kerbala journal of pharmaceutical sciences

Diabetes patients are suffuring from urinary tract infections, mainly related to an impaired immune response , inadequate glycemic control and diabetic microangiopathy. Irregular secretion of cytokines leads to bidirectional effect on the development of the diabetic disease and UTIs. This study aimed to assess the role of diabetes in the development of some UTI bacterial infections and studying the effect of infections and Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) in Interleukin-35 and Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor (MIF) concentration. total of 90 male children, whose ages ranged between 5-15 years participated in this study ,60 patients with T1DM half of them have UTIs and 30 healthy controls. Cultivation urine on agar plates method used to identify UTIs patients with substantial bacteriuria. All bacterial isolates were diagnosed by VITEK-2. The levels of IL-35 and MIF concentration were measured using ELISA assay.The major findings of the study were :1-The serum IL-35 and MIF levels were a significant increased for both patients groups of T1DM compared to control. 2-Upon bacterial stimulation, happened higher increased of IL-35 and MIF levels compared to D1TM without UTIs. 3- The most frequent bacteria isolated were Escherichia coli 35% , Pseudomonas stutzeria 19% and Kocuria rosea 19% caused of UTI in T1DM patient.These results suggested that Type 1 diabetes mellitus and Urinary tract infections affects cytokines secretion, suggesting that cytokines -directed therapies might offer new treatment opportunities for inflammatory and autoimmune diseases in the future.

Back ground: Staphylococcus aureus is leading to ocular infection worldwide among gram –positive bacteria. Out of 169 swabs were collected from patients, with eye infections and from three areas: conjunctiva, cornea and eyelids, when they visited the ophthalmology consultant at Al-Hassan Al-Mujtaba Hospital, Al-Hindiya General Hospital and Al-Sayeda Zainab Specialized Center for Eyes in the Holy Karbala Governorate
Aims: to investigating the most important microscopic bacterial neighborhoods that cause the Eye infection and molecular study of antibiotic resistance genes in the most common bacterial isolated from ocular infection: the patients age ranged between (1-75) years, of both sexes, males and females, for the period from August 2022 to January 2023. Seventy-six bacterial isolates were obtained based on the phenotypic identification, biochemical tests: the diagnosis was confirmed by the Vitek2 system. Distribution of bacterial isolates were of follows: 41 Gram-positive bacterial isolates and 35 Gram-negative bacterial isolates, No Bacterial growth was found in 93 samples. The results showed that Staphylococcus aureus was dominant 22 (28.94%) samples, followed by Staphylococcus epidermidis with 19 (25%) samples, then Pseudomonas aeruginosa 18 (23.68%) samples and 12(15.78%) isolates belonging to Escherichia coli, 4(% 5.26) isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae and 1(1.31%) isolates of Serratia marcescens. The sensitivity test was performed using the Vitek2 system, and using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique,
In conclusion: Staphylococcus aureus was dominant and presence of antibiotic resistance genes mecA and ermA was confirmed in Staphylococcus aureus bacteria that infect the eye. by 95.4% and 72.7%, respectively.

The current study included the examination and activation of 25 semen samples of men with asthenemia. The study aimed to improve reproductive ability and activation of spermatophores using Amumum granum Janna two different techniques represented by swimming and gradient centrifugation, with an incubation period of 30, 45 , 60 minutes. The results showed a significant (p < 0.05) increase in the percentage of motile sperm, the degree of sperm activity, and the coefficient of sperm motility, with a significant decrease in the concentration of sperm, the percentage of abnormal sperm, and the concentration ,We conclude from the current study that Amomum granum has a clear role in stimulating sperm transactions and thus has a role in increasing the chances of successful external fertilization.

background: Pregnant women have a greater risk of having nutritional deficiencies since their requirements for vitamins and minerals rise by 20-100%. Prenatal micronutrient supplements such as folic acid, iron, calcium and vitamins reduce nutrition deficits and unfavorable pregnancy and birth outcomes at a low cost. Poor adherence, on the other hand, remains a possible barrier to the successful implementation of these supplementation programs.
Aim: to improve by pharmacist intervention the knowledge and adherence of pregnant regarding micronutrient supplements
Materials and Method: The pre-post interventional study was conducted in obstetrics and gynecology teaching hospital in Karbala with 100 pregnant women at the second trimester, Data were collected using two questionnaires, one about knowledge and other about adherence to iron-folic acid and any micronutrient supplementation, laboratory tests were used to determine the levels of Hemoglobin and plasma level of calcium, and vitamin D.
Results: At baseline the overall adherence rate to supplement medication among pregnant women was low in spite of good knowledge score. Pharmacist intervention had a role in improve adherence rate and this was evident when the study repeated two month later. At end line, there is a significant increase in Haemoglobin level (p = 0.00028) and 1,25-OH D3 level (p = 0.00001).

