Al-Nahrain Journal of Science

Some new pyridinium salts, namely 4-(4-bromo-benzylidene-hydrazinocarbonyl)-1-phenyl-pyridinium bromide, A1; 4-(4-bromo-benzylidene-hydrazinocarbonyl)-1-butyl-pyridinium bromide, A2; 4-(4-bromo-benzylidene-hydrazinocarbonyl)-1-phencyl-pyridinium bromide, A3; were synthesized and studied as corrosion inhibitors for mild steel in 1M H2SO4 aqueous solution at 20°C by weight loss measuring for 24 hrs. The results showed that the inhibition efficiency of all pyridinium bromide derivatives had a significant in value with the highest concentration. An increase in the inhibitor concentration is accompanied by a decrease in the corrosion rate, an increase in the retarding efficiency and an increase in the degree of surface coverage. The values of the free energy of adsorption revealed the effects of spontaneously reaction of (A1, A2, and A3) and gave useful information to predict the interaction between the metal surface and the organic molecules as corrosion inhibitors.

Organotin compounds (OTCs) are characterized as having at minimum one covalent bond between carbon and tin atoms, and are usually denoted by the formula RnSnX4-n (n = 1-3, R = aryl or alkyl, X = halogen ion or a carboxylate, etc.). There are several methods to synthesis organotin compounds, they are Grignard and Kocheshkov reactions, Wurtz reaction and alkylation method. The tin has two stable state, (II) and (IV). Sn (II) forms pyramidal sp3 complexes as well as trigonal bipyramidal sp3d complexes, whereas Sn (IV) forms trigonal bipyramidal sp3d complexes or octahedral sp3d2 complexes.

Astragalus Stocksii a local flowering plant found in Hana Valley, Quetta Pakistan, used as home medicinal plant form many years. It is an encouraging source of bioactive compounds and has been conventionally manipulated for the coverage of several diseases. The present study based on the evaluation of phenolics, antioxidants and anti-inflammatory activities of Astragalus Stocksii by using three different solvents, i.e.; acetone, ethanol and methanol. The results showed that extraction yield depends upon the type of the solvents used for extraction. Among these, extraction in methanol has the highest phenolic contents (10.086±0.08mg CE/g DW), total antioxidant capacity (TAC, IC50 =14.50±0.01 µg/mL, phospho-molibdenum method, IC50 = 66.62± 0.03 µg/mL by DPPH method) and high anti-inflammatory activity (IC50 =75.0 ±2.5 µg/mL, oxidative burst assay). These results indicate that methanol is the best solvent for extraction of phenolic and antioxidants in Astragalus Stocksii. The high results of anti-inflammatoryfor Astragalus Stocksii suggests its use in pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industries.

Organotin materials have several applications in industry and medicine since it uses to prepare medications. Moreover, it is used as photo-stabilizers for different plastic polymers such as polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene, and polyvinyl alcohol. Herein, it is going to focus on one application which is utilizing organotin complexes as photo-stabilizers of polyvinyl chloride. Since organotin (IV) can easily obtained by oxidizing organotin (II) that is more stable. Organotin (IV) can be designed in different forms depending on the number of organic and anion groups connected to the tin such as mono-organotin, di-, tri- and tetra- compounds. There are several applications of organotin materials in both industrial and medicine areas and in this paper, we are going to study some of a significant photo-stabilizers and their applications and we are going to highlight the using of organotin materials as photo-stabilizers of plastic polymers especially the PVC polymeric films.

This paper is the first that deals with the new synthesis of nematic liquid crystal titled bis-[5-yl-phenylbenzidine-4`-butyloxyphenly-2-yl-1,3,4-oxadiazole] and secondly discusses research on materials that can be used in stationary phase by using (GLC) as a type of chromatography. The usage of bis-[5-yl-phenylbenzidine-4`-butyloxyphenly-2-yl-1,3,4-oxadiazole] nematic phase has resulted in a lot of superb separations of a lot of poly aromatic hydrocarbons. The retention time change in an unusual way with temperature, appearance a significant increase at the normal liquid transmission point; as expected, that impact is reduced with further planar compounds. FT-IR and 1HNMR were used to characterize the synthesized chemical structure, and POM and DSC were used to investigate the liquid crystalline characteristics.

