Journal of the College of Languages

This paper aims to add to the growing body of cognitive translation studies that deal with the translation of emotions and the factors of evaluating the translation process-oriented. Cognitive appraisal is one of the tokens that includes three paradigms of assessing the performance of translation, it can be addressed from the perspective of emotions, intuitions, and individual styles of the SL and the method of transfer into TL. The study hypothesized that translators create a similar emotional charge due to their mental capability to build the same emotional effect in the TL audience. The study also proposed that the applicability of cognitive appraisal is a valuable method of evaluating the translation process, as pertinent to TPR. The study involved two translations for (15) texts including horror situations, and applied three paradigms of cognitive appraisal as a model of analysis, according to the congruence - emotional effects, regulation of emotional - effects, and inference - of emotional effects, to achieve the objective of the research. The study concluded that translators of horror fiction created a sort of emotional effect in TL, but they may vary in the type of strategy adopted to transfer SL into TL.

As performers in a social world, we communicate with other people by sharing information on many different levels. Each utterance includes linguistic information and conveys much information about the speaker’s identity. Variation in voice quality indexes information about the speaker and marks the speaker’s identity as a unique individual. The present study aims to validate the belief that each individual has an inalienable voice print that can’t be imitated. The study verifies that, even the more similar personality between two individuals, or the close position in society the variance is voice quality. The acoustic analysis is performed via analysing the acoustic parameters namely: the fundamental frequency, amplitude, intensity, duration and pitch of Jacqueline Kennedy and the actress Natalie Portman who performed Kennedy’s character in the film “ Jacki”. The results show that Kennedy’s voice quality is breathy; whereas, Portman’s voice quality is falsetto. The study concludes that it is possible to recognise the identity of any individual from the properties of her/his voice quality due to the fact that each person has an unparalleled voice print.

As performers in a social world, we communicate with other people by sharing information on many different levels. Each utterance includes linguistic information and conveys much information about the speaker’s identity. Variation in voice quality indexes information about the speaker and marks the speaker’s identity as a unique individual. The present study aims to validate the belief that each individual has an inalienable voice print that can’t be imitated. The study verifies that, even the more similar personality between two individuals, or the close position in society the variance is voice quality. The acoustic analysis is performed via analysing the acoustic parameters namely: the fundamental frequency, amplitude, intensity, duration and pitch of Jacqueline Kennedy and the actress Natalie Portman who performed Kennedy’s character in the film “ Jacki”. The results show that Kennedy’s voice quality is breathy; whereas, Portman’s voice quality is falsetto. The study concludes that it is possible to recognise the identity of any individual from the properties of her/his voice quality due to the fact that each person has an unparalleled voice print.

The analysis of detective novels has taken different aspects. The linguistic analysis of them, for example, has tackled the linguistic systems of morphology, phonology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics. In line with the linguistic analysis, this study explores the various pragmatic and stylistic devices realized through detective novels for the purpose of misdirecting and deceiving the reader. The problem is that when readers try to reach to the truth, they face difficulties. They might not reach to the right solution or infer wrong conclusions because writers use some techniques to hide the truth and mislead them. This study aims at examining these techniques and devices; namely, Grice's Maxims and ambiguity as pragmatic devices on the one hand, andforegrounding, backgrounding, and focalization as stylistic devices on the other hand. It also aims to show the effect of these devices in a number of selected detective novels written by Agatha Christie and Arthur Conan Doyle. It is hypothesized that different stylistic strategies are used in detective novels for the purpose of misdirection and that foregrounding is the most frequently used one among these devices. It is also hypothesized that the rate of using pragmatic deception strategies is higher in Christie’s novels than in Doyle's ones, especially the violations of Grice's maxims, and that the two maxims of Quantity and Manner are more frequently violated than the other two maxims of Quality and Relevance. The findings of the study reveal that Christies’ style of writing is more mysterious than that of Doyle. The study also revealsthatfocalization,the violation of the two maxims of Quantity and Quality, and the utilization of ambiguous expressions which are also considered instances of violating the maxim of Manner are the most recurrent stylistic and pragmatic deception strategies respectively.