Conclusion: The present study revealed that the pharmacist mediated intervention with education tools produced a pronounce significant improvement in adherence and knowledge scores.

Urinary stone define as hard mass in urinary tracts and might be causes pain bleeding infection and some times obstruct urine flow. These symptoms related to stone size and location in urinary tracts, smallest one cause no symptoms but large stone manifested one or all of mentioned above symptoms. Management of urinary stone depends up on stone composition and the fragility. Therefore, knowing composition of stone determine the treatment approach and appropriate pathway to relive the problem. In addition verifying the composition need to laboratory analysis. Aim of study it was Studied the ability of nonenhanced CT scan in term of HU and HD parameters to predict the stone composition. Patients and methods A cross sectional study was enrolled patients suffering from renal stone that visited urological clinic in Babylon teaching hospital and Karbala teaching hospital from 1st June to 1st September 2020. Forty patients were included and investigated about stone characters (size, diameter and shape), patients had single stone > 10 mm in diameter the diagnosis was made by urologist used ultrasound device they referred patient for KUB x-ray and non-enhanced CT scan. In a results The study was enrolled 40 patients with mean age 43.1±15.9. The male to female ratio was 2.4:1. The study show six groups of stone, pure calcium oxalate, pure uric acid, pure struvite, mixed Calcium Oxalate + HXA, Mixed Calcium Oxalate + HXA + STR and Mixed Calcium Oxalate + UA. Pure Calcium Oxalate stone more frequent were found in the study in 35%, 17.5% pure UA and 22.5% pure STR. there were significant relation between stones types and Hounsfield units. In addition, there were to significant relation between stone type and Hounsfield density values. We Conclude that Nonenhanced CT can determine the chemical composition of most renal stone types by measuring the Hounsfield Unit and Hounsfield density of the stone.

Klebsiella pneumoniae is a pathogenic Gram-negative bacterium belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae family. Multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria are a significant global issue in human medicine due to the high occurrence of these organisms, making them a major economic issue. Carbapenems are the last line of defense against infections caused by Multi Druge Resistance (MDR) Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates, but overuse can result in the emergence of antimicrobial resistance isolates. The carbapenemase enzymes (KPC) and (OXA 48), which produce from bacteria K. pneumoniae today, have emerged as one of the β-lactamase enzymes that can inactivate the last line of carbapenems. The study aims to detect blaKPC, blaOXA48, genes from Klebsiella pneumonia which isolated from different clinical samples in Kerbala province. Sixty-eight Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates were collected from pateints with different infections, and isolates were identified by Vitek 2 automated system. Antibiotic susceptibility was measured using the disc diffusion method. Following phenotypic detection of multidrug resistance, and finally the blaKPC and blaOXA48 genes were detected. All isolates of K. pneumoniae which used in this study based on by susceptibility testing with used 10 antimicrobial, K. pneumoniae isolates were highly resistant to Carbapenem and Cephems antibiotics, intermediate to Cefipeme, and sensitive to Sulfonamide.

Sickle Cell Anemia is a genetic disease resulting from the exchange of amino acids in the hemoglobin protein, which carries oxygen in the blood, transforming the natural disk shape of red blood cells into the sickle-like shape.

Objective we aimed to study the role of VCAM-1 as a marker of endothelial dysfunction in SCA patients. Evaluate the association between serum sVCAM-1 level in SCA patients, and the frequency of vaso-occlusive crises. Possible usage of these markers as a predictive index for VOC occurrence. Study correlations between sVCAM-1 with different hemolysis and inflammation markers.

Patients and methods The total number of participants are (100) person including (35) patients with painful crisis, (35) patients with steady state, and (30) healthy control group, all of the patients and healthy control group were male, in addition, Their ages ranged from (3-55).were evaluated with respect to serum vcam-1 level by means of enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay.

