kerbala journal of pharmaceutical sciences

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are extremely common, particularly among reproductive women. While these infections source symptoms, pain, burning through peeing, and an urgent necessity to use the bathroom. UTIs can also come from the urinary bladder to the kidneys and the blood, causing severe complications when they remain untreated. Once women have experienced a single UTI, they are further expected to develop another. Some cases may be developed into chronic urinary tract infections. Many factors may lead to triggers UTIs and make them difficult to treat such as factors related to nutrition particularly well vitamin D deficiency is a wide range problematic. Vitamin D insufficiency leads to numerous health difficulties such as autoimmune diseases, diabetes Mellitus, inflammatory issues, such as increased blood pressure, and tumors. Such vitamin shortage has been predictable by way of a determined deficiency among people, kids, and older individuals in maximum nations. This study highest on the theory that vitamin D deficiency amongst females correlated with the emerging regular UTIs. As females in the generative period have precise anatomical modifications in their urinary tract, category them riskier for the bacterial attack, an existing data was approved to determine positive links bind serum D levels with the urinary tract of females while anticipating the significance of meaningful reasons related to UTI also correspondingly achieved techniques to avoid severe consequences. Numerous females with (patient team) UTIs were distinguished from other healthy (control team). ELISA technic was used to measure Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels. The investigation, as well as evaluation of the data, have occurred of compared groups. Vitamin D average levels in the patient's group remained noticeably lower when compared to the healthy group.

Topical administration of drugs is delivering medications locally to the eye, skin, rectum and vagina. This route of drug application has many advantages including bypassing the extensive hepatic metabolism, avoiding the invasive parenteral (injection) and others. Emulgel is a semisolid preparation which has advantages of having a high ability to skin penetration than other semisolid formulations, being greaseless, thixotropic, easily spreadable and removable, water soluble, non-staining, emollient and longer half-life. There are many ingredients and constituents of emulgel such as oils, emulsifying agents and gelling agents. Emulgel is prepared as either o/w or w/o type. Many evaluations had been performed to check the properties of emulgel such as organoleptic properties, spreadability, pH, viscosity, rheological study, swelling index, Ex-vivo bioadhesive strength measurement of topical emulgel and others.

The SARS-CoV2 vaccines are safe and smart way to protect ourselves. Once the body takes one or more doses of the vaccine, it produces an immune response without being fully exposed to the disease. It is important to evaluate the immune response generated against vaccine. So, the aim of the study was measuring the level of IgG and IFN-γ levels and study the differences their levels according to some risk factors like age, sex, previous infection, and BMI. that done by Cross-sectional study, where it was conducted between November 2021 and April 2022. Serum samples were obtained from 105 vaccinated persons with Pfizer. SARS-CoV-2 IgG levels and IFN-γ were detected. And the results obtain were the participants' ages ranged from (18-72) years, they were divided into 2 groups: those under 25 years old 66 (62.9%), and those over 25 years old 39 (37.1%). 56 subjects (53.3%) were males and 49 (46.7%) were females. The sample was taken at various times and weeks. 50 individuals (47.6%) had received one dose, while the others 55 (52.4%) had received two doses, Additionally, 39 subjects (37.1%) had a confirmed infections prior to receiving the vaccine whereas others did not 66 (62.9%). Furthermore, according to BMI, 63 subjects (60%) had a normal weight and 29 (27.6%) had overweight, finally this study Concluded that younger participants under the age of 25 had higher antibody and IFN γ concentrations. higher antibody level and lower IFN γ in males than females were observed. Previous infection with covid 19 seems to have no effect on antibody and IFN γ level after vaccination with Pfizer.

Many synthetic substances that are introduced into the environment are known to interfere with or are suspected of interfering with the proper function of thyroid hormone (TH) in humans. The command of development and growth, as well as the maintenance of metabolic homeostasis are crucial functions of THs. A increasing body of research demonstrates the environment pollutants can interfering with the endocrine system. The majority of the evidence comes from research on organs of reproduction. Additionally, there is concern that the thyroid's normal state of homeostasis may be disturbed.
There is a risk of thyroid disruption from several chemical categories, including some halogenated derivatives and metabolites of polychlorinated biphenyls, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, bisphenol-A, and other chemicals have been demonstrated to bind to TRs and potentially influence TR function selection. When given the importance of TH in brain development, it will be critical to investigate whether these chemicals, or chemical class interactions, affect Modulating TH signaling in the developing brain improves children's health. Because different drugs affect the in various ways, the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis, they can disturb the thyroid in a number of different ways.
Human health may be negatively impacted by even slight alterations in thyroid homeostasis, and developing fetal neurological systems may be particularly at risk.
Environmental influences on thyroid function should be further studied in the future as this information may help us comprehend the intricate background of gene-environment interactions underpin thyroid disease pathophysiology.

