Journal of Physical Education

Leadership of organizations is one of the most important factors affecting their success and sustainability, which includes managers taking responsibility for directing and managing human and material resources, defining the vision and mission, and developing the necessary strategies to achieve their goals, and also includes organizing and motivating teams and making critical decisions, as well as supervising administrative processes and daily activities and ensuring their effective functioning Hence, the research aimed to determine the extent to which the directors of sports and school activity departments in Iraq apply Empowering Leadership, and determine the level of organizational control in the sports and school activity departments in Iraq from the point of view of their employees, as well as determine the nature of the relationship and the impact of the Empowering Leadership of the directors of sports and school activity departments in their organizational control, and the researcher used in order to collect data the descriptive approach in the survey method and the method of correlational relationships, and the research community has been identified by the employees of the sports and school activity departments in the directorates of Education in Baghdad Governorate, who number (245) employees, at the time they were all selected to form the main research sample, and then the researcher divided them into three subgroups: the survey sample and includes (15) employees, the statistical analysis sample includes (138) employees, and the final application sample includes (92) employees, and to obtain the required data, the researcher prepared two measurement tools, the first is the Empowering Leadership tool and the number of its paragraphs (14) paragraphs, and the second is the organizational control tool and the number of its paragraphs (12) paragraphs, and they are answered with five-way answer alternatives (applicable Often, applicable, somewhat applicable, not applicable, not much applicable), which carry weights (5-4-3-2-1) respectively, and after analyzing the data statistically, the following conclusions were reached:
- The directors of sports and school activity departments in Baghdad Governorate apply Empowering Leadership practices at an average level from the point of view of their employees.
- Sports and school activity departments in Baghdad province have an average level of organizational control from the point of view of their employees.
- The relationship between the empowerment leadership of the directors of the sports and school activity departments and the organizational control in these departments is positive, with the impact of Empowering Leadership on organizational control.

The research aims Modifying the accuracy test for the diagonal and straight high smash skill from center (4) according to the body position of the Premier League volleyball players and extracting the grades and standard levels. To achieve the two objectives of the research: the descriptive approach with the survey method was adopted, because it agrees in solving the research problem. As for the research sample, it consisted Of the players in the Premier League for volleyball clubs for the 2023-2024 season, the researcher chose central players (4)(2) because their skill abilities are compatible with the skill of hitting the diagonal and straight smashes, and they numbered (90) players (6 players from each team), and then the researcher divided the selected sample. To a reconnaissance consisting of (6) players, and to modify the test, (84) players were selected, as well as to find the scientific foundations, grades, and standard levels. After that, he determined the high crushing test from the center (4) of the straight and the natural, and made adjustments related to the body position, as well as calculating the score, and then they conducted The two exploratory and main experiments, and then extracting the appropriate statistics and obtaining results through which the researcher drew several conclusions, including: The final modified form of the high crushing test was reached from position (4) according to the body position of the men’s volleyball Premier League players. The largest percentage of results appear within the good level, which indicates that the level of modification exists well in the sample.

Functional strength is one of the most important elements of physical preparation and an important physical characteristic in our daily life in general and sports training in particular, as it is the most influential characteristic in all sporting events, which the athlete must possess in order to reach the highest levels and achieve the best results. The research aimed to prepare functional strength training exercises According to the gradual increase in load in the development of some physical abilities and achievement for men's 100 meter competition runners , And to identify the effect of functional strength training according to the gradual increase in load in developing some physical abilities and achievement for men’s 100-meter competition runners. , Hence the importance of research is evident: preparing functional strength training exercises according to the gradual increase in load by providing successful solutions in an economical manner in terms of time and effort and knowing their positive impact in bringing about the required development and improving the level of players in a better way. The problem of the research is that the achievement of the players in this event does not rise to acceptable levels, as a result of the weakness of some of their physical abilities. It has become impossible for them to develop except through training according to a coordinated training curriculum, The researchers used the experimental method with pre- and post-testing for the experimental and control groups. The research population was identified as players in the 100-meter competition for men for the open category for ages over 20 years in the 2021 sports season, and they numbered (10 players). The sample was divided into two groups: the experimental group and the control group, with (5 players) for each. Group, the researchers concluded that functional strength training according to the gradual increase in load has a positive effect on developing some physical abilities and achievement for men’s 100-meter runners. , The researchers recommended Interest in functional strength according to the gradual increase in load has a positive impact on developing some physical abilities and achievement for men’s 100 meter competition runners. , Conduct similar studies and research on different age groups.