Results The results showed there have been significant differences in concentrations of Vcam-1, D dimer, and CRP in SCA patient (painful crisis, steady state) in comparison with the control group for both adults and children.
The results also showed that there were significant differences in platelet, and PCT levels between patients with sickle cell anemia and healthy subjects, in adults only, but in children, there were no significant differences between patients with sickle cell anemia and healthy group.
In this study, SCA patients with the painful crisis and steady state have significant correlations between (vcam-1, D-dimer),

One of the most serious issues with poorly soluble class II medicines is their limited bioavailability. The situation is considerably more complicated for medications such as cinnarizine, ketoprofen, and dapsone, which are poorly soluble in aqueous environments and are classified as class II in biopharmaceutical classification system. by the biopharmaceutical classification system. Formulation as nanosuspension is an appealing and promising solution to these difficulties. A nanosuspension comprises a homogeneous dispersion of a polymeric material containing a weakly water-soluble medicine. The preparation of nanosuspension is easy and applicable to most medicines that are insoluble in water. A nanosuspension not only overcomes the problem of poor solubility and bioavailability, but it also changes the pharmacokinetics of the drug, improving its safety and efficacy by reduction in particle size leads to an increase in the dissolving rate of the drug, which in turn enhances the rate and extent of its absorption. Consequently, this results in an increased bioavailability of the drug. This review article discusses nanosuspension preparation methods, characterization, evaluation and applications.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a common disorder that is increasing around the world. It's related to the progression of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) ,This study included examining the sensitivity of E. coli isolates to antibiotics using the Vitec system, and collection of blood samples from patients suffering from kidney failure and urinary tract infections who were attending the Imam Hussein medical city / dialysis unit and a urology consultant for age groups between (20-70) years for both sexes to determine the concentration of the Toll-like receptor. as well as the determination of superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and glutathione concentration Through the results of estimating the toll-like receptor 4(TLR4), it became clear that the age group between (40-60) years showed the highest immune response, as the concentration of this immune receptor reached 1.115 ng / ml. The results of the statistical analysis confirmed the existence of significant differences P > 0.05 in the concentration of this receptor in the age group between (20-40) years, while the remaining two age groups did not show any significant differences. By estimating the activity of enzyme antioxidants in the groups under study and comparing it with the activity of the enzyme in healthy people, it became clear from the results that the highest activity of the SOD enzyme was recorded in healthy people, which amounted to 15.35 units / ml ⸲ while it was noted that there was a significant decrease in the activity of this enzyme in all Patients with renal failure and patients with renal failure accompanied by urinary tract infections. The results of estimating the concentration of glutathione (GSH) in the groups under study showed a high concentration of this compound in healthy people 9.7 micromol / ml, while a significant decrease in its concentration was observed in both patients with renal failure and patients with renal failure who had urinary tract injuries.

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is associated with metabolic complications such as insulin resistance (IR) , visceral obesity, and dyslipidemia contributing to an increased lifetime risk of developing cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and hypertension. Aimed to evaluate the new metabolic indices and basal metabolic rate to predict insulin resistance in polycystic ovary syndrome phenotypes. Methods This study as a case-control study and 210 females including 140 female cases effect by different phenotypes of PCOS and 70 healthy females, the metabolic indices were determined waist /hips ratio(WHR) ,body mass index(BMI), lipid accumulation product (LAP), basal metabolic rate (BMR), and body adiposity index (BAI) and visceral adiposity index (VAI), serum hormonal levels and insulin concentration were determined by the electrochemiluminescence immunoassay “ECLIA” system (Cobas e 411, Roche Diagnostic, Germany) . Using the ROC curve, the accuracy of the prediction value was determined.The result, in this study was that all PCOS phenotypes significant increase compared to the control group with a p-value < 0.05 , interestingly, phenotype A was shown high level in VAI , BAI,LAP and BMR . Receiver Operator Characteristic Curves(ROC) analysis for VAI and BMR showed good diagnostic performers to word phenotype A. ROC for LAP and BAI were the best predictions for phenotypes group C. Conclusion, The females with phenotype A have a higher basal metabolic rate and metabolic measurements than the control group. Consequently, insulin resistance and metabolic disturbances more severe in phenotype A than in other phenotypes.

Impaired collagen turnover and risk factors such as hypertension, obesity, dyslipidemia and left ventricular dilation with wall thickness cause myocardial interstitial fibrosis and are all predisposing factors for atrial fibrillation disease. However, the most common symptoms of atrial fibrillation include palpitations, chest pain, dyspnea and syncope.
The study included 120 participants ranging in age from 22 to 90 years. Sixty of them had been diagnosed with fibrillation patients by electrocardiogram interpretation and the other sixty were healthy and used as a control group; the study was conducted at the Al-Zahraa Teaching Hospital in Al-Kut/Wasit/ Iraq. The serum carboxyterminal telopeptide type-I collagen level was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, while the left ventricular diameter was evaluated by echocardiography.
Most atrial fibrillation patients with MIF have left ventricular dilation with thick walls and comorbidities such as obesity and hypertension. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the level of carboxyterminal telopeptide type-I collagen and myocardial interstitial fibrosis in atrial fibrillation patients.

