system part. Power generation methods were divided into single Flash Steam Plant, Double Flash Steam Plant, and Dry Steam Plant. The components of the geothermal power plant were elucidated, namely, feed pump, heat exchanger, preheater, evaporator, turbine, and condenser. After surveying the geothermal energy worldwide briefly, the Iraqi geothermal energy was introduced. Thermal gradient in Iraqi tectonic zone was analyzed. There is a very limited available literature on Iraq geothermal. However, we were able to analyze the geothermal temperature gradient in Iraq by dividing it into two regions; the northern Iraq, and the southern Iraq. Our analysis shows that Iraq is a poor zone for geothermal with no significant hot spots all over the country. However, low temperature applications can be invested using the exhausted petroleum wells.

Afield development plan (FDP) of the Y and J oil fields for cretaceous reservoir (Harth Formation) evaluation and the production of hydrocarbons in the near future in two Y and J oil fields.
Open hole logs namely (Gamma ray, Resistivity, Sonic, Caliper and Density) logs were used to determine petrophysical parameters. The parameters determined are; volume of shale, porosity, water saturation, irreducible water saturation and bulk volume of water. The thickness of the reservoir varies between (40 and 120) m. Determining the porosity depending on the porosity of the log (16-28)% and core Average porosity (18-37)% values vary between; generally decreasing with depth. Average porosity 33.3%.test is flow crude oil 1000 bll /d.in J field basically water saturation calculation5-16%. And oil saturation (90-80) % and the oil were carried out at a rate of 1000 barrels / day in the complete test of well Y. The amount of the original oil storage OOIP (1039 * 10^6) standard cubic meters.
This study provides an insight into reservoir quality prediction in the study area and other carbonate reservoirs undergone different the development of Hartha reservoir in south Mosul north Iraq as a new reservoirs in the study as Tertiary reservoir producing as old degassing stations enabling facilities from the 1950s are being" surface facility", This study's aimed at making available petrophysical data the computer processed interpretation(CPI) for Hartha reservoir.

This paper aims to predict the effect of porous media permeability and perforations parameters on the pressure drop and productivity index, for the perforated vertical wellbore with six perforations and for two phase angles. The first 60ᵒ phase angle with helical distribution and the second 180ᵒ phase angle with normal distribution. In this study, a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software has been used to simulate a model of 3-D turbulent fluid flow with stander k−∈, steady-state, and single phase. The effect of the permeability of porous media, inlet mass flow rate from porous media, perforations length, and diameter of perforations are studied, for two cases of the phase angles. The results of this study show that, the pressure drop decreases with increasing permeability pf porous media, so the productivity index increasing. Also, increase of inlet mass flow rate from porous media causing an increase in the pressure drop. The perforations length has a few effects on the pressure drop and productivity index, while the diameter of perforations has a greater effect on the pressure drop.

Two wells close to each other (Well A and Well B) have been selected from the same oilfield in southern Iraq. Both wells were drilled through the Mishrif Reservoir, however, perforated within different sub-units. It was observed that one of the wells shows obvious flow naturally while the other did not notice any kind of flow.
The type of hydrocarbon interpretation by Gas while drilling method (GWD), the results confirmed that both of these wells were located in oil-bearing reservoir with comparable gas profiles.
However, petrophysical properties of the pore distribution and permeability using Neutron Magnetic Resonance (NMR) data in Techlog identified key differences in rock quality between the wells across the perforated intervals.
Reservoir quality reveal very wide differences in performance in spite of both wells are penetrating the oil bearing layers within Mishrif reservoir.

Most drilling rigs are designed based on the max static load on the hook of great travelling system structure as 6×7. But when change the depth of the well, the load on the hook changes, so it was necessary to determine the travelling system structure, which ensures the best design indicators of hoisting system.
This research studied the impact of travelling system structure on design parameters of hoisting system and the best indicators of hoisting systems at less drilling lines number suitable with max allowable load on hook for oil and gas wells drilling units.
In this work, A methodology depending on graphical solution for hoisting system indicators curves has been developed. (MATLAB) has been used in order to develop a program that facilitates the application of this methodology and accelerate the work. The most important technical parameters for different drilling unit, in addition to the allowable hookload, by using the most important design indicators that positively or negatively affecting the system with changing travelling system structure. This program depending on graphical solution for set of these indicators in relation with number of drilling lines by finding equilibrium point between positive and negative effects that has the algebraic sum of the slopes is as close as possible to zero. This point represent optimal drilling lines compatible with hookload at practical technical parameters for drilling units.
This study achieves the best indicators for hoisting system working at ideal travelling system and decrease the time required for drilling by increasing hook velocity rate by 12% and the efficiency of hoisting system by 10%. In addition, the lengths of drilling line rate decreased by 40% that cause reduction in material cost and achieving better economic feasibility in comparison with design travelling system.

