Diyala Journal of Human Research

This research is concerned with the study of human phenomenon, widowhood, which is one of the important variables in the community of the research area (Diyala governorate), which is the result of the phenomenon of mortality, which is an important demographic phenomena. The second and complementary variable mortality represents the triangle of population change after fertility and has an effect on population growth, There is a real and realistic problem of spatial variation of widowhood cases for women due to the type of mortality. This problem has been characterized by a distribution of spatial variation between Diyala Governorate and highlighted the image of variance through the analysis and interpretation of the indicators of the characteristics of widowed women in the province of Diyala at the level of districts and representation of maps and graphic forms to give a clear visual reading of these indicators using a descriptive and analytical approach to interpret the results. The results of the search showed the existence of various indicators of this population phenomenon, Field by questionnaire and distributed by sample for each district, represented by the responses of widowed women. The search results in several results
1- Baquba is ranked first in number of widows and other indicators.
2- The existence of spatial variation of the size of widowed women by districts.
3- Variance of causes leading to the widowhood of women resulting mortality factor for males.

This research aims to conduct a procedural study of one of the modern critical terms, which is “paradox”, as a style of expressions that writers resort to and a type of directed discourse that carries within it connotations with different or implied purposes. The study turned to one of the poets of the thirteenth century, which is the historical era in which the flame of poetic creativity faded and poets grew towards formal and decorative aspects and wordplay, which made it fertile ground for studying such topics. This study dealt with the theoretical foundations of the concept of paradox, and showed the compatibility and commonality between it and some other terms and concepts such as differentiation, equivocation, etc. It also showed the types of paradox and the connotations that each type carries and applied that to examples of poetic verses found in the poetry of Ibn Rahma Al-Huwaizi.

The industries affiliated with the private sector are the main engine for economic and industrial development, through their effective role in forming the domestic product. That is, the industrial activities represented by the private sector are considered at the present time as one of the basic foundations for building a national economy that reflects positively on enhancing the levels of spatial development of industry in general. In addition, it has an importance that lies in its influential role in protecting the national industry by increasing exports and reducing imports. It also has a role in absorbing the huge numbers of manpower, and therefore the industry in Diyala Governorate suffers from many problems that have caused a severe decline in economic performance, including: destruction of infrastructure, The weakness of the local market and the deterioration of consumers’ living conditions, in addition to other problems related to laws and legislation, and the lack of a strategic vision for industrial development that is compatible with the reality of industry in Diyala Governorate.
Accordingly, it is necessary to prepare the initial requirements to create a suitable environment for reforming the national industry, and to identify the most important strategies that must be worked on as important priorities to advance the industry and enable it to overcome its crisis and the challenges it faces. Hence, there must be a future industrial vision aimed at building an advanced industrial sector in Diyala Governorate, It determines the long-term directions of the industry, which constitutes a general framework for the directions of industrial plans and a criterion for choosing its policies in a way that ensures their integration to achieve the goals. It requires many plans, and among the requirements for the advancement and development of industries belonging to the private sector in order to enhance their competitiveness, it has become an urgent necessity that cannot tolerate procrastination. Rather, it has become a national mission. In all its dimensions (political, economic, social).

The research included the substitution between the qaf and other letters in a number of texts collected from (Kitab al-Ibdal) by Abu Ubaidah (d. 209 AH), which were subject to collection, investigation and documentation. What distinguishes this book is that it is the first on the subject of substitution before the book of al-Asma'i, which was compiled recently, and the book of Ibn al-Skeet and Abu al-Tayyib the linguist. The research began with a brief introduction, then the study section: It included the definition of the personality of Abu Ubaidah (his name, surname, surname, lineage, and scientific status when the ancients and contemporaries), then comes the section of the texts of the book total, which included the texts of substitution between the qaf and other letters, and concluded with the most prominent results, with the mention of footnotes, and a list of sources and references.