Persuasion is a process studied by many scholars from the Greek time until the present. One persuasion strategy is metadiscourse, which refers to the writers' awareness of their text, the way they present themselves to the readers. The writers use metadiscourse markers to help the readers understand the real meaning of the text (Hyland 2005). The paper carries out a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the employment of persuasive metadiscourse markers in two English trade agreements and two Arabic agreements has provided interms of Hyland's (2005)model of interactive and interactional markers. The aim is to find out whether all types of metadiscourse markers are used or not, and also to see whether English or Arabic employs more markers in their agreement texts. At the end, the analysis shows that Arabic agreements employ more metadiscourse markers than English agreements.

People are supposed to use languageharmoniously and compatibly.However, aggression may characterize much of human communication. Aggressionhas long been recognized as a negative anti-social issue that prevails in most personal interactions. If it aboundsin familial communication, it is more dangerous due to its harmful effects on individuals and societies.Aggression refers to all the instances in which we try to get our way without any consideration for others.Moriarty’s novel (2014), Big Little Lies, is argued to represent patterns of aggressive communication. This study aims to identify the motivations behind aggressive language in familial communication in this best-seller novel. It endeavors to identify the pragmatic strategies that are utilized to convey aggression in the data under scrutiny. As aggression is a critical social issue, it is studied in terms of the critical pragmatic paradigm. This study is qualitative and descriptive. The analytical framework is interwoven out of the speech act theory of Searle (1969) and Culpeper’s theory of impoliteness (1996). The analysis shows that negative speech acts like criticizing and complaining abound and negative impoliteness strategies are highly used in this novel.

Our research comes to shed light on Iraqi literature as literature that arose in special circumstances alongside foreign literature. Using comparative research methods, we chose to highlight two distinguished writers, who have their mark in the world of literature. The first is the Iraqi writer Maysaloun Hadi, who is considered an icon of Iraqi feminist literature, and the second is the French writer Le Clézieu, who won the Nobel in 2008. We will see through the research how the two authors expressed their views of modernity and urbanism. And how each of them separately portrayed the psychological and moral projections that formed the essence of man today.
Résumé
Notre recherche abord un des points inconnus au monde entier, celui de la littérature irakienne qui apparaît un peu différente de celle de la littérature étrangère. En utilisant les procédés de la littérature comparée, nous abordons les œuvres de deux écrivains brillants: Maysloon Hadi et Jean Marie Gustave Le Glézio. Les deux ont leur propre regard vis-à-vis de la modernité et de l\'acte humain.
De fait, MaysaloonHadi représente l\'icône de la littérature féminine irakienne. Quant au LeGlézio,il remporte le noble en 2008.
Nous allons découvrir ci-dessus les idées ainsi que les visions que les deux portent envers leur société.

Our research comes to shed light on Iraqi literature as literature that arose in special circumstances alongside foreign literature. Using comparative research methods, we chose to highlight two distinguished writers, who have their mark in the world of literature. The first is the Iraqi writer Maysaloun Hadi, who is considered an icon of Iraqi feminist literature, and the second is the French writer Le Clézieu, who won the Nobel in 2008. We will see through the research how the two authors expressed their views of modernity and urbanism. And how each of them separately portrayed the psychological and moral projections that formed the essence of man today.
Résumé
Notre recherche abord un des points inconnus au monde entier, celui de la littérature irakienne qui apparaît un peu différente de celle de la littérature étrangère. En utilisant les procédés de la littérature comparée, nous abordons les œuvres de deux écrivains brillants: Maysloon Hadi et Jean Marie Gustave Le Glézio. Les deux ont leur propre regard vis-à-vis de la modernité et de l'acte humain.
De fait, MaysaloonHadi représente l'icône de la littérature féminine irakienne. Quant au LeGlézio,il remporte le noble en 2008.
Nous allons découvrir ci-dessus les idées ainsi que les visions que les deux portent envers leur société.