The current work, studied the effect of replacing the existing two phase separator by three phase vessel on the off- specification quality for the produced oil. The true vapor pressure is set as the main criteria for the quality of product for an existing plant by using Aspen Hysys V9. To guarantee the process simulation is represent the real plant under operations, a comparative study was conducted between the simulation results and the plant data where it was a closely match with actual data to indicate that the simulation is a powerful tool, and it can be used for predicting the actual results. The existing plant operates with base sediment and water ratio no more than 15% while the studies expect to increase this ratio to 60% in future, for that this work is carried out by using Aspen Hysys V9.0 software to study the manipulating of different operating parameters such as dry oil flow rate, base sediments and water ratio, inlet temperature and the pressure of three phase vessel on the quality of product in term of TVP off-specification. By changing the different operating conditions, it has been found that the value of the true vapor pressure for the produced crude oil is less than 14 Psia/ 96.53 kPa. The obtained results conclude that the replacing of two phase separator by three phase vessel has no significant impacts on the true vapor pressure for the produced crude oil. The operating pressure for the three phase separator is revised and calculated where it is increased from 1176.8 kPa to 1330 kPa.

The fluid mixture hydrocyclone is an excellent tool for downhole oil/water separation (DOWS) for high water cut. In the present work the flow through inline axial inlet hydrocyclone is investigated computationally using ANSYS-FLUENT-19 software. The three dimensional continuity and momentum equations with SST k-omega turbulence model are used to simulate the strongly swirling, turbulent flow. Oil/water two phase mixture treated as the working fluid, water is considered as the primary phase and oil is the secondary phase. The considered oil volume fraction this work is 0.25 and flow split is 0.3 for three different flow rates of (14, 28, 56) m3/hr corresponding to Reynold's number range of (1.6 to 6.6)*104. The pressure and velocity fields were analyzed in the whole hydrocyclone with core recirculation. The results are helpful to predict the flow motion inside the cyclone to estimate the oil/water separation process. The present work indicates that the water purity at cyclone exit was 90%, while the obtained oil purity was 38%.

Activated carbon is loaded with 2 totally different metals: Ce and iron. The catalyst was characterised by Brunauer Emmett Teller (BET) and Fourier rework Infrared (FTIR). The discharged conditioner had the best area and pore volume of 1100 m2/g and 0.3 cm3/g, respectively.AC/Ce/Fe achieved the best kerosene adsorption performance (75%) though the lowest surface area and pore volume of 965.7608 m2/g and 0.39 cm3/g due to the acidic sites required for adsorption of sulfur compounds. Batch experiments with AC/Ce/Fe showed a high adsorption capacity. These experiments were designed by Minitab Response Surface Methodology RSM 2019. The Analysis of variance ANOVA shows that the concentration of H2O2 has most significant effect on the sulfur removal followed by reaction time and temperature, respectively. The model optimization was set its parameters additives 10 ml H2O2, temperature 80 0C and time 5 hr.

Through this research, copper oxide nanoparticles were prepared via precipitation method using copper nitrate as a starting material. The resulting nanomaterial characteristics were diagnosed using available technologies such as AFM, XRD, B.E.T. surface area, pore-volume, pore size, and FTIR.
For modern industries, lubricants are efficient materials for reducing friction between moving surfaces. CuO nanoparticles are used as an additive that is dispersed in an oil phase. Ultrasound technique was used to disperse the nanomaterial in Stocks 60 base oil, and the effect of the ratios of the added nanomaterial on the final properties of the oil was studied. A ratio of 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2% was used and mixed with an approbate amount of oleic acid and was dispersed using ultrasound.
The prepared copper oxide nanoparticles had an average particle size of 31.76nm and crystallinity of 93.63%. The surface area was around 27.61 m2 / g. Diagnostic tests were carried out on the oil, as it led to an increase in the viscosity index gave high stability and good dispersion of the nanomaterial for a long time, as the viscosity index was re-examined during successive periods. The final characterization of the oil shows a good improvement in the viscosity index of 110 and the flashpoint increased to 240 ° C. By increasing the viscosity index leading to ease movement inside the tools and contact surfaces oil will overcome the severe conditions during operations

