Ibn Al-Haitham Journal For Pure and Applied Sciences

This study's primary objective was to create nanotechnology-based, precisely regulated drug
delivery devices. Antibiotic Amoxicillin was chosen, and chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) were
chosen to transport the medicine. Using the ionic gelation process, chitosan solution NPs were
synthesized using tripolyphosphate (TPP). Antibiotic-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) were
then used to create a nanocomposite with good performance. The resultant nanocomposite can be
put to use as an effective, non-toxic antimicrobial agent. CMCS has a considerably wider range of
uses as an anti-bacterial agent than chitosan since it is soluble in a wide pH range. Due to its water
solubility, Ten S. mutans isolates were purified in two mediums, making it easy to use and elicit a
variety of biological activities of CMCS in pharma and cosmetics. Tryptone yeast extract cysteine
sucrose mitis salivarius bacitracin agar. MS colonies on MSBA plates were blue, spherical or
ovoid, 1-2 mm in diameter, with elevated surfaces that stuck well to the agar. Rough colonies had
a rough or frosted glass surface. Samples treated with chitosan, carboxymethyl chitosan, chitosan
nanoparticles, and their nanocomposite containing antibiotics (Amoxicillin) stymied the growth of
Streptococcus mutans. Chitosan nanoparticles and their loaded antibiotics were discovered by
scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). In
addition, the cytotoxicity of both the nanocomposite and amoxicillin loaded on nano-chitosan were
compared to that of amoxicillin alone. PH 4.5 with a drug/polymer ratio of 1:2 (w/v) resulted in
89.33% entrapment and 53% loading efficiency for Amoxicillin in terms of their particle size,
surface charge, bond interaction, and shape, respectively. A zeta potential of +24.5 mV and an
average particle size of 258 nm were found through analysis. The results showed the superior
antibacterial efficacy of the AMX-CSNPs. It can be concluded that AMX-CSNPs and CSNPs
displayed acceptable physicochemical characterizations, and effective antimicrobial activitiesagainst Streptococcus mutans. These formulations could enhance drug delivery for treating cariogenic bacteria causing dental caries.

The pathogen "Pseudomonas aeruginosa" is extremely hazardous for people with weak
immune systems because it has several virulence factors and can resist antibiotics. During the time
period between October 2022 and February 2023, 102 specimens from different clinical sources,
including burn, mid-stream urine, wound, ear, and sputum were collected. From 102 clinical
specimens, only 33 isolates (32.35%) of P. aeruginosa were identified by Phenotypic
characteristics, a biochemical test, the Vitek-2 compact system, and confirmed by Conventional
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). The antibiotic susceptibility test AST was done by the Vitek
2-Compact system. The highest resistance percentages were for Cephalosporin category at 81.8%
(Cefotaxime, Ceftazidime, and Cefepime), while the lowest percentage was for the
Fluoroquinolone category at 42.4% (Ciprofloxacin and Norfloxacin); 18 (54.5%) of the isolates
were categorized as MDR. The production rates of virulence factors investigated in all tested
isolates were 100% for protease, hemolysin, and swarming, while the lipase production rate was
48.5%.

Otitis media is one of the most common types of ear infections, plus bacteria are to blame.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the most frequently diagnosed pathogen causing this infection. P.
aeruginosa has virulence factors that lead to damage to the middle ear mucosa. This study was
conducted to identify Pseudomonas aeruginosa causing chronic suppurative otitis media and to
determine its antibiotic sensitivity. A total of (100) ear swabs were collected from patients
suffering from otitis media attending the ENT outpatient clinic at Baghdad Teaching Hospital
from July 2022 till the end of December 2022. Age range was (18-75) years. Identification of
bacteria and biochemical testing and antibiotic sensitivity test of the bacteria spp. were detection
of 18 antibiotics for different types were carried out using the VITEK 2 automated system. The
study showed the results as follows: Eighty positive cases, distributed among 32 (40%) males
and 48 (60%) females. About 25% of patients are between 48-57 years old and 58-67 years old,
respectively. A total of 55 patients (68.75%) were from urban areas, and 25 patients (31.25%)
were from rural areas .With regard to the antibiotic susceptibility profile, the data showed that
the most effective antibiotics were colistin(77%) Ceftazidime(55%) ,Cefepime(45%), Imipenem
(42%), highest resistance percentages of strains to tested antibiotics was for Ceftoriaxone ,
Cefpodoxime (100%) and the lowest resistant percentages was (22.5%) for colistin Females were
more likely to develop otitis media, and the prevalence appeared to be higher among the elderly.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa represents the most implicated bacterial pathogen associated with this
infection. colistin is the most effective antibiotic and can be considered as the drug of choice
against P. aeruginosa.

Out of 207 specimens,118 Enterococcus faecalis isolates were obtained from different sources
(urine, root canal, wound, vagina, and blood). The commonest sites of infections were the root
canal (50.8%), followed by the urinary tract (38.1%), wound (8.4%), and the vagina (2.5%). Urine,
root canal, and wound samples from individuals aged 20–40 years old showed the highest
prevalence of Enterococcus faecalis isolates, except for the vagina, where those over 40 years old
recorded the highest rates of isolates. According to gender, females had the highest prevalence of
Enterococcus faecalis isolates in urine, root canal, and vaginal samples, with the exception of the
wound source, where males had a higher rate of isolates than females. The antibiotic susceptibility
test results indicated that all Enterococcus isolates were resistant to these antibiotics. All
Enterococcus isolates (100%) demonstrated resistance to Azithromycin, Clarithromycin,
Erythromycin, Doxycycline, Minocycline, Tetracycline, and 64.7% to Gentamicin. On the other
hand, 100% of the isolates showed susceptibility to Linezolid, Daptomycin, Teicoplanin,
Tigecycline, and Vancomycin, while 58.8% showed susceptibility to Streptomycin, 76.4% to
Ciprofloxacin, and 94.1% to Ampicillin. The PCR technique identified the presence of epbA and
epbC genes in 28 Enterococcus faecalis isolates. The results of PCR showed that all of the isolates
had genes epbA (111bp) and epbC (85bp).