The research aims to know (the effectiveness of the (SQ3R) strategy in the achievement of fourth-grade female students in the Arabic language subject).To achieve the research objective, the following hypothesis was formulated: There are no statistically significant differences between the average achievement of the experimental group students who studied literature and texts according to the (SQ3R) strategy and the achievement of the control group students who studied literature and texts using the traditional method. The researcher adopted the experimental design with partial control, which required defining the research community and its sample, as it consisted of two groups, with (42) students for the experimental group and (44) students for the control group. The researcher rewarded the following variables: (chronological age, Arabic language grades, and educational attainment of parents). At the end of the experiment, the researcher reached, using the t-test for two independent samples, the superiority of the experimental group students over the control group students in the subject of literature and texts, as the arithmetic mean for the experimental group students was (74.36) and the control group (69.16) with a calculated score of (2.71), which is greater than the tabular score at the level of (0.05). In light of the results, the researcher presented several proposals and recommendations.

Modern linguistic studies have given linguistic studies and researchers the opportunity to work on updating intellectual, mental and interpretive trends in building a scientific movement that keeps pace with the linguistic and verbal developments that have affected its vocabulary through linguistic and scientific openness to the modern scientific renaissance. In fact, these studies led to the birth of modern linguistic studies, which branched out according to their schools into structural, pragmatic, and other studies. What is important in this research is the linguistic Hajaj research represented by the hajajian conjunctions that work to join the speech or hijaj together to give preference to the stronger hajaj, and among these conjunctions are (and, then, then). Therefore, this study showed that the hajajian value of the utterance is not generated except by combining the words with each other through those links that work to coordinate and arrange the hajaj in order to achieve the moral persuasive effect in order to invalidate an hajaj or double it and prove it’s opposite.

Praise be to Allah who raised the scholars, and placed them on the thrones of glory and leadership, and made them drag the tails of pride, and break the darkness of ignorance with their enlightening letters, and may Allah's prayers and peace be upon our beloved Muhammad, his family, his companions, and those who follow his path until the Day of Judgment. Now then:
Prepositions are the most frequently used letters in speech, which makes them of great importance in constructing Arabic speech, and they are very common in the Holy Quran and the Noble Hadith, which makes knowing their meanings an important pillar of the pillars of interpreting the Quran and explaining the Sunnah, whichِ is what the knowledge of the Wise Lawgiver's intent in His texts is based on. The honor of knowledge stems from the honor of its subject.
For the above, our scholars paid great attention to studying the meanings of prepositions, and they wrote many books on them, both in poetry and prose, not to mention their reference to them and their meanings in every book of grammar and letters that grammatical composition witnessed in our civilization.
It is known to investigators that one of the most difficult tasks in investigation is the issue of controlling the poems; This is because it requires a metrical control that supports morphological and syntactic control; because scientific systems are characterized by a language that is deviant even from the language of poetry, which is deviant from the language of prose; the language in poetry has a special feature from the language of prose, because it contains deviation from directness and reporting as a result of its submission to the authority of meter and rhyme, with what they impose of restrictions on freedom of expression. Scientific systems have their own language that restricts them more than poetry, because they involve conveying scientific content in the form of specific information controlled by the rule of science, not launched with the launch of literature, so it does not have the launch and freedom of poetry. Among the other deviations facing the language of the rajaz is that the rajaz meter bears many deviations and defects, so it is distinct from the system in any of the other Khalilian meters of poetry. The language of scientific rajaz is a deviation from a deviation from a deviation, as it is a shift from prose to poetry, a shift from poetry to educational poetry, and a shift from educational poetry to educational rajaz. Which requires a comprehensive knowledge of the language, including morphology, syntax, prosody, and semantics.
I have chosen the poem  The Twenty Letters  by the scholar Ahmad bin Musa bin Ahmad al-Bayli al-Azhari (d. 1214 AH = 1799 AD) to be the subject of investigation and study, and we are trying to present it - God willing - in the most beautiful form. We have relied on two versions in its investigation, the Al-Azhar version and the Dar al-Kutub version, and we have divided the work into two parts: the first part

The interest in critical theories is a prominent part of the field of modern literary studies; this study stopped at cultural criticism, which is considered an epistemological illumination that accompanied the post-modern era, through its call for a broader and more liberated criticism through studying the latent and implicit systems in texts in general; in an attempt to apply this criticism to Ibn Hamdis’ poetry, trying to uncover the buried systematic connotations and implicit systems in his poetry, which the poet cannot reveal directly, and it is not easy in some place to extract them without contemplating in light of the data of cultural criticism, and the dimensions of the systematic texts and their functions