The research aimed to enhance the accuracy of setting and spiking skills among the players of the University of Baghdad's volleyball team for the academic year (2022-2023) through a visual stimuli system designed by the researcher. The system works to develop the accuracy of two skills simultaneously during the operation of the system, through the accuracy of setting on an electronic board that contains numbers. Based on this, the setter prepares for the required position according to the number displayed on the board. The system also works to enhance the accuracy of spikes through lights that operate simultaneously with the numbers and within the opponent's area. Based on the location of the light that illuminates the area, the player performs a spike (either straight or diagonal) onto the illuminated area, according to the type of stimulus. This integrated approach not only improves the precision of spiking skills but also provides realistic game scenarios, enhancing training effectiveness. The researcher intentionally employed the experimental method for a single group with both pre-test and post-test. The research population and sample comprised players from the university volleyball team for the 2022/2023 season, who were students of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, totaling 18 players. The research sample was intentionally selected, excluding the libero players, of whom there were 2. In addition to excluding the two players involved in the pilot experiment, the sample size was thus (14) players, representing (77.778%) of this population. Following the procedural steps, statistical analyses, and verification of scientific principles and parameters, the researcher arrived at the final form of the study. The statistical analysis was conducted using the SPSS system to derive conclusions and applications aimed at improving the spatial accuracy of both researched skills based on their correlation with enhancing performance and motor control in the specific parts of each skill. The educational tool helped to define this free activity within the parameters of correct performance through the lighting controlled by the coach to direct the players' tasks and increase their attention in each part of the performance. This approach also catered to the detailed nuances required to showcase them along with proper skillful performance. Thus, the role of visual stimuli exercises is to facilitate the precise direction of the ball to the designated location through control and manipulation, by accelerating cognitive processes for players and enhancing their effectiveness. On the one hand, they support the motor pathway of the required skillful behavior and guide it, while also accelerating cognitive processes, or more precisely, increasing their effectiveness in organized training without exaggeration in the training environment. The researcher concluded that exercises involving visual stimuli within an innovative electronic system aid in enhancing the accuracy of the setting skill and improving the accuracy of the spiking skill in volleyball among the players of the University of Baghdad team.

Basketball requires a distinctive blend of physical strength and technical skill, where exceptional players are set apart by their precision, accuracy, and ability to handle the ball. The objective of this study is to examine how various external focus instructions affect the accuracy of shooting free throws for inexperienced male basketball players. The objective is to offer valuable knowledge to coaches and players in order to enhance methods of training to improve free throw accuracy.Methods the study involved 40 male participants aged 18-25 assigned to Distal External Focus, Proximal External Focus, Internal Focus and Control Group. Participants performed a pretest block followed by 5 acquisition blocks with specific focus instructions. Each block consisted of 5 throws. Shooting accuracy was measured using the registration system of (VaezMosavi and Rostami, 2009). Statistical analysis was done using SPSS version 20, which included a mixed Paired T-Test and One-Way Anova to compare the group performances. Results the group of participants with a distal external focus (M = 8.68) consistently obtained the highest scores, followed by the group with a proximal external focus (M = 6.46), while the internal focus (M = 4.84) and control groups (M = 4.88) had the lowest scores.Conclusion the study demonstrates that using distal external focus instructions improves free throw shooting accuracy considerably when compared to instructions of proximal external focus, internal focus or no specific focus instruction. These discoveries offer valuable perspectives for maximizing motor abilities and improving free throw shooting precision in basketball.

Two general trainers in the sports field do not disagree about finding and using a special aid in teaching skills, as each sports skill has a specificity in learning it, and the game of artistic gymnastics for men is one of the individual games and has physical, movement and coordination requirements. The aim of the research is to know the effect of using The feedback device in teaching the skill of standing on the hands, alternating a half-turn outward on the parallel apparatus. The research hypothesis is that the use of an instantaneous feedback device has an effect in teaching the skill of standing on the hands, alternating a half-turn outward on the parallel apparatus. The researcher used the experimental method with a sample design. One because it suits the research problem, as the research population is limited to (7) emerging players who train in Baghdad, Al-Amana Sports Club for Gymnastics, and their ages range between (9-13) years. As for the research sample, they are (6) players, and the research sample constituted (90%). As for the most important conclusions, the assistive device added to the sample a second and enjoyable training method that had a clear impact on learning the skill of standing on the hands, switching half a turn to the outside. Through the educational units and repetitions for the players on the device, it becomes clear that it has a good design and can withstand their weights and repetitions. The researcher suggests that During the course of working on some skills similar to the skill under research, conducting studies on the use of an assistive device in learning them, in which the handstand skill enters the elementary part, such as the skill of hilly and switching half a turn inwards, which have greater difficulties in learning

Creating high-density workouts and determining how they affect the development of specific tolerance, maximum heart rate, and success in the 1,500-meter man run competition are the goals of the research. Therefore, the development of high-density physical exercises that arise during the run-off as a consequence of ongoing training and the utilization of exercise quality that satisfies the requirements of the 1,500-meter run-off competition are the primary goals of the research. Research is beset by a shortcoming in the competition's ability to achieve its unique tolerance and accomplishment skills, The 1,500-meter race amongst the elite men of the Iraqi Union of Forces for the Open Ages over 20 years of the 2023 sports season has been designated for the research community. The sample was split up by the 12 players into the six players, the command group, and the two pilot groups. The researchers came to the conclusion that men's 1,500-meter run competition achievement, maximum heart rate, and the development of special tolerance were all positively impacted by high-density physical training. In order to establish a unique tolerance for other competitions, the researchers advised high-density physical training. They also suggested conducting similar experiments and research in various age groups.