Proteus mirabilis is one of the most common Gram-negative bacteria that can cause UTIs. The purpose of this research was to identify virulence genes in P. mirabilis strains obtained from the urine of Iraqi patients diagnosed with urinary tract infections. From October 2022 to February 2023, AL-Imam Ali Hospital collected 100 urine specimens from patients exhibiting symptoms and signs of UTI. All specimens were identified based on morphological characteristics on media of culture like pale, non-lactose ferment colonies on MaCconkey agar, swarming on blood agar, and salmonella shigella agar for hydrogen sulfide production, more diagnosed via utilizing molecular detection and the VITEK system, giving positive results for twenty P. mirabilis isolates. The (ureA, hpmA) gene detection results revealed the presence of ureA in 18 cases (90%), and hpmA in 17 cases (85%). The molecular technique showed that the ureA and hpmA genes associated with virulence factor hemolysin (hpmA) and urease (ureA) genes are necessary for causing urinary tract infections.

People often refer to scabies as the "7-year itch," but it is more appropriate to refer to it as a
"family disease" (1, 15). Scabies mites penetrate the stratum corneum epidermis of the skin at the
onset of infection (2, 16). The current study involved the collection of blood samples from a patient
group infected with scabies disease, comprising sixty individuals, and a control group of sixty
individuals who were in good health. The tests showed that there were no statistically significant
differences between the scabies patients and the control group for Hb (12.86± 0.31, 12.88± 0.20),
PCV (34.40±0.94, 40.35±0.59), and platelets (244.80±9.58, 237.23±8.97), Respectively. There
were also significant differences at the 0.001 level between the two groups of patients and the
control group for white blood cells (WBC), lymphocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes, and
basophils. These were (11.09±0.20, 7.50 ±0.16), (5.05±0.16, 2.27 ±0.06), (8.23±0.10, 3.75±0.11),
(0.828±0.7, 0.415±0.03), (0.498±0.02, 0.459±0.03), and (0.329±0.02, 0.102 ± 0.01), respectively.
However, the measurement of immunoglobulins (IgA and IgE) revealed non-significant
differences in the value of IgA for scabies patients (130.73 ± 10.38) compared to the control group
(115.55 ± 4.60). However, the IgE ratio resulted in high significant differences at level (P≤0.01)
between patients (36.59 ±5.06) and control (13.56 ±0.89).

Leuciscidae species are the abundant and widely distributed fish species in Iraq's inland
waters. They are complex species, and morphology makes them difficult to identify. Molecular
analysis achieved and confirmed the morphological characters. Twenty specimens of
Acanthobrama marmid were collected from two localities at Tigris River, in the middle of Iraq;
15 specimens from the Al-Zubaydia sub-district and five specimens from Al-Tharthar Lake. We
used the mitochondrial DNA cytochrome b (cytb) gene to sequence the DNA of A. marmid. The
following analysis are compared the sequences with those of other fish genera and species found
in the Gene Bank. The barcoding result (DNA sequencing) in fishes found in the same family
(Leuciscidae) showed that it fit with A. marmid. We conclude, the results of the current study,
by using the cytochrome b (cytb) gene, are a successful tool and confirmed the morphological
characters for accurate identification of A. marmid.

Essential oils have many possible applications and are thus commonly employed as a functional element. Hydrosols, byproducts of plant distillation, have been used in the food and cosmetics sectors as well as biological agriculture; yet, little is known about the volatile content of hydrosols.
To determine the chemical content of the essential oils of Eucalyptus leaves. The yields of leaves essential oils from the hydrodistillation of Eucalyptus species were 0.6- 1% (based on fresh leaves). Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) methods were employed for Oils found in the leaves of 20 types of Eucalyptus trees in Baghdad, Iraq. Terpenoids and alkaloids are abundant in both types of oils. The terpenoid contains mostly monoterpene hydrocarbons, sesquiterpenoids, and only six species contain the diterpenoid. Essential leaf oils exhibited greater activity, probably due to the higher p-cymene concentration in leaves. Eucalyptus constitutions contain high levels of terpene diversity, led by monoterpenes and sesquiterpenoids, with 17 out of 20 species containing alkaloids.Different types of constitutions demand different methods to use the species medically or commercially.