This research deals with compound sentences in the German language and how to transform them and transfer them into a main sentence, touching on their functions and characteristics. Actual to nominative, which is a unique feature of the German language, with some diverse examples taken from various sources.
This case is distinguished, like other grammatical cases, with its positives and negatives, as some difficulties and obstacles that arise when using this type of sentences have been clarified, which are difficult to formulate, use and understand. And that this grammatical situation is almost confined to scientific texts with all their branches, for example, medical, legal, literary and political texts and other scientific disciplines.
In this work, I tried to focus on the reasons for converting compound sentences into main sentences and the conditions and controls that these sentences are subject to during conversion in terms of attention to the elements of the sentence affected by that change and the grammatical situation such as tools.
This phenomenon is used in the German language, which has a special flavor in terms of the style that keeps us away from laziness in description or clarification. At the same time, it is not possible to rely completely on this grammatical phenomenon and to stay away from compound sentences because, like other grammatical phenomena, and as mentioned above, they cause stylistic problems when used in purely scientific texts. In which. Therefore, we often find this type in literary works.
0- Prämisse
In dieser Arbeit werden eines der wichtigsten grammatischen Themen und ihre Schwierigkeiten dargestellt, in denen die Lernenden gerieten. Dieses Thema lautet die Umformung des hypotaktischen Satzes in einen Hauptsatz und was daraus ergebendes grammatikalisches Phänomen Nominalisierung im Deutschenhat gezielt, einerseits die Schwierigkeiten bei der Bildung und Umwandlung hypotaktischer Sätze zu untersuchen und andererseits der Begriff Nominalisierungaus der Sicht der arabischen Deutschlernenden am Fachbereich Germanistik, der Universität Bagdad zu beleuchten. Das nächste Ziel bezieht sich daran, ob dieses Phänomen die Nominalisierung erst jetzt an Bedeutung gewonnen hat. Semantische und syntaktische Übersicht wird dargestellt und untersucht, zu diesem Zweck wird die Konjunktionen und Präpositionen behandelt, die dem Umwandlungsprozess folgen. Diese umgeformten Sätze, die als Sprachstil sowohl in der geschriebenen Sprache als auch in der gesprochenen Sprache betrachtet werden, werden im Laufe der Arbeit näher erklärt.
Diese vorliegende Arbeit besteht aus zwei Abschnitten. Im Ersten Abschnitt werden die resultierten Kategorie klassifiziert und gekennzeichnet wird: Das Phänomen Nominalisierung, die durch den Umformungsprozess der Nebensätze und Hauptsätze in einem Hauptsatz wie Kausalsätze, Konditionalsätze, Konzessivsätze, Finalsätze und Konsekutivsätze, die Nominalausdrücke, die durch die Umwandlung der Verbalausdrücke resultiert wird und die substantivierten Wortarten. All dies wird im Laufe der Arbeit näher beleuchtet, wo jede von denen mit konkreten Beispielen ergänzt wird. Der zweite Abschnitt behandelt Ergebnisse einiger Studenten an der Germanistischen Abteilung mit ihrer Analyse. Fazit und Quellen befindet sich am Ende dieser Arbeit.