In a centrally ignited constant volume chamber, an experimental research on the laminar flame speed of premixed gasoline/ethanol/hydrogen/air mixtures is undertaken at varied initial pressures (0.1-0.3 MPa), constant initial temperature (593 K), and variable equivalency ratios (0.75-1.5). The mixing method is based on the energy replacement principle, and various component blending ratios are tested. This has necessitated the construction of a specific laboratory experimental equipment. The flame speeds are measured using the Shelerian photography technique using a high-speed camera. The results reveal that adding hydrogen to dual fuel mixtures has a considerable impact on stretched laminar flame speed. The stretched laminar flame speeds for 20 percent H2-80 percent G, 40 percent H2-60 percent G, and 60 percent H2-40 percent G are 3.71 m/s, 7.329 m/s, and 11.0267 m/s, respectively, at 0.1 MPa initial pressure and stoichiometric mixture. For 20 percent H2-80 percent G, 40 percent H2-60 percent G, and 60 percent H2-40 percent G mixtures, the un-stretched flame speed at atmospheric pressure and stoichiometric is computed and found to be 1.23 m/s, 3.67 m/s, and 7.093 m/s, respectively. When the initial pressure is increased, both stretched and un-stretched flame rates drop. "
The results of the triple fuel mixes demonstrate that the influence of ethanol addition on the stretched laminar flame speed is significant at constant hydrogen blending ratios, with 2.24 m/s at 20% H2-16% E-64 percent G and 2.68 m/s at 20% H2-32 % E-48 % G at 0.1 MPa for stoichiometric mixture. For dual fuel combinations, the effect of starting pressure on stretched and un-stretched flame speeds is the same. Where the flame speed has a maximum value for stoichiometric combustion, the equivalence ratio has a greater effect on flame speed. "

In this research, the structural and sensitivity properties of the toxic gases of films tungsten oxide (WO3) nanoparticles prepared by the pulsed laser deposition method were manufactured and studied using a Nd:YAG laser. To show the effect of different temperatures (400, 600 and 800 oC) on films deposited on quartz substrate for all samples. The results of X-Ray diffraction (XRD) showed that all the thin films have polycrystalline structure and have a peak direction (010) for all samples, and that increasing the temperature led to an increase in the particle size. The decrease in the values of the full width and half maximum (FWHM) of the films (WO3) for (010) modes from 0.19 to 0.14 with increasing temperature. The nature of the topography of tungsten oxide (WO3) nanoparticles was studied using atomic force microscopy (AFM), which proved that the films grown in this way have good crystallization and have a homogeneous surface. The root mean square (RMS) values of the tungsten oxide nanoparticles (WO3) increases with increasing temperature. When measuring the sensitivity of tungsten oxide nanoparticles (WO3) to (CO, NH3 and NO2) gases, it was found that the films have good sensitivity to these gases at room temperature (RT), and it was the best sensitivity of the films is at a temperature of (800 oC) as follows: CO gas (81%), NH3 gas (84%) and NO2 gas (100%) .All studies have shown that tungsten oxide (WO3) has the ability to detect toxic gases, such as (CO, NH3 and NO2), which have an detrimental effect on workers in oil refineries. The films of tungsten oxide (WO3) is used in themanufacture of gas sensors that can be used inthese refineries, and when the temperature increases, it becomes more sensitive to gases (CO, NH3, NO2).