Anemia is a most common blood disorder that contributes to cardiovascular diseases. It is
associated with red blood cell dysfunction and compensatory vascular and cardiac endothelial
nitric oxide synthase activity enhancement. Present study aimed to investigate the role of
broccoli, folic acid, and ferrous sulfate in treating cardiovascular damage induced by lead
acetate. Twenty-five female local rabbits 5 months in age with a verge of weighing 1500 Kg
were divided into 5 randomized groups: 1st as a control group (C) and the other four groups
2nd(lead acetate ),3rd(T1F),4th(T2FS),5th(T3B) were exposed to lead acetate 10 mg/kg/Bw/daily
for 4 weeks , the second group continued to receive a lead for 8 weeks, while 3rd,4th, and 5th
treated with alcoholic extract of the broccoli, folic acid and ferrous sulfate respectively. Blood
samples were taken after the 4th and 8th weeks of the experimental period to examine Troponin
I, platelets count, and prothrombin time. Heart tissue obtained to examine the histopathological
changes. The results after the 4th week in the 2nd,3rd, 4th and 5th groups demonstrated a
significant elevation (p≤0.05) in Troponin I, and platelets count while at the 8th week of the
treatments, the mean values of Troponin I and platelets count reduced significantly(p≤0.05) . In
conclusion, the treatments of the alcoholic extract of Brassica olecerea, folic acid, and ferrous
sulfate confirmed the superiority of the Brassica olecerea in treating the pb-acetate adverse
effects on the cardiovascular system, which contributed to its phytochemical and nutrient value

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) caused a rapid global demand for the development of several vaccines by the scientific community. Vaccination contributes to preventing infection associated with symptoms and reduces the risk of infection by stimulating the immune system to produce antibodies. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of Pfizer and Sinopharm vaccines and their relationship to occupation, residence, pregnancy, mass index, and smoking. This study was conducted in Diyala Province, Iraq, for the period from April 2022 to May 2023. A total of 266 blood samples were collected. Written consent was obtained by the Research Ethics Committee in the Diyala Health Department (DHD/No-39072/Date-31/8/2022). The researchers collected the data using a specific questionnaire they created after conducting a brief interview with the participants. The ELISA technique was used to detect IgG titers. The rate of positivity for IgG antibodies among study participants vaccinated in Diyala province was 53.8%, and the Mean±SD for those vaccinated with the Pfizer vaccine was higher compared to the Mean±SD for those vaccinated with the Sinopharm vaccine, and the statistical difference was significant. Despite the higher antibody titer among participants residing in Khanaqin compared to those from other locations, the current results indicate no significant differences in antibody titer based on the participants' place of residence (P = 0.474). The study revealed no statistically significant influence of mass weight, blood groups, and rhesus factor on antibody titres. As for smoking, the study participants who smoked had a lower titer compared with non-smokers, with a statistically significant difference (P = 0025). The study concluded that the overall protective rate of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines among participants in Diyala Governorate after twelve to seventeen months of vaccination was good, and that the Pfizer mRNA vaccine had a better outcome compared to the inactivated Sinopharm vaccine.

The structural and optical properties of silver telluride films with doped 2% aluminum
(Ag2Te:2%Al), prepared using the thermal evaporation technique, were studied on glass
substrates with a thickness of (400 +20) nm after changing the annealing temperature to (300° C)
for one hour. The films were found to be polycrystalline, and monoclinic at room temperature
(R.T.), the structure became cubic after annealing. In XRD test we found that the crystallite size
of the doped films is larger before annealing than it is for the (Ag2Te:2%Al) films, and AFM
tests showed that the grain size increases after annealing It also shows that the structure is nano,
UV-visible optical tests of Ag2Te films revealed that absorbance values decrease after annealing
while the absorption coefficient increases, ascertain the values of the absorption coefficient
depending on the equation that links the values of the absorption coefficient with absorbance [α=
(2.303)A/t]. The energy gap for pure films reduces after doping and annealing. The optical
absorption coefficient (α) value for each film was greater than (104 cm -1) this means all films
have an optical energy gap with direct transmission.

The present study employed the pulsed laser ablation in liquid (PLAL) technique to
synthesize cadmium nanoparticles (CdO NPs). PLAL is a top-down physical method that
operates by splitting the precursor mass of metal ions into metal atoms. This work utilized a
nanosecond Nd-YAG laser with two wavelengths, specifically 1064 nm and 532 nm, at a laser
energy of 250 mJ. 250 pulses were applied for each wavelength during the synthesis process.
This approach enabled the production of high-purity nanoparticles. The characteristics of the
nanoparticles that were created were examined by the use of UV-Vis, and XRD analysis
techniques. The antibacterial and antifungal properties of the tested substance were evaluated
against two Gram-positive bacteria, namely Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus mutans, as
well as two Gram-negative bacteria, specifically Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
These bacterial strains were obtained from the oral cavity. Additionally, a specific genus of fungi
known as Candida exists. The findings of the study indicate that CdO NPs synthesized using the
PLAL technique possess antibacterial properties, rendering them effective in eradicating
pathogenic bacteria and fungi

The ceramic PSCCO (PbSr2Ca2Cu3O) and (PbSr2Ca2Cu2.4Zn0.6O) compounds were prepared using high-purity oxides (x=0 and0.6%) via solid reaction. The samples were then pressed into tablets with 1.5 cm diameter, at 5.4MPa for two minutes and sintered at 850°C for 24 hours. AFM was used to study the surface structure. It showed a stable improvement in the crystallization of the model surfaces. As a result of the chemical reaction between the raw materials, the granules united with each other, increasing their size. At a frequency range of 50-106 Hz, regarding the dielectric properties, including the dielectric constant, and dielectric loss factor, at room temperature, it measured electrical conductivity and electrical resistance as a function of frequency in the range from 50 to106 Hz, Measurements of the ceramic composite model PSCCO (PbSr2Ca2Cu3O) plus (PbSr2Ca2Cu2.4 Zn0.6O) showed dielectric constant (11.23 and 10.30), while also measuring the loss angle shadow and alternating conductivity. The following parameters were measured for two models at a frequency range of 50-106 Hz: dielectric loss factor (7.76 and 9.45), tangent loss tangent (tanδ) (0.69 and 0.91), and alternating electrical conductivity (σa.c). The dielectric constant values for both models were 11.23 and 12.43. The insulating properties showed good stability with temperature within the range of room temperature to 200°C.and 13.71 for the base compound PbSr2Ca2Cu3O, at different temperatures, the dielectric constant of compound PbSr2Ca2Cu2.4Zn0.6O was measured to be 10.3, 11.15, and 12.06, indicating its potential use at high temperatures.