Complex training, which is of great importance in the development of physical capabilities through change in the motor path and diversity of exercises for the same muscle groups working during the motor performance, which depends on the ability of the muscular and nervous systems in the process of compatibility, and work to apply it in the intermittent training method that works on the continuous change in the degree of difficulty of exercise (intensity of training) coordinated with rest periods and designed to develop the ability of special forces for archers to push weight and achievement, and
The aim of the study is to prepare complex exercises in the intermittent method over a period of 6 weeks (12) training units during the special preparation stage, on a sample of young people under 20 years of age (5) elite athletes effectively push the weight, the study variables measured two variables for maximum strength of the arms and chest, explosive force of the two men, rapid force of the arms and achievement by pushing the weight.
Through pre and posttests, the researchers concluded the effectiveness of combined training, which is regulated by intermittent training, in the development and improvement of the special ability of the weightlifting archers (the explosive power of the two men, the maximum strength and the rapid strength of the shoulders and arms) and the exercises have made a clear progress in the achievement of weight propulsion for young people under 20 years.

Advanced methods in training and sports are considered one of the most important ways to succeed and reach high levels of performance in sports skills. Auxiliary devices and tools are considered training methods, as well as special exercises used with assistive devices and tools. Research objective to know the effect of using a two-way assistive balance device on some motor abilities and improving the performance of the handstand skill, But the assumption Research shows that the use of a two-way auxiliary balance device has a positive effect in improving the performance of the handstand skill in artistic gymnastics for men. Researchers’ experimental method (With a single group design with pre- and post-tests) to suit the nature of the problem to be solved. As for the research population, it represents (10) players affiliated with the training centers of Baghdad Governorate, Al-Karkh/Al-Rusafa for Gymnastics, and their ages range between (9 - 13) years. As for the research sample, it represented (5) players next to Al-Rusafa who train in the (Al-Amana) hall, and it was determined by (50%). The researchers used (2) players from the Al-Karkh Center for the exploratory experiment The researcher concluded the use of the two-way auxiliary balance device has clearly affected some motor abilities and improved the performance of the handstand skill in artistic gymnastics for men. The two-way balance device is of good design. Researchers recommended Conducting other studies using the device in artistic gymnastics for women and on its four devices.

The study aimed to identify the concept of the physical self and the level of social fears among female students of the College of Sports Sciences and Physical Activity, and the relationship between the physical self and social fears, and to find out the extent of the influence of the physical self and its connection to social fears on female students of the College of Sports Sciences and Physical Activity .The study used the descriptive approach, and the study sample consisted of female students from the College of Sports Sciences and Physical Activity at King Saud University. The sample included (425) female students, who were selected by a simple random method. The study tools included a physical self-esteem scale, a social fears scale, and a data inventory form for female students. The results showed that the level of physical self-concept among the study sample was high, and the level of the degree of social fears was moderate, and it became clear that there was a statistically significant inverse correlation between the total degree of physical self-concept and social fears and their dimensions. This indicates that the higher the level of physical self-concept among female students at the College of Science Sports and physical activity The level of social fears decreased, and it was found that there were no differences according to the demographic variables (specialization - level) for the two scales: physical self-concept and social fears.

This study aims to identify the effectiveness of kinetic games and their impact on learning some basic basketball skills for middle school students. The hypotheses of this study suggest that there are statistically significant differences between the experimental and control groups in the post-tests, favoring the experimental group. The research problem was identified through monitoring and reviewing the teaching methods used in middle school physical education classes. It was found that most lessons lack variety in teaching methods and rely on traditional approaches, which do not cater to the individual differences among learners. Consequently, the learning outcomes among students vary, and mastery of skills is not achieved. This issue must be addressed, and solutions must be found.
After thorough research and review, it was concluded that kinetic games are the best approach to solve this problem, as they are engaging and stimulating for learning skills. The experimental method was used for the experimental and control groups with pre-tests and post-tests, suitable for the sample and the research problem. The research population consisted of second-grade students at Al-Waseela Boys School, totaling 127 students divided into three sections (A, B, C). Section B was intentionally chosen (by lottery), comprising 42 students, from which 25 students were selected to form the experimental group, with 17 students excluded for statistical reasons. Section A represented the control group with 41 students, from which 25 were selected similarly. A pilot study sample consisted of 10 students from the research population but outside the main sample.
After conducting the pilot study, the pre-tests were carried out, followed by the main experiment, which involved applying kinetic games to the experimental group for two months, with two educational units per week (Monday and Wednesday), totaling 16 units. After the main experiment, post-tests were analyzed statistically using SPSS software. The conclusion was that kinetic games play an effective role in learning some basic basketball skills for middle school students. Using kinetic games in skill learning is necessary due to their stimulating and engaging nature for learners