Using biotechnology in petroleum industry has many advantages .for example , Microbiologically Enhanced Oil Recovery (MEOR) increase of the productivity of the oil field and decrease the viscosity of the crude oil . It's known that atmosphere has considerable amount of CO2 gas as a result of industrial activities (crude oil production). CO2 gas plays a role in increasing atmosphere temperature and causing global warming. Bioremediation is a viable Biotechnology function for Re-producing depleted wells and global warming. It means Bioremediation uses metabolic adaptation of microorganism, a promising approach, using this technique employs of Methanogenic bacteria to convert CO2 gas in to CH4. Therefore turns carbon dioxide in to carbon which is added to crude oil (so contribute decrease the viscosity for heavy crude oil, This mechanism is a part of the promotion of oil production.it is apart an operation EOR. and Second reacts with Hydrogen by Bacteria to produce methane gas. The aim study, advantage this method increase production. and removal global warming. In this review, we discuss the role of Methanogenic bacteria in transforming CO2 gas into methane gas , that it has a role in crude oil production . Methanogenic bacteria have an important role in petroleum industry and environment during decreasing CO2 amount in the atmosphere and increasing reservoir pressure. MEOR technology uses strains that have a role in crude oil production; these bacterial strains produce biogases (Methane) that increase reservoir pressure. In this study, six strains were isolated from Rumaila oilfield, south of Iraq. These strains were identified based on microscopic and morphological observations. These strains were Methanogenic bacteria. The main part of this study includes identification of bacteria that can consume CO2 gas and making continual lab experiments to isolate and determine the best genus to do this process in oil field. Experiments were done in specific bio-labs for two years, Methanogenic bacteria strains were isolated by using specific selective growth media. The second part of this study is using these strains for bioremediation process of oil wells, which includes providing anaerobic conditions for these strains to transform CO2 gas to methane . Morphological and microscopic observations were conducted to these strains and showed the best kind of these strains according to the ability of transformation of CO2 to methane. The isolated bacteria were called BRS11 strain showed high efficiency in transformation of CO2 to methane.

The novel approach includes The sol-gel technique was used to make titanium dioxide nanoparticles and then for photodegradation Benz[a]anthracene a crystalline, aromatic hydrocarbon, as a trial sample of the residue of hydrocarbons in environments close to oil refining facilities and oil fields, methods, the bandgap was modified by solid-state reaction with Lithium aluminium hydride (AlLiH4) reductive compounds. The optical properties were measured using a UV-visible spectrophotometer (Absorbance (A), energy bandgap (Eg), and absorption coefficient (α). TiO2 and TiO2- solid-state reaction showed a clear blue shift of the absorption bandgap which were (2.8ev, 2.7ev, 2.25ev, 2.0ev) to) TiO2, calcination TiO2-AlLiH4 (500C°) then TiO2 -AlLiH4 (750 C°)) respectively. The structure of prepared TiO2 Nanopowders was identified using XRD, Distribution of particle size varied significantly compared to the Sheerer formulation predicted crystallite size (D). which was in a good accordant compared with ASTM results, the particle size and their distribution were characterized using (AFM). To the surface forms and compositions diameters of nanoparticles) SEM) was implemented. The microanalysis of energy scattering X-ray (EDX) was used to examine the chemical makeup of the entire samples. Using UV-Vis spectrophotometry, the photocatalytic response was examined. The photocatalyst impact on the benz[a]anthracene decomposition rate by using catalyst TiO2- and solid-state (TiO2-NaBH4 (550,750)) and (TiO2-AlLiH4 (500,750 C°). A photocatalytic effect is the catalyst's influence on the catalyst. Using the constant weight of the catalyst and benz[a]anthracene The most effective weight was found (1*10-4 M).