The study was conducted to find out the effect of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) on the concentration of the hormone activin, which is important in many reproductive processes in the body. Twenty-seven female mice were dosed after making sure that pregnancy had occurred with PVC throughout the pregnancy period and then the breastfeeding period. The pregnant females were divided into three groups, the first was the control group, the second group was treated with PVC material at a concentration of 50 mg/kg b.w.; and the third group was treated with the same substance at a concentration of 100 mg/kg b.w., blood samples were taken from sixty newborns of both sexes after puberty, and the results showed a significant increase in the concentration of the hormone activin in the groups of females for both concentrations of PVC compared to the control group, while the concentration of activin decreased significantly in males for both concentrations of PVC compared to the control group. The results of this decrease were effective in decreasing the weight of the testes and the number of sperm, which decreased compared to the control group.

This study was conducted in the Postgraduate Laboratory at the College of Sciences at the University of Kerbala after collect and isolate115 specimens of dermatophytic patients.the specimens are collected from Imam Al-Hassan -Almujtaba Hospital , in Karbala Governoate .Where included(100) specimens isolated from( skin scrapings,nail clippings ,hair fragments).and 15 specimens isolated from the mouth . After culture in Sabourauds Dextrose Agar , diagnosed microscopically by examining larg and small spores, and phenotypically through the color and shape of the colony, period January 2021 to April 2022 for skin fungi ,oral sample were collected during the month of may, 2022,and the result of the examination was five type of skin fungi ( Trichophyton mentographytes , Trichophyton indotimea, Trichophyton interdigetal, Trichophyton qunickeueam,Microsporum canis) and Candida albiccans isolated from mouth .A groups of medicinal plant such as Pomegranate, Oleivera, Chamomile,Neem,Castor and Moringa was collected and a hot water extract was prepared . then the medium was poisoned by drilling method .this showed that Pomegranate and Aloe vera more effective against pathogenic fungi than Chamomile and Castor which gave little effect on the fungi under study ,while Neem and Moringa did not give any effect against them.
The objective of the study :to detection of the ability of some plant extracts to inhibite pathogens of cutaneous fungal diseases and oral candidiasis in Karbala Governorate.

Background: Oral candidiasis is a common localized opportunistic infection of the oral mucosa that is susceptible to infection. For treatment, it occurs in children, the elderly, and uncles who have cellular immune deficiency. Candida yeast, which is a pest of the West, has nodal strategies that help it localize, cause disease, it can grow in a variety of forms, ranging from a single active donor yeast (spore) Budding single-celled yeast (Blastopore), pseudo hyphae, Pseudo mycelium, and this transformation in the cell is one of the most important insulating the fluid that helps it to traverse tissues and escape from phagocytic cells. Objectives: The aims of study was Isolation of C. albicans yeast from oral infections and their diagnosis using modern and accurate methods and Studying some of its vairulence factors. Materials and Methods: During this study, 120 swabs were collected from the oral cavity of children whose ages ranged from two weeks to six years in the consulting clinic of the Children’s Teaching Hospital in Karbala. 23 isolates of Candida albicans yeast were obtained. The swabs were immediately transferred to the microbiology laboratory in the College of Science, and were The sample was grown on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar and incubated in the incubator at 37°C for 24-48 hours until the yeasts appeared. Results: 23 isolates of C. albicans yeast were obtained from 120 samples taken from children after diagnosing the yeasts and growing them on HiCrome™ Candida Differential Agar. Molecular diagnosis using primers (ALS1, HWP1, CALB1). The results of molecular tests showed the presence of (ALS1, CALB1, HWP1) genes by 100% in the twenty-three isolates tested. It turned out that 9 of the isolates produced phospholipase, i.e. 39.1% among the C. albicans isolates obtained in this study.It turned out that all of the above yeast isolates were hemolytic through 100% hemolysin production. Studies have shown that all isolates have the ability to produce biofilm using the plate method (MTP) by 30.4%, strong for production, 69.5% of which are medium. Conclusion: The isolated C. albicans yeast is present in the oral cavity at a high rate. The isolated C. albicans yeast contains many virulence factors that help it infect the host, such as hemolysin, phospholipase enzyme, and biofilms.

Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are infections that are transmitted between individuals via sexual contact. They are typically transmitted through vaginal and anal intercourse. There are more than 20 types of STDs, including bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites. The purpose of this study was to use an immunochromatography to estimate how many cases of Candida albicans, Trichomonas vaginalis, and Neisseria gonorrhea there were among females and males in the province of Kerbala and Babylon/ Iraq. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 300 patients (150 male and 150 female) with abnormal vaginal discharge, itching, dysuria, dyspareunia, urethritis, and prostatitis who visited private clinics in Kerbala and Babylon cities from November to June 2023. The initial swab was used with immunochromatography kits identified Candida, Trichomonas and Neisseria, the results found out of 300 samples, 150 for each gender, 81 positive cases for Candida albicans, 43 positive cases for Trichomonas vaginalis, 20 positive cases for Neisseria gonorrhea and 156 negative samples may have additional causes and the clinical samples showed 19.67%, 11.33%, and 2% Candida albicans, Trichomonas vaginalis, and Neisseria gonorrhea respectively infections in females while in males had 7.33% Candida albicans, 4.67% Neisseria gonorrhea and 3% Trichomonas vaginalis.

Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most prevalent endocrine and metabolic condition in women, it is a complex syndrome characterized by hyperandrogenism, infertility, chronic oligo- or anovulation, menstrual irregularities, and polycystic ovarian morphology on ultrasonographic imaging, as well as hirsutism, acne, and alopecia. PCOS patients are treated according to their symptoms however, there are still several unanswered problems, particularly in relation to the ideal long-term management. Objective: In our research, we aim to identify the best markers for predicting IR in obese/overweight PCOS women. Material and methods: 45 patients with PCOS and 42 healthy control have a body mass andix(BMI) of more than 25kg/m2, The consultant gynecologist diagnosed according to Rotterdan criteria, each patient done an ultrasonogram, and an elbow vein was used to take blood. Calculations were made for visceral adiposity index (VAI), lipid accumulation product (LAP), BMI, waist circumference (WC) and homeostasis model assessment index of insulin resistance(HOMA-IR). Also, Hormone levels and metabolic indicators were tested. Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve was calculated. Results: Hormone levels in group PCOS patient have significantly different in PCOS compared to the control group. The VAI (cut-off value: 2.5) and LAP (cut-off value: 47.1). Conclusion: In obese/overweight PCOS, VAI and WC might predict IR more accurately than LAP. Importance of early detection of serum IR in PCOS-affected women for avoiding complications.

As a diverse group of microorganisms, fungi can cause anything from minor, superficial infections to serious, invasive infections that can be fatal. They are also naturally occurring in the environment and can be found in the normal flora of humans and animals. Systemic fungal infections are uncommon and can have a significant fatality rate; the majority of fungal infections are unintentional. The course of a systemic fungal infection is primarily determined by host variables as opposed to fungal virulence. Fungi have changed from being rare during the early 20th century, when bacterial diseases ravaged the world, to becoming a significant global health issue. A promising class of heterocyclic chemicals that are bioactive is benzomidazoles. In the fields of chemistry and medicine, benzimidazoles are widely used due to their notable and varied pharmacological action. For the best antibacterial action, one of the benzimidazole nucleus's 1st and 2nd positions should have a large electronic and hydrophobic group, while the other should have a small alkyl derivatives, according to a critical study of these widely modified derivatives. Additional activity is also incurred by a tiny lipophilic group that has a heteroatom at the 5/6-position. In conclusion, Benzimidazoles are remarkably effective compounds, extensive biochemical and pharmacological studies have confirmed that these molecules are effective against various strains of microorganisms.