The study examines the impact of thickness on the electrical resistance of Ruthenium at room temperature. By applying the Fuchs-Sondheier and Mayadas Shatzkces models, the study establishes a linear relationship between thickness and grain boundary scattering. The M.S. model is crucial in calculating the size impact, accounting for all types of scattering affecting grain boundaries. On the other hand, the F.S. model focuses on explaining conduction electron scattering on material surfaces, particularly on tiny grains. The study's equation, derived from these two models, considers surface scattering and metal resistance to determine an experimental thickness that depends on metal resistivity. The Boltzmann Equation can be utilized to solve this equation. The study highlights the significance of Ruthenium as a common component of electrical and electronic circuits in producing electronic chips due to its excellent electrical conductivity.

The current study investigated ways temperature affects the structural and Material features of ZnO. The temperature varied between 300,500 and 700°C. Zinc oxide's physical characteristics were determined using diffraction of x-rays. The patterns of x-ray diffraction revealed the excellent purity, crystalline, and nanoscale nature of the ZnO nanoparticles. size was found and computed using the Halder-Wagner method, in that order. As the temperature of annealing rises, the size of the crystallite grew. Therefore, it was found that the annealing temperature greatly affects structural and morphological characteristics. The specimen was examined to compute physical and microstructural characteristics like lattice strain, dislocation density, additionally burger vector, Results for the dislocation density and Burger vector obtained for 300 °C are (43.7832 * 10-5 (1/nm)², 3.576 * 10-1), for 500°C are (30.6388 * 10-5 (1/nm²),5.3688* 10-1) and for 700°C are. (18.2516* 10-5 (1/nm²),6.263*10-1).

The thermal evaporation technique is used to investigate the structural and optical properties
of ZnIn2(Se1-0.2Te0.2)4 (ZIST) chalcopyrite semiconductors. ZnIn2(Se0.8Te0.2)4 thin films with a
thickness of 500 nm are taken into consideration, and the effect of annealing at various
temperatures ranged from R.T, 373, 473 K. (ZIST) Thin film is widely regarded as a remarkable
semiconductor material for the development of second-generation solar cells. ZnIn2(Se0.8Te0.2)4
films are polycrystalline with excellent stoichiometric composition, as shown by XRD and AFM
investigations. According to a structural study, annealing the films after they were deposited
increased the average grain size and crystallite size after annealing, as well as one of the favored
orientations of the polycrystalline phase is along the (112) direction. The wavelength range used
to determine these films' optical characteristics was 400 nm–1000 nm. Semiconductors
ZnIn2(Se1-0.2Te0.2)4 have direct band gaps of 1.7, 1.65, and 1.6 eV respectively. The calculated
optical constant includes the refractive index. extinction coefficient. real and imaginary
components of dielectric constant.

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles were combined with a mixture of polymers: polyvinyl
alcohol (PVA), polyethylene glycol (PEG), and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). TiO2 nanoparticles
were formed by the sol–gel process, and nanocomposites were prepared with concentrations 1, 5,
10, 15, 20, and 25 wt% of TiO2 nanoparticles after subjecting them to a calcination process at
temperatures of about 400 °C and 700 °C, and with polymer blends of different concentrations
(PVA various wt%, PEG constant wt%, and PVP constant wt%). A UV–Vis spectrometer was
used to determine the optical constants of the prepared samples, namely, the absorption
coefficients and Urbach energies. It was observed that the Urbach energies were highest for the
samples with calcination temperature 400 °C and 20 wt% TiO2 nanoparticles blended with PVA
65 wt%, PEG 10 wt%, and PVP 5 wt%. The Urbach energy for the PVA–PEG–PVP polymer blend
was 0.32 eV. For the anatase phase (calcination at 400 °C), the Urbach energy was in the range of
0.41–5.55 eV for PVA–PEG–PVP–TiO2 nanocomposites, and for the rutile phase (calcination at
700 °C) it was in the range of 0.31–1.94 eV. The findings have important ramifications for
applications of these nanocomposites as reusable photocatalysts, by providing a means of
extending their useful life.

The availability of different processing levels for satellite images makes it important to measure their suitability for classification tasks. This study investigates the impact of the Landsat data processing level on the accuracy of land cover classification using a support vector machine (SVM) classifier. The classification accuracy values of Landsat 8 (LS8) and Landsat 9 (LS9) data at different processing levels vary notably. For LS9, Collection 2 Level 2 (C2L2) achieved the highest accuracy of (86.55%) with the polynomial kernel of the SVM classifier, surpassing the Fast Line-of-Sight Atmospheric Analysis of Spectral Hypercubes (FLAASH) at (85.31%) and Collection 2 Level 1 (C2L1) at (84.93%). The LS8 data exhibits similar behavior. Conversely, when using the maximum-likelihood classifier, the highest accuracy (83.06%) was achieved with FLAASH. The results demonstrate significant variations in accuracies for different land cover classes, which emphasizes the importance of per-class accuracy. The results highlight the critical role of preprocessing techniques and classifier selection in optimizing the classification processes and land cover mapping accuracy for remote sensing geospatial applications. Finally, the actual differences in classification accuracy between processing levels are larger than those given by the confusion matrix. So, the consideration of alternative evaluation methods with the absence of reference images is critical