Tetrahydrothiophene (C4H8S) is used as an odorant for liquid gas (LPG).the Tetrahydrothiophene acts as an alarm when a leak occurs in liquid petroleum gas (LPG) bottles at a gas filling and distribution company. where it is added at a concentration of (20PPM) to the liquefied gas.
This research includes the preparation of an alternative substance to (tetrahydrothiophene C4H8S). ethanethiol (C2H5SH), that is used as an odorant for gas leaks. It was prepared in the laboratory at the Petroleum Research and Development Center through the reaction of hydrogen sulfide gas (H2S) with ethanol alcohol (C2H5OH) in the presence of a catalyst (Gama alumina) .at a temperature of (350-400 °C) using the reactor or the system that was manufactured Inside the petroleum research and development center.
The prepared substance was identified using various techniques including the (FT-IR) technique to identify the functional groups. In FTIR the thiol group (SH) clearly appeared at a frequency of (2500 cm-1) with the disappearance of the hydroxyl stretching band, which usually appears at a frequency of (3300Cm-1).
The density test for the prepared substance was also conducted using a digital density measuring device inside the laboratories of the petroleum Research and Development Center. The result was 0.8452 g/cm3 at the standard temperature (15.6 ○C).
The (GC-Mass) assay technique was also used, which is considered one of the most important identification tests and works to give the synthetic formula of the substance. A chart with the highest signal intensity was obtained, which is (62) that represents the molecular weight of the prepared substance ethanethiol (C2H5SH) according to what was extracted from the electronic library of the examination device.

New talented treatment method without chemicals and with minimum operational cost was performed to treat industrial waste water discharged by a hydrostatic test performed on the gas bottles maintenance workshops to reuse it. A common method by Tarleton and Wakeman was used to select the general treatment philosophy, The implementation of this study was carried out on three stages, water sample analysis, simulates the proposed preliminary design and detailed engineering designing for the first stage, a sample of waste water was brought from Al-Kut Gas Filling Company - maintenance section and tested for settling, aeration, and filtration. The experiments showed that the most of sediments were insoluble but rather than suspended in water and can be removed by settling. Furthermore, aeration test showed that concentrated Thiophene odor in water was removed at 50 C of water with diffused air bubbling. On the other hand, filtration of using 10 Micron filter paper was achieved to eliminate the rest of tiny sedimentation. Secondly, general dimension of equipment was calculated by engineering design equation according to qualitative and quantitative analyses of waste water. Accordingly, a set of experiments of simulation using ANSYS V19.0 and Eulerian – Eulerian as mathematical model were performed for the 3D two phase flow sedimentation tank with capacity of 5 m3/hr to find the optimum sedimentation performance by testing of the modifications on the tank geometry (baffle depth, distance between baffle and inlet, hooper). Simulation results showed that the optimum tank geometry (0.86 m Baffle depth with inclined part, 2.5m distance between baffle and inlet, hooper within V type geometry W=1.67m/0.29 m, D=1.03 m and tank dimension (L=10m, W=2.5, H=2.5 with slope angle = 2o) with 49.5 volume % in sediment layer with a minimum sediment layer height.
The third stage included an accomplishment of the Preliminary and detailed engineering design of the entire unit by SOLIDWORKS software to be ready for prototyping.

This study focused on the two systems of Cathodic Protection, CP, (temporary (Sacrificial Anodes, SACP) & permanent (Impressed Current, ICCP) that were used to protect West Qurna (Tuba-1) crude oil pipeline42 in / Basrah Oil Company, BOC, from corrosion challenges.
Design Calculations for CP systems were achieved according to the standards of National Association of Corrosion Engineers, NACE. These calculations were simulated using Matlab –Simulink Software 2018. Then, the simulated design was converted to Graphical User Interface, GUI. This GUI allows the user to enter the design data & perform the calculation faster & more efficiently. Furthermore, GUI was converted into a dependent program by installing Matlab Runtime Installer which enables the execution of Matlab files on computer without installed version of Matlab.
The results showed that there was matching between the calculations of CP design & the simulated design. SACP demonstrated that 4 Mg anodes are required to protect 1 km of sec.1 of pipeline for 4 years period while 6 Mg anodes are required to protect 1 km of sec.2 for 11 years period. ICCP system for sec.1 of pipeline requires 4 magnetite anodes to supply 2.86 v by rectifier in accordance with horizontal bed resistance RH ≤ 1.5 Ω while sec.2 requires 25 magnetite anodes to supply 2.45 v by rectifier in accordance with vertical bed resistance Rv ≤ 1.5 Ω. The designed program proved that it was easy to install & efficient in making Calculations.
According to the above, this program can be adopted in prediction studies to know the design outputs (No. of anodes, required current for protection & voltage supplied by rectifier).