In this work, pure Zinc oxide and tin doped Zinc oxide thin films nanoparticles with various volume concentrations of 2, 4, 6, and 8 V/V% were prepared by using the sol-gel method. The optical properties were investigated by using UV-Visible spectroscope, and the value exhibits the direct allowed transition. The average of transmittance was around~ (17-23) % in visible region. The optical energy band gap was calculated with wavelength (300-900) nm for pure ZnO and Sn doped ZnO thin films which decreases with increasing concentration from 3.4 eV to 3.1 eV respectively and red shift. The real dielectric (εr) and the imaginary dielectric εi are the same behavior of the refractive index(n) the extinction coefficient (k) respectively. The optical limiting properties were studied by using an SDL laser with a wavelength of 235 nm. Pure ZnO and doping thin films an found efficient as optic limiting and depend on the concentration of the all samples.

The Gamma-ray spectrometry (spectra line Gp) and a high-purity germanium (HPGe) detector were used to determine the activity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K in fertilizer samples. 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K activity concentrations in fertilizers and phosphate raw. In this study the gamma index (Ig), Radium equivalent dose (Raeq), dose rate (DR), external hazard index (Hex) internal hazard index (Hin), annual effective dose outdoor (AEDout) and annual effective dose indoor (AEDin) were found. This study could serve as a starting point for figuring out how fertilizer radiation affects human health.

Twitter is considered a significant source of exchanging information and opinion in today's business. Analysis of this data is critical and complex due to the size of the dataset. Sentiment Analysis is adopted to understand and analyze the sentiment of such data. In this paper, a Machine learning approach is employed for analyzing the data into positive or negative sentiment (opinion). Different arrangements of preprocessing techniques are applied to clean the tweets, and various feature extraction methods are used to extract and reduce the dimension of the tweets' feature vector. Sentiment140 dataset is used, and it consists of sentiment labels and tweets, so supervised machine learning models are used, specifically Logistic Regression, Naive Bayes, and Support Vector Machine. According to the experimental results, Logistic Regression was the best amongst other models with all feature extraction techniques.

Monthly samples of algae collected in eighteen sites of springs and streams through September-2019 till August-2020during morning till afternoon in Shaqlawa district within Erbil Province, Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Eleven various kinds of algae were identified for first time in Iraqi inland water, distributed to three genera of blue-green algae, which include Marssoniella elegans, Pseudoanabaena catenata, Cyanotheca aeroginosa, also in Pyrrophyta identified four new species genera include Gymnodium inversum, Woloszynskia tenuissima, Peridinium goslaviense, Hemidinium naustum and Xanthopyta recorded three species were Ophiocytium arbuscula, Ophiocytium parvulum, Tetraedriella polychloris while Cryptophyta only have one species was Cryptomonas reflex. According to physicals and chemicals characteristics, water temperature varied from 14.942 oC to 18.475 oC, pH lies on alkaline side of neutrality, electrical conductivity ranged between (627.472-2092.306 ms/cm) and high concentration of salinity recorded in Azarian spring, higher value of calcium and magnesium recorded in Azarian and Benwan springs were 294.84 mg/L and 106.578 mg/L respectively. Lower value of nitrate and phosphate reported in Sard and Piawan springs, while lower value of sulfate observed in Prenga spring.

The study attempted to assess the water quality around paper mill effluents discharge areas. Several physicochemical parameters and the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME) Water Quality Index (WQI) were considered to determine the pollution level of surface and groundwater in the selected paper mills areas located in Saidpur, Gobindaganj, and Dupchanchia Upazilas of Bangladesh. Physicochemical characterization of the surface water around the paper mills areas showed that the concentration of EC, TSS, BOD5, COD, phenols, NO3--N, and K+ were exceeded the surface water standard, whereas the DO level ranged from 1.63 to 3.5 were found below the Environmental Conservation Rules (ECR), 1997 standard. Besides, the BOD, COD, and Mn ion concentrations of groundwater exceeded the drinking water standard. In most sampling sites, the WQI of the surface water showed ‘marginal’ category, and the groundwater quality showed 'fair' category. The study observed that the toxic effluents discharged from the paper mills caused harm to the aquatic ecosystem.