This research deals with compound sentences in the German language and how to transform them and transfer them into a main sentence, touching on their functions and characteristics. Actual to nominative, which is a unique feature of the German language, with some diverse examples taken from various sources.
This case is distinguished, like other grammatical cases, with its positives and negatives, as some difficulties and obstacles that arise when using this type of sentences have been clarified, which are difficult to formulate, use and understand. And that this grammatical situation is almost confined to scientific texts with all their branches, for example, medical, legal, literary and political texts and other scientific disciplines.
In this work, I tried to focus on the reasons for converting compound sentences into main sentences and the conditions and controls that these sentences are subject to during conversion in terms of attention to the elements of the sentence affected by that change and the grammatical situation such as tools.
This phenomenon is used in the German language, which has a special flavor in terms of the style that keeps us away from laziness in description or clarification. At the same time, it is not possible to rely completely on this grammatical phenomenon and to stay away from compound sentences because, like other grammatical phenomena, and as mentioned above, they cause stylistic problems when used in purely scientific texts. In which. Therefore, we often find this type in literary works.
0- Prämisse
In dieser Arbeit werden eines der wichtigsten grammatischen Themen und ihre Schwierigkeiten dargestellt, in denen die Lernenden gerieten. Dieses Thema lautet die Umformung des hypotaktischen Satzes in einen Hauptsatz und was daraus ergebendes grammatikalisches Phänomen Nominalisierung im Deutschenhat gezielt, einerseits die Schwierigkeiten bei der Bildung und Umwandlung hypotaktischer Sätze zu untersuchen und andererseits der Begriff Nominalisierungaus der Sicht der arabischen Deutschlernenden am Fachbereich Germanistik, der Universität Bagdad zu beleuchten. Das nächste Ziel bezieht sich daran, ob dieses Phänomen die Nominalisierung erst jetzt an Bedeutung gewonnen hat. Semantische und syntaktische Übersicht wird dargestellt und untersucht, zu diesem Zweck wird die Konjunktionen und Präpositionen behandelt, die dem Umwandlungsprozess folgen. Diese umgeformten Sätze, die als Sprachstil sowohl in der geschriebenen Sprache als auch in der gesprochenen Sprache betrachtet werden, werden im Laufe der Arbeit näher erklärt.
Diese vorliegende Arbeit besteht aus zwei Abschnitten. Im Ersten Abschnitt werden die resultierten Kategorie klassifiziert und gekennzeichnet wird: Das Phänomen Nominalisierung, die durch den Umformungsprozess der Nebensätze und Hauptsätze in einem Hauptsatz wie Kausalsätze, Konditionalsätze, Konzessivsätze, Finalsätze und Konsekutivsätze, die Nominalausdrücke, die durch die Umwandlung der Verbalausdrücke resultiert wird und die substantivierten Wortarten. All dies wird im Laufe der Arbeit näher beleuchtet, wo jede von denen mit konkreten Beispielen ergänzt wird. Der zweite Abschnitt behandelt Ergebnisse einiger Studenten an der Germanistischen Abteilung mit ihrer Analyse. Fazit und Quellen befindet sich am Ende dieser Arbeit.

When writing a text, such as a newspaper article, various types of discourse markers are frequently used to group sentences into paragraphs and parts in order to establish a discourse with certain functions, such as coordination, orientation, emphasizing the concepts presented, etc. It should also be noted that this type of mark exists in both written and spoken language. Therefore, it is convenient to dedicate a chapter to these linguistic elements to clarify their use and their classification, which is mainly based on Jose Portolés (2001), as well as the main features, specifically their features (prosodic, morphological, semantic and pragmatic).
Resumen
Al redactar un texto, comoartículo periodístico, se utiliza con frecuencia varios tipos de los marcadores discursivos para agrupar las oraciones en párrafos y partes con el fin de establecer un discurso con determinadas funciones, como coordenacion, orientacion, enfatizar los conceptos presentados, etc. También cabe señalar que este tipo de marca existe tanto en el lenguaje escrito como en el hablado. Por tanto, conviene dedicar un capítulo a estos elementos lingüísticos para aclarar su uso y su clasificación que se basa principalmente en JosePortolés lazaro(2001), además los rasgos principales, en concreto sus rasgos (prosódicos, morfológicos, semántico y pragmáticos).

In the article we consider features of official style, its functions and factors which influence the definition of the style. The topicality of the issue can be explained by rapid development of market economy which affects in its turn business correspondence. In this regard, there are a lot of cliché, terms and professionalisms appeared recently. Only correct usage of them can serve as a key to successful communication in Russian as well as other languages. This work highlights documents that are part of the diplomatic style such as declarations, credentials, notes, resolutions and other documents. The administrative style can include orders and instructions.
Аннотация.
В данной статье рассмотрены особенности официально-делового стиля, функции, которые он выполняет, а также факторы, влияющие на определение данного стиля. Актуальность данной проблемы обусловлена стремительным развитием рыночных отношений, что сказалось на документообороте. В связи с этим появляется большое количество штампов и клише, терминов и профессионализмов. Только правильное их употребление обеспечивает успешную коммуникацию, как на любом языке, так и на русском, в частности. В этой работе выделяются документы, которые являются частью дипломатического стиля типа декларации, верительные грамоты, ноты, резолюции и другие документы. К административному стилю можно отнести приказы и инструкции.