In the current work, Calculate cross sections for 252Cf (α,3n)253Fm reaction Use of interpolation and cross-section sampling published in the international literature to select the appropriate interaction of ground-level energies in a computer-based program (MATALAB-17.0) , in steps of energies (0.2 Million electron volts). Given the importance of the 252Cf isotope and its entry into the industrial and medical fields, there was a need to determine the energy of the incident neutron to produce this isotope, relying on the masses of the entering and leaving particles and the values of angular momentum to obtain an equation and according to the theory of the opposite reaction. The reaction cross sections (253Fm (3n,α) 252Cf) were calculated using the opposite reaction theory for the energy range (3.9789-14.538)MeV. The results show that the probability values increase with the neutron's energy smoothly. The results show that cross-section values are almost constant for the energy range limited to (8.5-14)MeV. The results were plotted and tabulated using MATLAB
17.0. Also, the values obtained for the reaction cross sections 253Fm (3n,α) 252Cf through which the CF is produced. Semi-empirical equations were obtained for the relationship between energy and cross-section.

Transition ion complexes have various commercial and technical uses, including antibacterial, antifungal, and anticancer medications and catalysts; their characteristics are critical regarding their kinetic impact. This study aims to synthesize new complexes, copper and nickel complexes, characterize them using spectral techniques, determine their chloride content, evaluate their anti-oxidant effect, and examine the antibacterial activity of the ligands and their complexes against gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus), gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli), and Candida albicans. All chemicals were used strictly as provided, with no additional purification; CuCl2.2H2O and Ni(CH3CO2)2 salts were used to react with melatonin (L1), and one of the amino acids (L-cysteine) (L2) in a mole ratio of 1:1:1 (M: L1:L2) to produce mixed ligand metal complexes. The results showed that the two metal complexes were more active in (10–3 M) and had higher activity than the two ligands (melatonin and cysteine). According to the findings, the complexes have suggested structures: octahedral geometry for the Cu(II) complex and tetrahedral geometry for the Ni(II) complex. The scientific results demonstrated that the synthesized complexes have high antibacterial action against [Escherchia coli (G-) (E. coli), Staphylococcus aureus (G+)], and antifungal action against [Candida (C. albicaus)].

Background Spectral methods such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, ultravioletvisible
spectroscopy, and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) spectra, along with
thermal analysis (TG/DTA), elemental analysis (CHN), and melting point, were used to
characterize the synthesized compounds. This study conducted additional examinations for
metal complexes, including molar conductivity, magnetic susceptibility, chloride, and metal
content. Objectives This study aims to synthesize and characterize a novel ligand and its metal
complexes with cobalt, nickel, and platinum complexes and to evaluate their potential biological
activities through focusing on their antibacterial, antifungal and anticancer properties. Materials
and Methods A new ligand (5-(2-benzamido-N-methylacetamido)-4-((3,4,5-
trimethoxycyclohexa-1,3-dien-1-yl) methyl) pyrimidine-2-yl)amino)boric acid was synthesized
by the reaction of trimethoprim amide derivative with boric acid, as well as its metal complexes
with cobalt, nickel, and platinum. Results All synthesized complexes have octahedral geometry;
cobalt and nickel complexes are nonelectrolytes, while platinum complexes are electrolytic. This
study tested all the synthesized compounds as antibacterial and antifungal agents against
Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albican. Additionally, this
study tested the new ligand and its platinum complexes as anticancer agents against
adenocarcinoma human cells (A549). Conclusion Thus study have achieved positive outcomes
for every complex's antibacterial, antifungal, and anticancer properties.

Due to several environmental contaminants, the textile industry's wastewater disposal
presents significant dangers, including to drinkable water. This study aims to synthesize
polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and examine how well it adsorbs methyl green color from aqueous
solution. The synthesis steps were performed after the PAN was characterized using various
techniques, including FTIR, SEM, EDS, TGA-DSC, and XRD. Research was conducted on
the quantity of adsorbent utilized, the initial concentration, and the contact time. All of these
factors were shown to impact the adsorption process. The findings indicated that a dose of
0.01 g, an initial concentration of 30 mg/L, and a contact duration of 60 minutes produced the
best results with the adsorbent. Using the Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption model, the
maximum adsorption capacity was calculated to be 1604.837 mg/g. After applying Freundlich
Langmuir and isotherm models to experimental adsorption data, the estimates made by the
Freundlich model were more consistent with the experiments' actual results; thermodynamic
analysis examined adsorption properties.

In this research, poly acetal has been prepared from poly vinyl alcohol reaction with the para
methyl benzaldehyde. The solution casting process was used to create the polymer blends of poly
acetal and PVP. The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of the gold and silver nano
particles on the anticancer activity of the prepared compounds. Using onion peel extract as a
reducing agent, the gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were created.
Nanocomposite were prepared by solution casting by mixing poly acetal /PVP /Au, Ag nano
particles with different ratios. The AuNPs and AgNPs were characterized through XRD analysis
and FESEM microscopy. The poly acetal, polymer blends and nano composite were
characterized by FTIR, FESEM, DSC and TGA. The FTIR has been used to analyze poly acetal,
which confirms its production by displaying a new band of absorption at 1105 cm-1 due to the
(O-C-O). The thermal stability of the generated polymer blends and nanocomposites is
confirmed by DSC and TGA; in comparison to blends, nanocomposites have demonstrated good
performance in suppressing lung cancer cell lines.