Traditional medicine, especially treatment with plants and herbs, is the basic system of medicine for more than two-thirds of the world's population, especially in developing countries. For thousands of years, medicinal plants have been used to treat health disorders adding flavor, preserving food and preventing the spread of disease. The compounds of the secondary metabolism of medicinal plants have diverse and important biological effects as they allow the body to fight microbes and infections and contribute to the treatment and prevention of diseases, especially diabetes, high blood pressure and cancers, and also contribute to the regulation of salts and fats in the blood and in the activation and stimulation of natural immunity in addition to many other positive health properties. Many plants used in herbal medicine are toxic because they contain many toxic compounds. This is due to the use of poisonous plants to treat some incurable diseases such as cancer and to take vegetarian recipes for people sensitive to plant compounds or following a treatment. In this research, we will discuss some plants used in our daily lives.

Abortion is a common and safe health intervention when performed in one of the methods recommended by the organization and appropriate for the duration of pregnancy and by a person with the necessary skills. Intentional abortion ends 6 out of 10 unintended pregnancies. Approximately 97% of unsafe abortions occur in developing nations, accounting for around 45% of all abortions. Unsafe abortion can lead to physical and mental health problems, place a financial and social burden on individuals, communities, and healthcare systems, and it is a major preventable cause of maternal death and morbidity. Poor access to abortion treatment that is quick, safe, inexpensive, and respectful is a significant issue for both human rights and public health.In this review we focused on the types of abortion and the important causes that led to it .

COVID-19 had been a worldwide epidemic infectious disease since March 2020, when it first spread and then deteriorated. Efforts were focused on enlisting the help of the scientific community to stop the sickness from spreading and find a cure. Although the fact that vaccination is an important aspect of the public health plan for reducing COVID-19's impact, the pandemic's management will continue to rely on pharmacological therapy. Approximately, 3 quarters of COVID-19 individual patients in critical situations preceded with Interleukin-6 associated with failure of respiratory system. Interleukin-6 concentration is a trustworthy predictor about the severity of infection due to the remarkable elevation in mortality cases and considered as a promised target for pharmacological drugs like tocilizumab, which is an interleukin receptor blocker that has been administered off label use accompanied with treatment results in Taking care of patients with serious illnesses. The objective of this research is to provide an updated review to evaluate the effect of tucilizumab, an interlukin receptor blocker on fatality rates for cases with critical COVID 19 conditions. PubMed, Google Scholar, and other scientific databases and centers were used to perform the research for studies reporting results for hospitalized patient treated with tucilizumab compared with control patients (treated with conventional therapy) and moratality rate percent were conducted. A total of 5630 patients (10 studies; n= 1219 received TCZ; n=4411 control patients received conventional therapy) with severe COVID- 19 conditions. Outcomes was improved with TCZ (28.3% mortality rate) compared with 40.98% in control patients.Based on the findings of this research, we can infer that administering TCZ to patients with severe COVID-19 reduces the risk of mortality.

The purpose of this study is to get a basic understanding of the primary anatomical and histological characteristics seen in carnivores. Moreover includes information on typical medical assessment and is deemed valuable for surgical treatment as well as anatomy instruction. The present study its highlight in anatomical and histological characteristics for stomach in different species of carnivores such as dogs, jackal, grey wolf, grey mongoose, domestic and wild cat. The anatomical structures which appear similarity approximately in carnivores, but different in some of histological features, especially in lamina muscularis and stratum compactum layer. The anatomical structure of stomach in carnivores consist of simple monogastric, have three region; (cardiac, fundic and pyloric) region. Histologically, most of researches mention the stratum compactum was not established or never investigate in carnivores or not highlight for this layer. The stratum compactum composed of thick layer collagen fibers extend beneath mucosa which appeared clearly in fundic region, this layer rested on the lamina muscularis. Such results indicate that the stomach in carnivores contain special of collagen layer called (stratum compactum).