The question of word–formation motivation is one of the most urgent problems of morphological features of diminutive vocabulary in the languages of different structures, Arabic – Semitic and Russian - Slavic. The relevance of this question lies in the fact that the analysis of morphological elements of word-formation motivation plays an important role not only in identifying formal and semantic connections between different units of the same language, but also has an applied value in the comparative study of different languages. Taking in to account that word-formation motivation is usually considered sequentially in order to identify motivational relationships of this type of vocabulary, we will study motivation in comparative analysis on the material of diminutive vocabulary of different languages. We will analytically approach the important question of the practical application of translation basics in achieving translation adequacy.
Аннотация
Вопрос о словообразовательной мотивации является одной из актуальных проблем, связанных с морфологическими особенностями диминутивной лексики в разноструктурных языках: арабском – семитском и русском – славянском. Анализ морфологических элементов словообразовательной мотивации играет большую роль не только в выявлении формально-семантических связей между разными единицами одного языка, но и имеет прикладное значение при сравнительном изучении разных языков. Учитывая, что словообразовательная мотивация, как правило, изучается последовательно, в рамках данного исследования рассмотрим ее на основе сравнительного анализа диминутивной лексики разных языков в целях выявления мотивационных отношений данного типа лексики, а также предпримем попытку аналитического подхода к вопросу о практическом применении переводческих основ при достижении адекватности перевода.

The Turks used the Ottoman Turkish language from the thirteenth century to the twentieth century. During this period and under the influence of Islamic civilization, a large number of words and structures were used from the Arabic and Persian languages, Therefore, many Arabic grammatical structures were used in the Ottoman Turkish language, such as the definite article simply because it was widely used.
The paper is concerned with the use of the Arabic definite article in the Ottoman Turkish language, and the aim of this contrastive study is to find out the similarities and differences between the two languages in terms of meaning and structure. Since linguistic studies depend on the practical side or applied approach, two works written in the Ottoman language were discussed: Qaboos Namah by Sheikh Sadr al-Din Oglu from the 14th century and Mazaki Poetry Collection by Suleiman Dede from the 17th century.
In our study, we showed how to use the definite article with words and phrases. The use of the definite article is used differently with words and phrases. This rule similarly applies to the Ottoman Turkish language. The Arabic definite article is also prefixed to the noun in prepositional phrases and pharses with articles. This rule is applicable in Ottoman Turkish where affixes are added to single words, noun and adjective phrases as well as nominative affixes when translated into Arabic.

Özet
Türkler 13. yüzyıldan 20. yüzyıla kadar Osmanlı Türkçesini kullandılar. Bu dönemde İslam medeniyeti etkisiyle Türkçeye Arap ve Fars dillerinden çok sayıda kelime ve terkipler girmiştir. Arapça gramer unsurlarının da alındığı görülmüştür, bu unsurlardan en önemlisi sıkça kullanılan harfi tâ'rifidir.
Araştırmamızda Osmanlı Türkçesinde Arapça harfi tâ'rifinin kullanımı ele alınmıştır. Bu çalışmanın amacı iki dil arasındaki anlam ve yapı bakımından benzerlik ve farklılıkları ortaya çıkarmak hedeflenmiştir. Osmanlı Türkçesi üç döneme ayrıldığı için on dördüncü ve on yedinci yüzyılları seçilmiştir ve harfi tâ'rifin kullanımındaki farklılığı belirtilmiştir. Bu çalışma da uygulamalı yönüne bağlı olduğu için Şeyhoğlu Sadrüddin'in ''Kabus- nâme Tercümsi'' adlı eser kitabı ile Süleyman Dede'nin '' Mezâkî Divanı'nın '' adlı divanı metinleri esas alınarak incelenmiştir.
Çalışmamızda harfi tâ'rifin kelime ve terkiplerle kullanılımını gösterilmiştir. Harfi tâ'rifin kelime ve terkiplerde kullanımı farklıdır. Harfi tâ'rifi Osmanlı Türkçesinde de mevcuttur. Bu duruma belirtilme adı verilir ve kelimelere ilgi veya yükleme eki getilirerek kurulur.