Background: Infertility is the failure to establish a clinical pregnancy after 12 months of regular and unprotected sexual intercourse. Infertility may occur due to male factor or female factor or both. The most common causes of infertility are ovulatory dysfunction, including polycystic ovaries (PCO) and poor ovarian reserve (POR).
Methods: A cross sectional study includes 100 participants, male factor (n=40) ,PCOS (n=30) and POR (n=30) .The samples of blood were collected at cycle day two and detected the hormonal levels by MINI VIDAS system.
Results: The result of present study showed that follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), estradiol (E2) , anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) and Estradiol hormone (E2) at day of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) injection in POR were significantly different from male factor and PCOS cases with (P=0.005, P=0.008, P=0.005, P=0.005) respectively. About the luteinizing hormone (LH) in Male factor cause was significantly different from PCOS and POR patients with (P=0.006). While, prolactin in PCOS cause was significantly different from male and POR causes with(P=.0.005).In addition, Total follicle number, Embryo Grade l(GI ), Embryo Grade ll (GII) of POR women were significantly different from male factor and PCOS cases with (P=0.005,P=0.005 and P=0.003) respectively. Whereas, Embryo Grade III (Glll) of PCOS women was significantly different from male factor and POR patients with (P=0.030).
Conclusion: The serum hormonal levels of FSH, E2,AMH and E2 HCG were significant associated with POR infertile women, whereas, prolactin hormone was significant related with PCOS women. Also, the total follicle number, Embryo Grade l(GI ), Embryo Grade ll (GII) significantly related with POR women, while, Embryo Grade III (Glll) more related with PCOS infertile women.

Background: Up to one-third of adults worldwide may have non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which is a public health issue. Numerous cohort studies have repeatedly demonstrated that the main causes of death in NAFLD patients are cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), and that NAFLD (especially in its more advanced stages) is associated with a higher risk of all-cause mortality than extrahepatic tumors and liver-related issues. An expanding body of evidence indicates that NAFLD is significantly associated with an increased risk of major CVD events and other cardiac issues. (i.e., cardiomyopathy, cardiac arrhythmias, and cardiac valvular calcification), independent of conventional cardiovascular risk factors. This article provides a summary of the research on the evidence pointing to a connection between NAFLD and a higher risk of cardiovascular disease, and the impact of MDA and Antoxidants in non-alcoholic fatty liver patients and patients with coronary arteries.
Objective: To know the extent to which non-alcoholic fatty liver disease effects and its relationship to coronary artery obstructive disease and assessment of MDA, TAC, GPX, and Selenium levels and their impact on both NAFLD and CAD.
Materials and Methods: This study was a case-control study that included 120 samples (male and female) and their serum samples were collected from Kerbala Heart Center / Kerbala Health Directorate l Kerbala - Iraq with ages ranging between 40 to 73 years. the number of patients with coronary arteries was 60 and the number of healthy people was 60 The number of patients was 37 with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and 23 without NAFD people in both case and control. The serum withdrawn was kept at -20 °C., The liver function test, lipid profile, and albumin were determined at optimized conditions in the laboratory of the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Kerbala by using the Automated Biochemistry analyzer to measure liver function and examine albumin, while the MDA, TAC, and GPX biomarkers was determined by Chemical methods Selenium measured by atomic absorption.
Results: The observed levels of MDA increased in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, steatosis, and Coronary artery disease, Results indicated a significant difference in MDA level among groups, The mean levels of MDA in patient was (2.43 ± 0.90) which was significantly higher than for control group (2.15 ± 0.52), (p ≤ 0.001). The level of MDA risk factor to liver inflammation and fibrosis, whereas, and increased risk factor of chronic coronary artery disease and antioxidants were protactive in CAD.
Conclusion: The results presented here contribute to the determination of the functions of the physiological MDA risk factor to the liver fat and chronic coronary artery obstructive disease, and antioxidant is decreased from NAFLD and CAD.

Background: The most prevalent form of coronary artery disease (CAD) encompasses stable and unstable angina as well as myocardial infarction. This chronic ailment is characterized by the narrowing of arteries due to the accumulation of lipid-filled protrusions inside the arterial walls. The HFE p.C282Y gene polymorphism, specifically located in exon 4 with the nucleotide change c.845G→A (rs1800562), has been identified as a genetic factor related with coronary artery disorders.
Aim: The objective of this study is to evaluate the correlation between the HFE p.C282Y gene polymorphism (specifically located in exon 4; c.845G→A; rs1800562) and the occurrence of coronary artery disorders among the overall population.
Methods: A case-control research was conducted including a cohort of 100 patients diagnosed with coronary artery disorders and a control group of 100 persons who were deemed healthy. The Genotyping of (Polymerase chain reaction –restriction fragment length) polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method was utilized to perform genotyping for the SNP gene polymorphism in the HFE gene.
Results: The study investigated the frequency of genotypes and alleles of the HFE p.C282Y gene polymorphism in individuals with (CAD) and a control group. The analysis included multinomial logistic regression to assess the frequencies under (co-dominant, dominant, and recessive genetic) models. The genotype frequencies of rs1800562 exhibited adherence to the principles of (Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium) in both the CAD and Control groups. The statistical power of the present study to detect a significant difference at a significance level of 0.05 was found to be 91.2%.
Conclusion The HFE p.C282Y (exon 4; c.845G→A; rs1800562) SNP of HFE gene is associated with coronary artery disorders.