Novel complexes were synthesized from Schiff base ligand (L) produced by reacting 3-
hydrocyclo-1,3-dihydro-indole-2-one (A) with 2-pyridine carboxaldehyde in an ethanol
medium. This study aims to synthesize the metal Schiff base ligands complexes of
heterocyclic, which tested their biological activity as antimicrobial drugs. Metal complexes
comprising manganese, cobalt, nickel, copper, and zinc with Schiff base have been produced at
a molar ratio of 1:1 (M: L). These complexes were identified using M.P, FT-IR, UV-Vis, Mass,
1H-NMR, and C.H.N. Chloride-containing, atomic absorption, molar conductance, and
magnetic susceptibility have all been used to identify these compounds. Utilizing mass
spectroscopy, the molecular ion peak was found at m/e 251.01, confirming the formula weight
for L, which matches the estimated m+ value (250.26). The results show a hexadentate
coordination geometry for each complex and the ligand with good yield. This study
emphasizes the importance of using a metal complexation method to stabilize ligands and
increase their bioactivity. The biological activities of the new compounds were valued against
Gram-positive (Escherichia coli) and Gram-negative (Staphylococcus aureus). Hence, their
results were good in inhibition.

Osteoporosis (OP) is a bone disease that makes bones more brittle and increases the risk of
fractures. It is the most common type in postmenopausal women and is characterized by
decreased bone mineral density, skeletal microstructure disintegration, and increased bone
fragility. This study aims to assess the connection between fatty acid (FA) and body mass index
(BMI), T-score, lipid profile including triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high-density
lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), total
antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS), FA synthase (FAS). The current study
included 120 participants. Serum samples from postmenopausal women were collected and
divided into three groups: 40 patients with OP (G2), 40 patients with osteopenia (G1), and 40
women as the control group. Gas chromatography (GC) to determine the levels of FAs and
ELISA was used to determine the levels of FAS, whereas TAS, TOS, and lipid were assayed
using a spectrophotometer. The study showed that OP had a significantly lower serum FAS level
than osteopenia and control. The levels of palmitic, stearic, oleic, linolenic, and linoleic (TC,
LDL) in the G2 group were significantly higher than those in the G1 group and the control
group. The HDL, VLDL, TG, TAS, and TOS levels in G2 were considerably lower than in G1
and the control group. According to the receiver operating characteristic analysis, FAS showed
high sensitivity and specificity. In conclusion, FAS, HDL, VLDL, TG, TAS, and TOS
effectively monitored the progression of OP and FA levels.

The prevalence of diabetes is increasing rapidly and is now recognized as a significant global
health problem. Diabetes occurs when a person does not produce enough insulin due to an
imbalance in insulin production. This can lead to the failure of organs and tissues such as the
kidneys, heart, blood vessels, eyes, nerves, and kidneys. As a result, early diagnosis and
classification of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are critical to aiding physician assessments.
Subsequently, the current study aims to determine irisin levels in patients with T2DM and pre-
DM as early predictors for disease cases. The current study included 138 subjects divided into
three groups based on fasting blood glucose (FBG) and glycosylated hemoglobin criteria,
including T2DM, 46 patients, pre-diabetes, 46 participants, and healthy subject groups, 46
persons) when they enrolled in the National Diabetes Center/ Al-Mustansiriya University.
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were used to detect the levels of irisin and insulin, and
spectrophotometric techniques were used to determine the levels of FBG and lipid profile. The
results of irisin revealed significant differences among the studied groups. Also, the insulin
results showed substantial differences between the diabetic and control groups. Moreover, the
results of HOM-IR and HOMA-IS and lipid profiles showed significant differences between the
studied groups. The results showed that irisin can serve as an early indicator of pre- diabetes.
These results were reinforced by the results of the ROC analysis, which indicated that irisin is an
excellent indicator for diagnosing the studied condition.

Many studies have found effective oral influenza virus inhibitors based on an aryl benzoyl
hydrazide scaffold and antiviral. This study aims to prepare a new series of derivatives
containing succinohydrazide as a precursor. In the first step, after synthesis of their precursor, it
has been prepared di benzoyl succinohydrazide using a two-step process that involved reacting
(o,m,p)-chloro benzoic acid with thionyl chloride to obtain freshly prepared substituted benzoyl
chloride derivatives that were then reacted with succinohydrazide, or by a second method,
directly reacting substituted benzoyl chloride with succinohydrazide to give
benzoylsuccinohydrazide derivatives. After that, different derivatives were prepared involving
the reaction of succinohydrazide with substituted benzene sulphonyl chloride, benzyl chloride,
and phenacyl chloride. FTIR, 1HNMR, and 13CNMR spectra have been used to verify the
structures of newly synthesized compounds. The Swiss ADME method with boiled egg
prediction was used to analyze its pharmacokinetic properties. Then, genetic optimization of
linkage docking (GOLD) was used in theoretical studies to investigate the binding mechanism of
the protein-ligand produced with the protein (1SA0). Among all synthesis compounds,
compound 2b has excellent results compared with colchicine and can be considered a good antibacterial
against Escherichia coli and an anti-breast cancer drug.