Avidity is consider one of the important and significant manifestations of the humeral immune response to virus covid-19(, representing the binding strength antigen with antibody, in many viral infections low avidity consider risk factor for reinfection. While many of the infected people have mild symptoms or no symptoms, there is a group of patients have strong symptoms and need intensive care. Imbalance in cytokine production is the main mechanism for disease progression, an increase of selected pro-infammatory and anti-infammatory cytokines correlate with severity of disease, Therefore, assessing the level of certain cytokines can give an indication of disease progression and thus provide an accurate protocol of treatment. The purpose of this paper was to study the relation between severity of reinfection and vaccination by compression the values of antibody level and IgG avidity, also measure certain cytokines (IL-10, IL-6, IL-8, IL-7, IL-2, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-1β, TGF-β) in vaccinated reinfection patients (with first and second dose) and non-vaccinated reinfection covid-19 patients. Blood samples were pulled in (first, third and sixth) months after infection from 60 reinfection patients with covid-19: 30 patients were vaccinated with first and second dose, they were asymptomatic or show mild symptoms and 30 patients were non-vaccinated they have severity symptoms. The serum were obtained from all patients and evaluated for the Antibody levels, IgG-avidity, also inflammatory and proinflammatory cytokines were analyzed. There are clearly differences in all evaluated parameters were observed when comparing severe (group B non-vaccinated) and mild (group A vaccinated). The vast majority of samples contained s and n-antibodies (82%, 80% respectively in group A n=30 and 80%, 81 respectively in group B n = 30), level of total n-antibodies in group A clearly rises within one to three months (median value: 20.8, 31.2 s/co p<0.001), and clearly decreases significantly through three to six months (median value: 16,1 p<0.001), also in group B the levels increase then decrease (18.3, 22.4,14.8 respectively, P<0.001). there is clearly decrease in the level of (IgG) anti-spike (30.2, 21.4 and 16.2 RU/ml, p<0.001) were in group A also in group B (23.6, 18.4, 15.8 P< 0.001), there were a significant increase in the IgG-avidity index (median values 48.6, 56 and 61%, p<0.001) in group A were observed from (1 to 3 to 6) months also in group B (32.4, 41.2, 49.3 P<0.001), at the same time a significant differences in IgG-avidity index were shown between A and B groups. There was significant differences at (P<0.001 (for all tested cytokines between the group A (vaccinated mild reinfection patients) and group B (non-vaccinated sever reinfection patients), group B had significantly higher serum IL-10, IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-2, IL-1β, IL-8, TGF-β concentrations than group A. But the level of IL-7, TNF-α significantly decrease in group A as compared to group B as shown in (table 6). our results indicates that the vaccination that precedes the infection prepares the body to be a strong immune environment to resist the virus, represented by strength of binding or affinity between antibody and antigen, An inhibitors for some selected cytokines may be a good idea to alter induced hyperinflammation (cytokine storm) then prevent disease progression and dysfunction of many organ that contribute to an increasing mortality of covied-19 patients.

Cephalosporins are very important antibiotics that are used to treat various bacterial infections and are effective against a broad spectrum of anaerobic and aerobic bacteria. This mini-article and this article refer to the study of the chemical structure of the five generations of cephalosporins and the relationship of the structure to the biological activity against bacteria. Chemical modifications to the basic -lactam nucleus resulted in generations of these semi-synthetic compounds. It also greatly improved its bacterial efficacy. Substituted chemical structures at the R1 and R2 side sites on the β -lactam core are of great importance in improving the pharmacokinetic properties of compounds, as well as their solubility, stability, metabolism, and absorption.

Polycystic ovary syndrome( PCOS) is a most common prevalent endocrine disorder in females at reproductive period. Metabolic pathophysiology and sequelae associated with this syndrome range from insulin resistance to it is complication such as obesity, infertility , diabetes , and cardiovascular diseases . Insulin resistance plays a potential role in this pathophysiology , this makes counteract this resistance as the first –line treatment in PCOS .So various clinical trials have tried to control clinical and biochemical aspects of this disorder. Although traditional insulin sensitizing drugs such as metformin and pioglitazone and Antiandrogens have been used for treatment metabolic and clinical aspects of PCOS , however their efficacy is not significant in terms of obesity and cardiovascular risk reduction compared with more recent insulin sensitizers such as incretin mimetics ( glucagon like peptide -1 agonists and Dipeptidyl peptidase- 4 inhibitors) , sodium glucose cotransporter -2 inhibitors and other miscellaneous treatment including statins , melatonin and vitamin D3.This current pharmacological advances and potential therapeutic strategies giving patients and clinicians more choices.

Hepatitis B virus and Hepatitis C virus are the most common causes of liver diseases. They are a significant global health issue. Hepatitis B (HBV) and Hepatitis C viruses (HCV)’ infection caused by blood transfusions is still a major problem in developing countries. Cirrhosis, liver failure, and hepatocellular cancer are considered long-term complications of hepatitis B and C viruses. The objective of this research is to determine the epidemiology and the prevalence of HBV and HCV among blood donors at Thi-Qar blood bank during the period from 2020-2021. Demographic data has been collected from the central blood bank in Thi-Qar province, Iraq from the period 2020-2021. A total of (113887) blood donors have been included in this study. A total of 81 (0.14%) donors have shown positive for HBV and 57 (0.09%) for HCV. The highest age range between HBV and HCV-infected patients was between 30-40 years old (39.51%, 38.6%) respectively, while the lower age range between HBV-infected patients was between >20 years old (1.23%) and for HCV the lower age range was ≤60. Data also showed that the highest prevalence of HBV and HCV according to the place of residence was between urban residences between both infections. In conclusion, this research shows that Thi-Qar province may consider a low endemic area with HBV and HCV.