In addition to being a religious book with high human and moral themes, Nahj al-Balagha is considered a mirror of Arab culture and a literary masterpiece at the height of eloquence and eloquence, and because proverbs in the form of short, concrete and understandable phrases for everyone, experiences, thoughts and convey ideas, Imam Ali (AS) used it to facilitate the understanding of various political, social and moral concepts. In this article, we intend to criticize the way Dashti, Shahidi and Foladvand translated it by using Newmark's model due to the importance and cultural reflections of proverbs in understanding the cultural atmosphere governing Nahj al-Balagheh. In his evaluation model, Newmark divides cultural categories into five categories. While focusing on the fourth category, i.e. concepts, the current research has investigated the way of translating proverbs and comparing it with the methods provided by Newmark for the translation of cultural elements.
چکیده
نهج‌البلاغه علاوه بر اینکه کتابی دینی با مضامین والای انسانی و اخلاقی است، آیینه فرهنگ عرب و شاهکاری ادبی در اوج فصاحت و بلاغت به شمار می‌رود و از آن روی که ضرب‌المثل‌ها در قالب عبارتی کوتاه، ملموس و قابل فهم برای همگان، تجربیات، افکار و اندیشه‌ها را انتقال می‌دهند، امام علی (ع) از آن برای تسهیل درک مفاهیم مختلف سیاسی، اجتماعی و اخلاقی بهره بُرده است. در این نوشتار ما برآنیم تا به دلیل اهمیت و بازتاب‌های فرهنگی بسزای ضرب‌المثل‌ها در فهم هر چه بهتر فضای فرهنگی حاکم بر نهج البلاغه، نحوه ترجمه آن توسط دشتی، شهیدی و فولادوند را با بکارگیری الگوی نیومارک به بوته نقد بنشانیم. نیومارک در الگوی ارزیابی خود، مقولات فرهنگی را به پنج دسته‌بندی می‌کند. پژوهش کنونی ضمن تمرکز بر دسته چهارم یعنی مفاهیم به بررسی نحوه ترجمه ضرب‌المثل و تطبیق آن با روش‌های ارائه شده توسط نیومارک برای ترجمه عناصر فرهنگی پرداخته است.

This dissertation studies the application of equivalence theory developed by Mona Baker in translating Persian to Arabic. Among various translation methodologies, Mona Baker’s bottom-up equivalency approach is unique in several ways. Baker’s translation approach is a multistep process. It starts with studying the smallest linguistic unit, “the word”, and then evolves above the level of words leading to the translation of the entire text. Equivalence at the word level, i.e., word for word method, is the core point of Baker’s approach.
This study evaluates the use of Baker’s approach in translation from Persian to Arabic, mainly because finding the correct equivalence is a major challenge in this translation. Additionally, Persian and Arabic languages are closely related. More than 60% of the Persian vocabulary is derived from Arabic roots. We applied Baker’s approach to the translation process by translating words contained in the source texts in this work. We have followed the structures that were developed by Baker in this process. After presenting the results from the vocabulary translation, we introduced the problems that arise from using Baker’s method. Finally, we provided a very detailed discussion and data analysis on the use of Baker’s approach for the Persian-to Arabic translation.

