Ahl Al-Bait Jurnal

The Financial Behavior of Business Organizations and Its Impact on Return and Risk

Business organizations face multiple challenges within their national economies, including global challenges that reflect their impact on these organizations through their influence on the national economy. Consequently, the behavior of business organizations varies in choosing financing methods, as the financing method has a clear impact on the organization\'s performance level. This is evident through the study and analysis of performance indicators. It also reflects the level of risk faced by the organization, which includes systematic and unsystematic risks, such as financial and operational risks. This research represents a modest contribution to examining the financial behavior of business organizations and measuring its impact on return and risk. It was applied to a number of Iraqi companies listed on the Iraq Stock Exchange, and the research concluded with a set of findings and recommendations.

The dove in Arabic love poetry has been associated with women and the meanings of love and sorrow, becoming an emotional symbol that expresses longing and passion. Arabs revered the dove and linked it to love and fertility, as it appeared in folk and literary heritage as a symbol of the beautiful woman. Poets described their beloved as a dove, reflecting the deep connection between the dove and feelings of love and pain in Arab culture.

Many studies have addressed the issue of brain drain from developing to developed countries, proposing solutions to mitigate this phenomenon, yet the outflow continues. This research aims to understand the problem from the perspective of those directly affected, namely highly qualified individuals with advanced degrees. The research consists of two parts: a theoretical section discussing the concept and causes of brain drain, and an applied section focusing on Iraq through a questionnaire to analyze the views of migrants.

Many modern contracts go through a pre-contractual phase, with the negotiation stage being the most critical as it defines the rights and obligations of the parties. With technological advancements, negotiations are now conducted electronically through an electronic negotiation contract, which organizes the process leading to the final contract. This contract raises questions about its nature, formation, and effects, as it is binding on both parties and creates obligations such as negotiating in good faith. The topic is explored in three sections: the concept of the contract, its formation, and its effects.

There is no doubt that writing an Arabic article on stylistics is a matter of great interest to anyone concerned with this field. Style in a text is fundamental to weaving its structure across all its levels. Thus, we can say that stylistics, as a critical approach, aims to analyze texts within their linguistic context, represented by the text itself and its impact on readers. Hence, the linguistic aspect is the domain of the stylistic researcher.

Stylistic statistics do not merely involve the superficial detection of repetitive language in a text. Instead, they encompass a type of linguistic analysis conducted by scholars for various educational and practical purposes, such as compiling lists of common vocabulary, categorizing them based on discourse type, assisting in the creation of dictionaries, textbooks, and language-learning materials for non-native speakers. Ultimately, it seeks to determine why certain words are chosen over others in an author's lexicon and why specific syntactic structures are preferred over alternative ones. These analytical processes help uncover the uniqueness of one writer compared to another through their stylistic choices, particularly the lexical language they employ.

In the end, the writer selects a creative, artistic, and aesthetically appealing language that captivates the reader and elevates the text to the ranks of timeless global literary masterpieces.

The leasing contract is considered a modern financing technique, created from financial and legal thought. It responds to an unmet demand for traditional financing methods. This contract is based on the idea that a financing institution purchases what the project needs in terms of equipment, facilities, or productive assets and retains ownership of them. It then leases them to the project in exchange for a specified rental fee that represents the consumption of those leased funds and covers financial and administrative expenses as well as the stipulated interest on the amount paid for purchasing those funds, in addition to the anticipated profit from the transaction. The financing institution retains ownership of the leased assets throughout the duration of the contract, allowing it to reclaim them as the owner if the lessee stops or refuses to pay the rent or breaches the contract terms. It also has the right to recover those assets from the insolvency of the lessee without facing bankruptcy proceedings or the risk of not receiving its full rights or part of them. In return, the lessee is granted the right, at the end of the contract term, to choose between purchasing the assets related to the leasing contract at a previously agreed price or renewing the contract under new terms that fit the condition of the leased assets, or returning those assets and terminating the contractual relationship.