In this paper, it presents a detailed analysis of the use of the parabolic solar concentrator in heating and boiling water, as the parabolic solar concentrator was manufactured with a diameter of (96 cm), the focal length of the dish is (72 cm), and the focus depth of the dish is (8 cm). It was made using a parabolic dish with a diameter of (96 cm) and using glossy aluminum foil as a reflective sun ray after being cut into strips 10 cm wide and glued to the inner surface of the dish. Metal tin cans with two capacities (1L and 2L) were used as the absorbent receiver. Experiments were conducted to boil water from the roof of the house in Nassiriya city. The study calculated the optical efficiency of the equivalent solar concentrator, the amount of heat output as a result of the fall of concentrated solar radiation on the receiver, the amount of useful heat gained, the thermal losses from the receiver, the collector efficiency. Many tests were conducted in Nassiriya city weather conditions.
The results of the experiments showed that the efficiency of the solar center mainly depends on the diameter of the concentrator dish, the quality of the reflector used, the time of heating the water, and the closing to midday. While the high ambient air velocity leads to a decrease in the receiver temperature by increasing the heat loses to ambient air by convection, thus reducing the efficiency of the solar concentrator; as well as the accuracy of directing the dish towards the sun and determining the focus accurately also affects the efficiency of the solar concentrator.

The difficult challenges facing the designers and engineers of combustion systems are the flame stability (flame stability map) represented by the limits of flashback and blow-off. In this study, acetylene gas was combined with Iraqi liquefied petroleum gas at rates (10% - 50%). The reason for choosing these two components is the low cost and ease of access to it. Where the flashback limits (critical velocity gradient) were obtained from (40-485) 1/sec, while the blow-off limits were (265-2510) 1/sec with a diameter of 25 cm for the burning nozzle diameter only for Iraqi LPG without mixing acetylene. While in the case of mixing 10% acetylene, the flashback limits (critical velocity gradient) were from (30-520) 1/sec and the blow-off limits (440-3985) 1/sec for the same diameter of the muzzle of 25 cm. Whereas, when mixing 30% of the acetylene, the flashback limits (critical velocity gradient) were from (55-575) 1/sec and the blow-off limits (570 - 4050) 1/sec. From the above three cases, noticed a relative expansion of the flame stability map for the flashback boundaries, while at the blow-off limits the amplitude was clear and large, which indicates the confidence in mixing acetylene with Iraqi LPG and obtaining a larger flame stability map. Thus, it stimulates its use in industrial fields and gas turbine power stations.

In the pipeline networks field, GAL surfactant can reduce drag forces relatively using a small quantity part per million (ppm). Accordingly, the drag reduction (DR) enhancement is highly recommended in many industrial applications specifically the crude oil transportation aspect. GAL solution was experimentally investigated at various concentrations. The experiments were performed at low concentrations range from 50 to 300 ppm, and high concentrations range from 1000 to 2000 ppm. The rotating disk apparatus (RDA) was used at various speeds range from 50 to 3000 rpm in all experiments. Torque values of the GAL solutions were compared with water alone. The results clearly show that the different concentrations of the Glycolic Acid Ethoxylate Lauryl Ether (GAL) are good drag reduction agents (DRAs), with clear and high torque reading differences. Further, GAL solutions have the same tendency at all concentrations. The torque finding was enhanced with increasing concentration.

The current research includes applying a cycle of continuous improvement and using geographic information systems for the purpose of controlling work accidents. (24) Incidents were selected as a sample for the period 2017-2018-2019 that took place in the Oil Exploration Company. The research problem was determined by the presence of accidents that affected the productivity of seismic teams and negatively and significantly affect the progress of production in terms of stopping work, slow completion, inaccuracy, loss of effort, in addition to the loss of competencies of geologists, engineers, and skilled workers, waste of time and work requirements, the method of applying the Deming Cycle was used. For continuous improvement and geographic information systems (GIS) technology by using ArcGIS 10.8 and studying the impact of improvement by analyzing some data spatially, the research has reached several results, the most important of which is the possibility of using geographic information systems to build databases that can be referred to avoid accidents among workers.

The issue of oil and gas management is considered one of the most important topics in dispute between the federal government, the Kurdistan Region, and the governorates that are not organized in a region. We are interested in learning about the nature of disputes related to the management of oil and gas between the federal government and the regions and governorates that are not organized in a region and ways to resolve them in light of the provisions of the Iraqi constitution