The mysterious letters, the philosophy of existence and the meaning of these letters in the Qur'an is one of the mysterious issues that has always occupied the minds of Interpreters. Each Interpreter has tried to provide his own interpretation and understanding of these mysterious letters. Since these letters are part of the surah of the Qur'an and at the same time, the appearance of these letters, unlike other verses, does not indicate meaning, the commentators have approached these verses with their preconceptions. In this article, an attempt has been made to investigate the role of pre-interpreters of descriptors in a descriptive and analytical method in finding the meaning of syllables. However, each of them has tried to interpret the letters with their own preconceptions and interpret the desired meaning based on it. Alam al-Huda, due to his rationalism and unparalleled mastery of Arabic theology and literature, has tried to provide a rational interpretation of the syllables in accordance with the custom and circumstances of the time of the revelation. On the other hand, Sadra and Gonabadi consider travel and cultivation necessary to find the meaning of the Qur'an.
چکیده:
حروف مقطعه، فلسفه وجودی و معنای این حروف در قرآن یکی از مسائل اسرارآمیزی است که همواره ذهن مفسران را مشغول داشته است. هر مفسری تلاش کرده تفسیر و فهم خود از این حروف رمزآلود را ارائه کند. ازآنجایی‌که این حروف جزو سور قرآن به شمار آمده و در حین حال، ظاهر این حروف برخلاف سایر آیات بر معنا دلالت ندارد، مفسران با پیش فهم های خود به سراغ این آیات رفته‌اند. در این جستار کوشیده شده، نقش پیش فهم‌‌ مفسران با روش توصیفی و تحلیلی در یافتن معنای حروف مقطعه بررسی شود که می‌توان گفت شریف مرتضی، ملاصدرا و ملامحمد گنابادی هریک بنا به گرایش علمی خود، جزو طرفداران قابل‌فهم بودن این حروف هستند. بااین‌حال، هریک با پیش فهم‌های خود کوشیده حروف را تفسیر و معنای موردنظر را از بر اساس آن برداشت کند که در این میان، رویکرد شریف مرتضی به تفسیر و رویکرد ملاصدرا و گنابادی به تأویل شباهت دارد. علم الهدی به دلیل عقل‌گرایی خود و تسلط بی‌نظیر بر کلام و ادبیات عرب، سعی کرده است که برای حروف مقطعه تفسیر عقلانی و متناسب با عرف و شرایط زمان نزول وحی ارائه دهد. در مقابل، صدرا و گنابادی، سیر و سلوک و تزکیه را برای یافتن معنای قرآن واجب می‌داند.

This research sheds light on the morphological structure of nouns and verbs in the novel "ASTONISHMENT" by the novelist Aharon Applefield by analysing selected models from the novel in a morphological analysis in order to identify the most important morphological features of this structure according to a statistical analytical approach.
The morphological structure is the main pillar of the linguistic structure of the literary text. Morphology is the science that studies the word, by which its structure and original letters are known, and the change that has occurred to it. The aesthetics of the fictional text is reflected in this structure, through which the writer conveys his ideas and narrations to the reader. The research focused on important issues in the structure of nouns, such as definition and invocation, singular, dual and plural. It also touched on the structure of the verb in terms of weight and temporal significance.
The research concluded that the morphological structure of nouns and verbs is characterized by clarity and abundance of expression and significance. The novelist Aaron Applefield employed defined nouns in a large proportion compared to nouns, due to the connotations it gave to remove ambiguity and ambiguity from the text, as well as more than the use of active verbs and moved some thing away from built verbs to the unknown in order to deliver his message easily and conveniently. He also concluded that the writer was using verbs with a single structure in order to maintain the dynamics of events.

תקציר:
המאמר הזה שופך על המבנה המורפולוגי של השמות והפעלים ברומן "תימהון" של הסופר "אהרון אפלפלד" על ידי ניתוח דוגמאות נבחרות ניתוח מורפולוגי כדי לעמוד על המאפיינים המורפולוגיים של המבנה הזה לפי השיטה האנליטית – סטטיסטיקאית.
המבנה המורפולוגי הוא אחד מעמודי התווך של המבנה הלשוני של הטקסט הספרותי, המורפולוגיה היא המדע החוקר את המילה, ובה ניתן לדעת את מבניה והאתיות המקוריות שלה ומה שעברה משינוי. האסתטיקה של הטקסט הספרות מתגלה בו ומתוכו הסופר מעביר את רעיונותיו לקורא. המאמר מתמקד בנושאים חשובים במבנה השמות כגון: היידוע, היחיד, הזוגי והרבים, גם כן עיינו במבנה הפועל מבחינת הבניין והזמן.
מאמר זה הראה שמבנה המורפולוגי של השמות והפעלים מתאפיין בבהירות ובדיוק ההבעה. הסופר אהרון אפלפלד השתמש בשמות מיודעים יותר משמות לא מיודעים בגלל תפקידה בהסרת העמימות ואי בהירות מהטקסט, גם כן הרבה מהשימוש בפעלים פעילים והתרחק מהפעלים הסבילים כדי להעביר את המסר שלו בקלות. גם כן הסופר השתמש בפעלים בעלי בניין אחד כדי לשמור על הדינמיקה של האירועים.