Human speech may not always be righteous; sometimes it may include errors that are described as slips of the tongue. These slips can be trace to the quickness of speech or to the fact that the speaker is fatigued. Among these errors is a type called malapropism on which this paper is designed to focus. Malapropism is a process in which certain word is replaced by another word which is neither a synonymy nor a related word. It is hypothesized that such replacement is based on phonological similarity. To say it differently, the speaker uses certain word which has similar or near pronunciation to the intended one. The current paper aims to investigate or to explain the psychological justifications for committing such errors. The problem of the study is that although slips of the tongue are sufficiently studied, yet there are few studies that focus on malapropism from a psychological perspective.

This paper explores the conception of dual consciousness and identity conflict in Betool Khedairi's novel Absent (2004), focusing on the psychological dimensions of identity in a postcolonial context. The study uses Frantz Fanon’s framework from Black Skin, White Masks (1986) that examines the psychological effect of colonization on how an individual views self. This research draws upon Fanon’s insights to show how Khedairi’s characters, most notably Dalal the protagonist in Iraq goes on a journey of fractured identities and cultural alienation under the influence of foreign colonialism. The study demonstrates the idea of psychological alienation as per Fanon, through a close analysis of the means by which society and family pressures fragment the self perception of Dalal. This paper ultimately concludes that Dalal’s individual struggles elucidate more of the tensions surrounding identity within postcolonial Iraqi society, as those tensions continue to be colored by the effects of the colonial influence on individual and collective identity.

This paper explores the conception of dual consciousness and identity conflict in Betool Khedairi's novel Absent (2004), focusing on the psychological dimensions of identity in a postcolonial context. The study uses Frantz Fanon’s framework from Black Skin, White Masks (1986) that examines the psychological effect of colonization on how an individual views self. This research draws upon Fanon’s insights to show how Khedairi’s characters, most notably Dalal the protagonist in Iraq goes on a journey of fractured identities and cultural alienation under the influence of foreign colonialism. The study demonstrates the idea of psychological alienation as per Fanon, through a close analysis of the means by which society and family pressures fragment the self perception of Dalal. This paper ultimately concludes that Dalal’s individual struggles elucidate more of the tensions surrounding identity within postcolonial Iraqi society, as those tensions continue to be colored by the effects of the colonial influence on individual and collective identity.

This paper aims to shed light on women's marginalization in Shelagh Delaney's A Taste of Honey and Pam Gems's Piaf due to their class and gender. In these plays, the protagonists follow their distinct values and norms that do not go hand in hand with the norms established by the patriarchal society. The paper examines A Taste of Honey and Piaf from a feminist point of view. Though written prior to the development of second wave feminism, A Taste of Honey does include some pivotal elements of the movement. The paper mainly focuses on what is known as socialist feminism which has first emerged in Britain and rose to prominence in the 1960s and 1970. Both playwrights, however, present female characters and approach feminist issues in accordance with Britain’s social and cultural context when they were staged.

The current research aimed to investigate the impact of information processing strategies and guided educational imagination on academic achievement and the development of historical empathy among fifth-grade literary female students in history for the academic year 2023 – 2024.
The study population consisted of fifth-grade literary female students in the General Directorate of Education in Diyala Governorate, with a total sample size of (50) students. Of these, (25) students formed the experimental group that studied history using the information processing and guided educational imagination strategies, while (25) students constituted the control group that studied using the conventional method.
The researcher utilized an experimental approach and developed a historical empathy scale consisting of (30) items distributed across four dimensions: historical empathy as strength, historical empathy as action, historical empathy as achievement and historical empathy as inclination or readiness
The scale's validity and psychometric properties were verified, and the reliability of the items was found using Cronbach's alpha, which reached (0.85).
The experiment was conducted in the first semester of the academic year (2023-2024). Statistical methods indicated that the experimental group, which studied using the information processing and guided educational imagination strategies, outperformed the control group in developing historical awareness.
Based on the results, the researcher formulated a set of conclusions, recommendations, and suggestions