One of the most important methods in Arabic is the style of creation and information. These two styles share the tool (how many) in its informative and interrogative (or numerical) forms due to its indication of an ambiguous number at one time from the addressee as in the informative, and at another time from the speaker as in the interrogative. The research addressed the term (how many) in both its types, according to its variations, usages, and related aspects in the Arabic language. It is organized into six studies, the first of which is: the meaning of (how many), the second focuses on its origins, the third distinguishes it in terms of singular and plural, the fourth differentiates it from its distinguishing features by context or prepositional phrase, the fifth discusses its distinguishing features, and the sixth and last analyzes the grammatical case of (how many).

The two poets are among the well-known contemporary female poets. The first lived in Iran, while the second lived in Iraq. Both poets played a crucial role in renewal and strongly defended the rights of society in general and women's rights and freedom in particular. Both poets experienced sadness and despair due to the failures that affected Iranian and Iraqi society as a result of the disasters and misfortunes brought about by the First and Second World Wars, leading to a state of deprivation, injustice, and the spread of corruption within both countries. Each poet, individually, seemed to be writing about the same condition, using poetry as a means to express the sadness and despair they were suffering from, while simultaneously reflecting the state of their societies. This can also be seen as a call to evoke the feelings and emotions of their peoples and to revolt against the tragic reality. They played a clear role in this aspect, and thus, it can be said that their works represented two separate schools for the generations that followed them and served as turning points in the lives of these two nations toward shores of warmth, safety, and the achievement of their aspirations.

The Arabic language suffers from problems in its teaching, as universities graduate a large number of specialists, yet linguistic illiteracy continues to increase. Students sometimes graduate without the ability to write a simple letter in Arabic. Studies indicate that there are difficulties in learning the Arabic language, including weak language skills and the lack of a clear curriculum for its instruction. Educational methods are ineffective, relying on memorization and rote learning without encouraging research. Furthermore, educational goals are not clear, affecting student outcomes. The researcher calls for a reevaluation of teaching methods and a focus on reforming education to achieve better results in the study of Arabic linguistics.

Technological and communication advancements in the past century have made personal conversations, especially phone calls, susceptible to interception, recording, and disclosure. With the widespread use of mobile phones that rely on wireless communication and the advancement of call recording technologies, these calls have become vulnerable to being recorded in multiple ways. Therefore, it is possible for many personal calls to be recorded, making them usable as evidence in legal proceedings. Additionally, phones can be used as recording devices, as some phones offer specialized software for recording calls, along with the possibility of recording by the service provider, allowing calls to be officially recorded for traditional devices.

The industrial sector has been and continues to be one of the most important sectors in the economy due to its prominent role in economic growth and development. This statement applies to the cement industry, which is a branch of the manufacturing sector, as it contributes to meeting the demand for cement and serves its purposes. Additionally, it has the capacity to employ a large number of workers in the economy.

However, developing countries, including Iraq, suffer from significant weaknesses in this sector, which has negatively impacted real economic development. In these countries, effective solutions to the problems of this sector have not been implemented, leading to the accumulation and complexity of these issues. The cement industry is also considered one of the vital industries in the industrial sector, especially in Iraq, due to the high demand for this material and a severe shortage in its supply in the Iraqi market. This is primarily due to the low productivity of cement plants in Iraq, as they face numerous challenges. Among these plants is the Karbala Cement Plant.

The industrial sector has been and continues to be one of the most important sectors in the economy due to its prominent role in economic growth and development. This statement applies to the cement industry, which is a branch of the manufacturing sector, as it contributes to meeting the demand for cement and serves its purposes. Additionally, it has the capacity to employ a large number of workers in the economy.

However, developing countries, including Iraq, suffer from significant weaknesses in this sector, which has negatively impacted real economic development. In these countries, effective solutions to the problems of this sector have not been implemented, leading to the accumulation and complexity of these issues. The cement industry is also considered one of the vital industries in the industrial sector, especially in Iraq, due to the high demand for this material and a severe shortage in its supply in the Iraqi market. This is primarily due to the low productivity of cement plants in Iraq, as they face numerous challenges. Among these plants is the Karbala Cement Plant.