Sulfamethoxazole and its derivatives are commonly utilized in the pharmaceutical and
medicinal industry due to their biological and pharmaceutical activities, including antitubercular,
anti-fungal, anti-cancer, anti-bacterial, and herbicidal activities. This review
presents the latest and most promising studies related to synthesizing organic derivatives of
sulfamethoxazole and their drug-metal complexes and the biological activity associated with
these complexes. Some organic drugs, including sulfamethoxazole, exhibit toxicological and
pharmacological properties that can be administered in the form of metal complexes. Many
researchers have synthesized organic ligands derived from sulfamethoxazole in the forms of
Schiff bases and azo compounds, which exhibited higher biological and industrial properties
when compared to sulfamethoxazole alone. One of the essential features that make Schiff base
more desirable when used for coordination complexation is that it possesses the ability to
coordinate with the metal ions via forming chelating; ring makes them very effective in clinical
and analytical applications and represent the latest and most promising studies and relate to
synthesizing organic derivatives of sulfamethoxazole and their drug-metal complexes, as well
as the biological activity associated with these complexes.

In the current research work, the prepared new ligand 3hydroxy-2-(3-(4-nitro-benzoyl) thiouriedo) propanoic acid (NTP) has undergone synthesis through the reactions of 4-nitrobenzol isothiocyanate with the serine amino acid; its complex has been studied by effects of the temperature ranging within (25-45 oC) and various concentrations on molar conductivity values from Arinus\' law application, by which decomposition constant and uniform molar conductivity is determined. The thermo0dynamic parameters (i.e., ΔS, ΔG, and ΔH) have been estimated and then discussed. Results have shown that the level of the molar conductivity increases with the degree of temperature and decreases with the increase of the concentration using solvent (DMSO). The dissociation process is exothermic; that ligand\'s transition metal complex has been synthesized and then characterized through the UV-Vis spectra, FTIR, conductivity measures, and magnetic susceptibility. The general formula [M(NTP)2], M+2= (Cu), is that the molecular form for those complexes is tetrahedral, except that the copper is of a square planer.

Open sets may be viewed as an extension of semi-open sets by applying the notions of semiopen
sets and grill nano to nGs-open sets, with the following four goals in mind: The objective
is to characterize nGs-open sets by examining and proving numerous of its attributes and
comments. And investigate and define new kinds of functions based on the concept of nGs-open
sets, using sets of nGs-open sets, we will define a new type of Compact type and call it nGs-open
compact then we will find the relationship between these new types of Compact type with nano
compact. We will also talk about the relationship between nano grill semi-open sets and
continuous functions and the relationship between nano grill semi-open sets and irresolute
function as well we give some examples, proofs and observations about the relationship between
nano grill semi-open sets and functions and their relation to nano compact.

The main purpose of this paper is to study a predator – prey dynamical system consisting of
three species prey, specialized predator and generalist predator namely H (t), I (t) and J (t)
respectively, w food web and refuge for the prey and specialized predator population. The
consider system has five equilibrium points ????0 = (0, 0, 0), ????1 = (1, 0, 0), ????2 = (ℎ
−
,???? −
, 0),
????3 = (ℎ̿
, 0, ????̿ ), and the positive equilibrium point ????4 = (ℎ̃
, ????̃, ????̃ ).The stability and bifurcation
of the equilibrium points was studied and the main influence was the qualitative behavior of the
solution. It was found that ????0 was unstable while the other equilibrium points are stable under
condition so we study their bifurcation and show that ????1, ????2 and ????3 are transcritical while ????4
is saddle node bifurcation. Numerical simulations were used to illustrate the occurrence of local
bifurcation of this model

In this paper, the effect of a couple–stress and other variables on the peristaltic flow of Sutterby
fluid in an inclined asymmetric channel containing a porous medium with heat transfer is examined.
In the presence of rotation and couple–stress, mathematical modeling is developed using constitutive
equations based on the model of Sutterby fluid. In flow analysis, assumptions such as long wavelength
approximation and low Reynolds number are used. The resulting nonlinear equation was numerically
solved using the perturbation method. The effects of various physical parameters such as the couplestress
parameter, the Grashof number, the Hartmann number, the Reynold number, the Froude number,
the Hall parameter, the Darcy number, the magnetic field, the Sutterby fluid parameter, and heat
transfer analysis on the stream function are analyzed graphically. Utilizing MATHEMATICA
software, numerical results were computed.

The summary purpose of this work: We extending certain results on α-centralizer of inverse
semiring under specific conditions, achieve new results on lie ideal of inverse semiring with some
consequent collieries, generalize assorted α-centralizer for lie ideal of inverse semiring with some
collieries, investigate significant theorems on jordan α-centralizer of prime inverse semiring and
we extend certain results of ???? −centralizers and jordan ???? −centralizers on lie-ideals of prime
semi-rings to prime inverse semi-ring, we generalizing the results of Mary in to α-centralizer on
semiring, Also we generalize our results on lie ideals of inverse semiring. We extending the results
of Shafiq, Aslam, Javed to ???? − centralizer of Inverse semiring. ???????????????????? ???? is left (right) Jordan ???? −
centralizer on”V, we get the output R is a left (right) ???? − centralizer on ????.”If it where
???? is an automorphism of V,????(????) ∈ ????, for any ???? ∈ ????, and ????(????(????)) = ????(????). We also get the
following output R is ???? ???? − centralizer on ????.

In this paper, the oscillation property and the asymptotic behavior of solutions of neutral secondorder
differential Equations of the Emden-Fowler type were studied under the influence of the
coefficients of forces. It has been shown through this research that the coefficients of forces in
addition to the Emden-Fowler type have a major role on the oscillation of solutions of neutral
Equations. As well as its effect on the convergence and divergence of nonoscillatory solutions. For
this purpose, some conditions are obtained to ensure that all solutions of the neutral Equations
Emden-Fowler type oscillating or nonoscillating go to ∞, as t → ∞. Some of these conditions are
the development of conditions similar to them in some of the well-known results included in the
references, for example, condition (8) in this research with condition (4) in (9). The obtained results
included some illustrative examples showing that the resulting conditions are easy to apply and
guarantee oscillation.