This research is under the title (Construction Grammar in the Kurdish language), which in turn is an attempt to present grammar and Kurdish grammar from the perspective of the constructive of Cognitive Linguistics. The construction as a term in the Kurdish language base was not recent, as it was discussed in other schools in a specific way from the perspective of language schools, but the subject of construction with a perceived background includes specific purposes, which is how to build the linguistic base by being a template accessible to its speakers, and in the cases of speaking it, not to mention how it is perceived and the level it is familiar with by its speakers. The nominal purpose of the Construction is Unification of form-meaning in a grammatical structural unit. Thus, the Construction Grammar presents the form-meaning, both in one scope. From the point of view of Construction Grammar, the basic units in grammar are the Constructions, all of which are reflected on how it works automatically and perceptively to the minds of its speakers. In other words, how grammar is influenced by linguistic uses and speech situations through which speakers experience grammar as one of their perceived abilities. This means that the speakers' constructed grammar contains the most linguistic knowledge. This is because all linguistic units are seen as symbols (whether Sounds or Sentential), where in turn they form a unit of meaning-form together. The present study is divided into two chapters:
The first Chapter is entitled (Principles of Construction Grammar). This section presents the principles of Construction Grammar in Linguistics and Kurdish language.In the second Chapter, The basic rules of Construction Grammar are presented with practical examples in Kurdish Language.

کورتەی توێژینەوەکە:
ئەم توێژینەوەیە بەناونیشانی (ڕێزمانی بونیادنان لە زمانی کوردیدا)، هەوڵێکە لە پێناو خستنەڕووی ڕێزمان و ڕێزمانی کوردی لە ڕوانگە و گۆشەنیگای بونیادنراوی زانستی زمانی درکپێکردنەوە. بونیادنان وەک زاراوە لە زمانەوانیی کوردیدا، نوێ نییە و لە قوتابخانەکانی دیکەدا بەجۆری تایبەت و لە ڕوانگەی قوتابخانە زمانەوانییەکانی دیکەوە، باسیلێوەکراوە، بەڵام زاراوەکە بە باگراوەندێکی درکپێکراوەوە، مەبەست و لێکدانەوەی تایبەت لەخۆیدەگرێت. لەم ڕوانگەیەوە بونیادنان، جوتکردنی فۆڕم_واتایە لە یەک بونیادی ڕێزمانیدا. بەمجۆرە ڕێزمانی بونیادنان هەرکام لە فۆڕم_واتای دەربڕاوەکان پێکەوە وەک یەک داڕشتە پێشنیازدەکات. لەڕوانگەی ڕێزمانی بونیادنانەوە، یەکەی بنەڕەتی لە ڕێزماندا، بونیادەکانن، کە ئەمانیش، چۆنیەتی کارکردنە ئۆتۆماتیکییە درکپێکراوەکەی ئاوەزی ئاخێوەران دەنوێنن. بە واتایەکی دیکە، ڕێزمان چۆن دەخرێتە ژێر کاریگەریی بەکارهێنانە زمانییەکان و بارودۆخەکانی ئاخاوتنەوە، کە بەهۆیانەوە ئاخێوەران، ڕێزمانی زمانیش وەک یەکێک لە توانا درکپێکراوەکەیان ئەزموندەکەن. بەمشێوەیە ڕێزمانی بونیادنراوی ئاخێوەران، زۆرترین کۆزانیاریی زمانی لەخۆیدەگرێت. هۆکاری ئەمەیش بۆ ئەوە دەگەڕێتەوە، کە سەرجەمی یەکە زمانییەکان، وەک هێمایەک دەبینرێن(چ هێمای دەنگی بن، یاخود ڕستەیی)، کە جوتکراوی فۆڕم_واتان پێکەوە.