The style of oaths in the Arabic language holds a significant place in grammar, and it has been detailed in grammatical books since Sibawayh\'s work. An oath consists of three pillars: the oath particle, the subject of the oath, and the object of the oath, each of which may be subject to omission or grammatical disputes. Given the importance of this style in the words of Imam Ali (AS) in Nahj al-Balagha, it was studied to compare what grammarians have mentioned with what is documented in Nahj al-Balagha, and to highlight the merits of this style in the Imam\'s speech.

The words of Imam Ali (AS) are considered a reliable reference in establishing grammatical rules, as they have been cited by many scholars such as Al-Rummani, Ibn Hisham, Al-Radi Al-Astarabadi, and Al-Muradi. The Imam also contributed to the development of Arabic grammar, and his eloquence in Nahj al-Balagha has been highly praised. Muhammad Abduh described it as \"the noblest and most eloquent speech after the words of Allah and His Prophet (PBUH).\"

The research meticulously studied the style of oaths in Nahj al-Balagha, focusing on the definition of oaths linguistically and terminologically, their types, particles, purposes, omissions, and their relationship with conditions. The research concluded with a comprehensive analysis of the style of oaths in the words of Imam Ali (AS) in Nahj al-Balagha.

There is no doubt that ancient Arab linguists coexisted with speakers of ancient Arabic dialects, but they focused on studying the language of the Quran and avoided paying attention to other dialects, considering their use to conflict with the standard of eloquence. However, some linguists like Ibn Jinni and Abu Hayyan al-Andalusi pointed out that all Arab dialects are considered valid, as they believed that each dialect has its linguistic value.

Despite the recognition of prominent linguists like Abu Amr ibn al-Ala and Tha\'lab of the eloquence of the Azd dialect, it did not receive sufficient attention compared to dialects of tribes like Tamim, Asad, and Qays. Linguists justified this by the Azd\'s interaction with foreign nations, which they believed affected the purity of their dialect. However, it seems that the real criterion was based on the strength and status of the tribe among Arab tribes.

Ancient linguists overlooked the importance of studying all dialects, including those mentioned in the Quran and its readings. The sources for studying the Azd dialect lie in Quranic interpretation books and language dictionaries, while grammar and morphology books serve as secondary sources.

Political systems vary from one society to another based on their intellectual, historical, and religious ideologies. The Islamic system is distinguished by its unique philosophy, combining religion and state, and is founded on timeless principles such as justice, equality, and consultation (Shura). Islam established general principles suitable for all times and places, leaving the details to public opinion and scholarly interpretation (ijtihad), provided they align with fixed Islamic principles. After the death of the Prophet (peace be upon him), the companions relied on the Quran, the Sunnah, and then consultation and ijtihad. The Islamic system emphasizes that both rulers and the ruled are subject to Islamic law, while allowing details to evolve according to the circumstances of each era.

### Summary:

Freedom of the press is a fundamental pillar in any democratic system and cannot be achieved under dictatorial regimes. The press holds significant importance as a tool for expressing opinions and monitoring government actions through constructive criticism. Rights and freedoms are not granted by the ruler but are fundamental rights of the people that the ruler must recognize.

After 2003, Iraq witnessed a transition from a dictatorial to a democratic system, allowing the press to enjoy a significant degree of freedom, as affirmed by the Iraqi Constitution of 2005. However, the question remains whether the current laws, such as the Iraqi Penal Code No. 111 of 1969 and the Publications Law No. 206 of 1968, are sufficient to provide the necessary legal guarantees for press freedom, or if legislative intervention is required to enact new laws.

The research will be divided into three sections:
1. **The Nature of Press Freedom.**
2. **Procedural Implications of Press Crimes in Iraqi Legislation.**
3. **Penal Implications of Press Crimes in Iraqi Legislation.**

The conclusion will present key findings and recommendations.