Background: Zonulin is a protein called a prehaptoglobulin that modulates intercellular tight junctions and was first identified as a critical regulator of intestinal permeability by rupturing tight junctions. It has been suggested that zonulin contributes to the pathophysiology of a number of chronic inflammatory disorders, including autoimmune, metabolic, and allergy conditions.
Aim: This study aimed to study the correlation between serum zonulin in each of coronary artery disease (CAD) and compared with that in non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFLD).
Materials and Methods: This study included 180 samples divided into four groups, 45 patients of coronary artery (Chronic) with non-alcoholic fatty liver, 45 patients with only coronary artery disease, 45 patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver, and another 45 samples as apparently healthy control people with match age ranged between 40 – 70 years and they were obtained from Al-Hussein Medical City, Kerbala Health Directorates / Kerbala – Iraq during the period from (Sep., 2022 to May 2023). The bio-markers investigation was performed in research laboratories at the university of Kerbala's college of medicine's department of chemistry and biochemistry / Iraq which include Zonulin, lipid profile, and liver function test which were determined by using various biochemical techniques including ELISA. The subjects' body weight and height were measured in order to calculate the body mass index.
Results: There was a significant positive correlation between zonulin and body mass index in both patient groups coronary artery disease and non-alcoholic fatty liver patients (p≤0.001). Area under curve (AUC) for zonulin in CAD+NAFLD was 0.941[ 95% CI (confidence interval) = 0.907-0.975, Sensitivity = 0.93, Specificity% = 0.83, Cut-off point = 69.79], in CAD was 0.636 [ 95% Cl (Confidence interval) =0.554-0.719, Sensitivity= 0.75, Specificity = 0.6 Cut-off point = 65.395], and in NAFLD was 0.392 [ 95% Cl (Confidence interval) =0.314-0.501, Sensitivity = 0.57, Specificity= 0.3, Cut-off point = 57.313].
Conclusion: Zonulin was positively correlated with both coronary arteries and non-alcoholic fatty liver and may be act as a good diagnostic biomarker.

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic illness that continues to significantly enlarge. Its complications, including Diabetic foot infection (DFI), may be caused by pathogenic bacteria with virulence factors, which can hinder effective treatment. Klebsiella pneumoniae is one of the most predominant isolates in diabetic foot infections. The aim of this study is to determine the virulence of biofilm-forming Klebsiella pneumoniae that infect diabetic foot infections in Karbala city by isolating these species and identifying them molecularly. The current study, conducted at Imam Al-Hassan Center for Endocrinology and Diabetes in Karbala, Iraq, for 142 patients of diabetic foot of both genders and different ages begins from 35 years, 25 isolated Klebsiella strains from diabetic foot ulcers were identified. Susceptibility testing against 15 traditional antibiotics was performed, and quantification of biofilm formation using the microtiter plate method was conducted. Additionally, genotyping and screening for virulence using PCR techniques were applied to detect mrkD, Cps, K1, and K2A genes. Out of the 119 isolates obtained in the current study, 25 were identified as Klebsiella pneumoniae. All the isolated K.pneumoniae were highly resistant 100% toward Gentamycin and Levofloxacin followed by 96% resistance toward Ciprofloxacin and 92% resistance toward Amikacin while Pipracillin-Tazobactam, Cefotaxim, Ceftriaxone and Tetracyclin, resistance percent was 88% while Amoxicillin-Clavulanic acid, Cetazidime, and Cefepime were 84% resistant. Furthermore, K.pneumoniae has 76% resistance toward Imipenem and Meropenem and 68% toward Doxycycline and 56% with respect to Rifampin and according to the microtiter plate method, 60% of K.pneumoniae isolated from DFI in current study were strong producers of biofilm according to microtiter plate method while 40% of them were moderate producers . Finally, the PCR technique detected that 88% of K. pneumoniae isolates contained the mrkD gene, 100% contained the Cps gene, 12% contained the K1 gene, and 60% contained the K2A gene.
In Conclusions: Our current study displays that Klebsiella pneumoniae of diabetic foot ulcer are varied genetically, offer resistance to medically chief antibiotics and harbor for virulence factors. These characteristics suggest that Klebsiella can contribute to the persistence and severity of these infections, leading to treatment failures and the potential transmission of these traits to other microorganisms with similar characteristics.