Identifying the optimum solution that satisfies the restrictions and maximizes or minimizes
the objective function is the aim of fully fuzzy fractional programming (FFFLP). Due to the
inclusion of both fuzzy parameters and fractional variables, this problem is difficult to solve.
Several approaches, including linear programming, nonlinear programming, genetic algorithms,
and computational intelligence algorithms, suggested handling FFFLP. For describing the
uncertainty, vagueness, or imprecision of information in the real world, triangular and trapezoidal
fuzzy numbers are frequently used. Indeed, it is not always practical to limit the membership
function to a triangle or trapezoid. This paper submits a new type of Heptagonal fuzzy number
and a novel ranking function technique based on generalized heptagonal membership functions
suggested for ordering heptagonal fuzzy numbers. With the help of the algorithm of the simplex
method for fully fuzzy simplex method, obtained the optimal fuzzy solution for FFFLP.

In this paper, the conditions under which the occurrence of the local bifurcation (such as saddlenode
(SN), transcritical (TC), and pitchfork (PT)) of all stable points of a food web model have been
investigated. Fear and anti-predator responses involving the Holling-type IV and Growly-Martin
functional responses have been found. It has been shown that there are transcritical and pitchfork
bifurcations near ????3, ????4???????????? ????6, as well as a saddle-node bifurcation close to the positive equilibrium
point. In addition, there is a saddle-node bifurcation in close to the positive equilibrium point. These
divergences have materialised into existence. In conclusion, to prove that the analytical results are
correct, a numerical simulation of a set of parameters and starting conditions has been used.

In this work, we formulate a mathematical model of the killer COVID-19 pandemic with time
delay and some governmental measures that include vaccine subsidies to understand the dynamic
behavior of COVID-19. For the dynamic study, a new model, ????????1????2???????? was used purposed in which
infectious individuals were divided into five sub compartments. Our aim is to construct a more
reliable and realistic model for a complete mathematical and computational analysis and design of
different control strategies for the proposed deterministic model. We first obtain the basic
reproduction number for the model is computed using a next-generation technique to predict the
future dynamics of the pandemic. The local stability of the model was also investigated at each
equilibrium point. The findings show that the time delay can produce a Hopf bifurcation for a
????????1????2???????? model. The obtained numerical results are discussed and predict through graphs.

This study aims to find the time-dependent potential terms in the two inverse problems of the
third-order pseudo-parabolic with initial and various boundary conditions supplemented by the
overdetermination data. The nonlinear inverse problems have significant applications in physics
and engineering fields. We proved the existence and uniqueness of the solution of the two
problems are being proved, but they still need to be proposed (since tiny perturbations in input
data cause considerable errors in the output potential term). Consequently, the regularized
methods should be employed. A finite difference schema is used for solving direct problems. In
contrast, the inverse problems were reformulated as nonlinear least-square minimization and
solved efficiently by optimizing MATLAB routine lsqnonlin. Tikhonov's regularization method
was applied to get stable results. The numerical results were explained by presenting a test
example for each problem. In addition, the stability was discussed by utilizing the Von Neumann
stability analysis. The results showed that the time-dependent potential terms were reconstructed
successfully and were stable and accurate.

Since the importance of truncated distributions has increased in many scientific fields in recent
years and they provide valuable insights when dealing with censored or truncated data, this paper
presents the Right Truncated Shanker Distribution as a new statistical distribution developed for
modelling right truncated data. The distribution is defined by specifying its probability density
function and cumulative distribution function under the truncation condition, the survival function
and the hazard function. In addition, some properties of the right truncated Shanker distribution
are derived, such as the moments around the origin, the variance, the coefficients of skewness and
kurtosis, the moment generating function, and the mean time to failure. Our statistical properties
show that the new distribution has the utility and flexibility to effectively model truncated data
scenarios.

The development of artificial intelligence technologies has led to their massive integration in various fields, including daily life. Text data plays a pivotal role in the world of artificial intelligence, especially in machine learning, allowing valuable insights to be extracted from massive data sets to help make informed decisions. Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) and digital forensics intersect through analyzing and classifyingtextual digital evidence in social media, including Facebook, in which text data is the main focus. This technique is particularly a useful topic modeling technique for uncovering hidden patterns in text data, which can be particularly useful in digital forensics taken from Facebook, including text analysis and evidence discovery, where LDA is used to extract large amounts of unstructured text data from meaningful topics, such as emails, documents, or chat logs. Investigators often deal with huge amounts of text-based evidence, so this technique helps them identify topics, such as fraud, especially in relation to text data, which is the core of our research. It not only improves effort and timebut also carries a huge potential for security packages. This work presents a method for processing Facebook posts with the help of a Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) ruleset to classify these texts into coherent themes. The significance of the research lies in its ability to discover themes within each post, which is crucial for analyzing user behavior and addressing security concerns. The use of relevant Facebook data enhances the real-world relevance of the results, facilitating targeted analysis based on the language patterns used by users in these posts and thus contributing to the success of security objectives. In evaluating existing methodologies, this study demonstrates improved performance by optimizing the LDA ruleset to more accurately match the unique features of the target statistics. This improvement leads to improved performance and reduced errors. The results of this study demonstrate the effectiveness of using the LDA approach, as it showed significant improvements over traditional strategies in terms of accuracy and applicability to real-world security situations and digital analytics .