### Summary:

The event of Karbala represents a unique historical and human incident, where Imam Hussein (AS), his family, and companions made the ultimate sacrifices for the sake of values and principles. This Husseini revolution has inspired writers and poets across generations, producing a vast literary heritage that praises Hussein (AS) and mourns his tragedy. Husseini poetry has transcended historical boundaries to address political, social, and national issues while maintaining its ideological essence. The city of Karbala holds a special place in this literature, as every part of it reminds us of the tragedy of Ashura and the sacrifices of the Ahl al-Bayt (AS). Despite significant efforts to document this heritage, its scope continues to expand with the contributions of new generations of poets and writers.

The current research aims to identify the impact of probing questions on the achievement of grammar among students in the College of Arts, Department of Arabic Language. To achieve this goal, the researcher formulated the following null hypothesis:

"There is no statistically significant difference at the level of (0.05) between the average scores of students who study grammar using probing questions and the average scores of students who study grammar using the conventional method."

The research sample consisted of (59) male and female students from the fourth stage in the Department of Arabic Language at the College of Arts, Ahl al-Bayt University. The sample was divided into two groups: the first group, the experimental group, included (30) students who studied grammar using probing questions, and the second group, the control group, included (29) students who studied grammar using the conventional method.

The researcher statistically controlled for some variables that might affect the experiment's results, such as the students' chronological age (calculated in months), the educational attainment of their fathers, and the educational attainment of their mothers.

The researcher prepared a post-achievement test in grammar, ensuring its validity and reliability. After teaching the prescribed topics according to the Arabic language curriculum for the fourth stage, the researcher administered the post-achievement test to both groups. The data were statistically analyzed using the T-test, and the results showed that the experimental group outperformed the control group.

In light of the research findings, the researcher recommended the use of probing questions and their various types in teaching grammar, as well as training teachers in the skill of using probing questions.

The constitution is the fundamental pillar of the legal state, defining the system of governance, the exercise of power, and individual rights. It holds supremacy over all other laws, necessitating a mechanism to ensure its adherence—judicial review of the constitutionality of laws. This review takes two forms: political and judicial, with the latter proving more effective, especially in Iraq, which adopted it since the 1925 constitution. Following the fall of the previous regime, judicial review was reaffirmed in the Law of Administration for the State and the 2005 Iraqi Constitution. Strengthening this review is crucial for democracy, as a constitution is meaningless without enforcement, requiring further study and development.

The first restriction is one of the important legal issues in this era due to its practical applications. The core of this research addresses the issue of unregistered lands in the Iraqi Real Estate Registration Department, which presents both legal and economic challenges. The key questions include: Who owns these unregistered lands? What are the necessary conditions for registering these lands in the names of their possessors? And what laws and decisions have addressed the issue of unregistered lands?

Shebaa Farms, located at the Lebanon-Syria-Israel border triangle, remain a subject of legal controversy despite Israel's withdrawal from southern Lebanon in 2000. Israel gradually occupied the area after the 1967 war and completed its control during the 1978 invasion, leading to international resolutions, most notably Resolution 242 (1967) and Resolution 524 (1978). The UN and Israel claim the farms belong to Syria, while Lebanon, supported by Syria, asserts they are Lebanese territory. Lebanon bases its claim on legal and sovereign evidence. This study aims to analyze the legal status of the farms, the impact of unmarked borders, and the issue of sovereignty based on international standards.

The phenomenon of princes, ministers, and leaders seeking refuge in other states was common in Al-Andalus due to political and social unrest. The sultans of the Nasrids in Granada, the Zayyanids in Tlemcen, and the Marinids in Fez exploited these refugees to serve their interests against their rivals. Many Nasrid princes sought refuge in Morocco, such as Yusuf I and Ahmad ibn Muhammad, after facing political persecution. Some of their family members remained in Al-Andalus, hoping to return. Fez took advantage of this phenomenon to support revolts against Granada, as seen with the deposed Sultan Muhammad V and his ministers, impacting regional politics for a quarter of a century.