One of the key goals in treating illnesses like candidiasis and other infections associated with Candida is the development of novel antifungal drugs manufactured from natural substances. Current treatments for illnesses like candidiasis and other infections associated with Candida have detrimental effects on human health. Thus, discovering novel antifungal medications from natural sources is urgently needed. This study w to was carried out to evaluate the efficiency of a powder extract of Phellinus igniarius against drug-resistant Candida albicans isolates. This plant is widely utilized in Asian countries and has shown promising pharmacological capabilities.The efficacy of Phellinus igniarius compared with ketoconazole alone and combined with it, A systemic candidiasis mouse model was used to assess Phellinus igniarius' efficacy in vitro and in vivo in treating systemic Candida albicans infections when compared to ketoconazole alone and when combined with it. In vitro minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) determined. The antifungal efficacy was determined by measuring the zone of inhibition in a well diffusion experiment. The extract showed strong inhibitory efficacy at ratios of 250:0.2, 500:0.2, and 1000:0.2 against Candida albicans resistance. In contrast, a modest synergistic impact was shown at only 125:0.2 and 0.2 ketoconazole ratios. In addition, the minimum inhibition concentration of each antifungal agent was shown to be decreased when combined with a powder extract of Phellinus igniarius, indicating the presence of synergistic interactions. The rate at which the wounds of the different groups of rats injected with candida healed differed significantly from one another. This group was used as the control and received only the vehicle as treatment. Another group was given ketoconazole as the only drug, while the remaining four groups were given Phellinus igniarius in combination with ketoconazole in varied dosages.The ratios of 250 to 0.2, 500 to 0.2, and 1000 to 0.2 provided the greatest synergistic impact. A minuscule synergistic impact was seen at ratios of 125 to 0.2. To manage infections caused by Candida species while minimizing their hazardous side effects, it is possible to adopt a therapy including combinations of powder extract of Phellinus igniarius and traditional antifungal medications.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to assess the levels of ferritin and D-dimer in overweight Iraqi men who had COVID-19, a disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus that spread across six continents and over 200 countries, regions, or territories since 2019. The study also examined the possible relationship between these biomarkers. COVID-19 affected men more than women, and people with chronic conditions more than healthy ones, with different symptom severity.
Methods: We reviewed clinical and laboratory data from 100 male COVID-19 patients admitted to Al-Amal Hospital in Najaf, Iraq, between September and December 2021. We used real-time PCR to confirm the infection. We also recruited 50 healthy subjects who tested negative for COVID-19 as a control group. We performed general examinations and measured D-dimer, ferritin, and body mass index levels. We compared these levels between obese and non-obese patients and controls..
Results: A higher level of ferritin and D-dimer was found in Covid-19 patients compared to healthy controls. The statistical significance for ferritin was b value (p < 0.01) and for D-dimer (p < 0.03). There was also a significant correlation between D-dimer and ferritin in Covid-19 cases.
Conclusions: There is a correlation between the levels of ferritin and D-dimer in individuals diagnosed with COVID-19, particularly obese individuals who have high levels that raise the chance of mortality. This outcome is associated with the failure of multiple organs function in human body resulted from COVID-19 infection and exacerbation of injury, such as liver, kidneys and respiratory system.

In recent years, there has been a significant growth in the use of nanotechnology in drug administration, with the goal of improving the efficacy and/or lowering the toxicity of currently existing drugs. Promising therapeutic biomacromolecules (such as nucleic acids and proteins) can be delivered more efficiently by bypassing cellular barriers with the help of nanocarriers. On the other hand, the transdermal drug delivery system is another method that was designed to reduce the limitations associated with other modes of administration, particularly the oral route.. The challenge arises from the fact that the stratum corneum layer of skin serves as an effective barrier that restricts medication penetration through the skin and that only a small number of noninvasive techniques are known to considerably increase the ability to penetrate this barrier. The use of nanocarriers is now recognised as an intriguing and beneficial alternative for delivering hydrophilic and lipophilic medications across the stratum corneum with the ability to have a local or systemic effect in the management of a variety of diseases in order to broaden the spectrum of drugs available for delivery through the skin. Liposomes, ethosomes, bilosomes, transferosomes, dendrimers, etc. are examples of nanocarriers that can be created from a wide variety of substances and have extremely varied chemical and structural properties. They can transport the drug to the targeted organ using smaller drug doses as a way to minimise side effects because they become too small for the immune system to identify them.