Journal of Petroleum Research & Studies

Sand production is undesirable matters, occurring in wells that are producing from sand reservoirs. It causes many problems such as erosion and grains accumulation in downhole and surface equipment’s, and formation subsidence. Important stage in sanding problem solution is a prediction of likelihood sand production intervals. In present paper, a vertical well X1 that is producing from Asmari reservoir in Y field at southern Iraq was selected for study. Asmari reservoir was classified to six units: A, B1, B2, B3, B4, and C. B zones consisted from sandstone with others rock types. Eight approaches were used for prediction sanding onset intervals by dealing with X1 well as open hole completion. Utilized eight prediction methods are compressional sonic wave (CSW), unconfined compressive strength (UCS), total porosity (PHIT), shear modulus to bulk compressibility (G/Cb), B-Index, Schlumberger index (S- Index), combined index (Ec-Index) and critical drawdown pressure (CDDP). All these methods performed based on 2462 measured points of CSW, sonic shear wave log (SSW), and density log (DL). Sand production likelihood intervals was selected by determination of cutoff values of adopted methods. Sand is possible to occur if interval has values lower than cutoff values of G/Cb, UCS, B-Index, S-Index, Ec, and CDDP and greater than cutoff values of CSW, and PHIT. Obtained cutoff values of eight approaches were 800 x 109 psi2, 36 Mpa, 0.2, 80 us/ft, 10000 Mpa, 108 Mpa, and 2700 Mpa, of G/Cb, UCS, PHIT, CSW, B-Index, S-Index, and Ec respectively. As well as sand production is possible to occur of bottomhole flowing pressure lower than calculated CDDP. Some Intervals had high CDDP that referred to abnormal pressure zones consisted from shale. Determination of sand onset intervals is a key for selecting best methods for controlling.

A detailed analysis for the mechanical properties of the rock is necessary to maintain a well bore and avoid problems with well bore instability. Static young's modulus is one of the most crucial rock mechanical properties utilized in the drilling process to assess wellbore integrity and setting-up geomechanical earth model. Static young’s modulus change with varies of formation lithology’s which arise the critical need for estimation.
The current study, a static young modulus values of different formations in section 12.25“in Zubair oil field are determined by depending on correlation to indicate variations in units and layers. Data of Gamma ray (GR), density log, sonic compression log (DTCO), and sonic shear log (DTSM) logs of well ZA-2 are utilized to estimate this attribute. Four different correlations that are set-up in Techlog 2015 software are used to achieve the aim of this study. These outcomes are calibrated using the fundamental laboratory tests (Brazilin and Triaxle test). The results showed that the modified Morales correlation provides a good matching with Calibration data, while four key data points are poorly correlated with the results of John Fuller's analysis.Also, Morales correlation shows unconformity when porosity reduced by less than 10% at different intervals, and Plumb Bradford correlation produces incorrect findings of static young’s higher than the dynamic. The results declare inversely relationship between porosity and young’s modulus.

The most difficult challenge that can be encountered when drilling a salt section is the difficulty of controlling the change in drilling fluid properties. In addition, the challenging geological environment was encountered. , creep behavior, slim hole drilling in salt formation have a few traits: high soluble, wash out salt section (1). The treatment did by using drilling mud that inhibits changes and is resistant to contaminants. Sodium chloride and potassium chloride brine were used to create a new mud for discussing this research, following up on changes in the properties of the new mud, simulating the conditions of Salt section (12.25'' hole) in the Noor oil field. Moreover, In this investigation studied the effect of temperature and contaminants such as salt, shale and anhydrite on new mud properties (Rheological properties, Filtration, PH with Different concentrations of Kcl & Nacl. The results indicate that the dissolution of salt formation decreases with increasing KCl concentration up to 5% for saturating NaCl salt. This reduces the contaminant impact and increases the stability of mud characteristics.

Currently clean energy and zero emission fuel is a priority as there is a growing level of pollutants in air, sea and soil. Also, the conventional Iraqi crude oil is going to deplete according to the statistical analysis. Thus, methods of upgrading should attract attention in Iraqi fuel sector. The method of supercritical fluids (SCF) is one of the advanced approaches to upgrade the unconventional crude oil and removal of high levels of sulfur compounds. The present work aims at developing a kinetic model for upgrading reactions by supercritical water technology of a sour Iraqi crude oil. This aim was achieved via conducting sets of experiments in a hydrothermal autoclave reactor over a cobalt/activated carbon catalyst. The AC was used as a support for Co as an active metal. A set of upgrading kinetics experiments were applied at different temperatures (290-350 °C) and reaction times (0-45 min). Upon evaluation of the prepared catalysts for kinetics of upgrading by supercritical water technology, it was found that the process flows pseudo first order mechanism. Also, the activation energy of the chemical reaction was found to be 204.1 kJ/mol which is much less compared to previous studies.

The heat transfer of double tube heat exchanger under counter flow is experimentally investigated. Nanofluid and the pure water are used as cold and hot fluids respectively. ZnO nanoparticles of 30 nm diameter are dispersed in water to prepare nanofluid with mass concentrations of 0.5 and 1%. Cold nanofluid is flowing through the inner tube heat exchanger with 20°C temperature under 2, 4 and 6 lpm volume flow rate. The hot water enters the annular space of the heat exchanger at a temperature of 65°C and 4 lpm volume flow rate. To improve the performance of the heat exchanger, the experimental findings achieved using this sort of nanofluid will be compared to those obtained using pure water. The outcomes showed that employing nanofluid as the working fluid improved performance. When employing nanofluid, the highest heat exchanger effectiveness is 40 % for nanoparticles concentration of 0.5 % per mass and 54 % (with a mass concentration of 1 %) with a volume flow rate of 2 lpm.

The morphology of nano gamma alumina affects the molecule adsorption-desorption phenomena. In this case, manipulating the surface area, pore volume, and pore size by the technique of preparation to control the morphology and textural properties of gamma alumina. Washing of the synthesized boehmite gel with methanol has a significant effect. The co-precipitation method was used to prepare nano gamma alumina, which is involved by adding drop-by-drop ammonium hydroxide and aluminum nitrate nonahydrate solutions to a cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) cationic surfactant solution at 30 C and adjust PH to 8. Nitrogen adsorption-desorption analysis (ASAP 2020), Atomic Force Microscope (AFM), and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) were used to examine the obtained material. Surface area (362 m2/g), pore volume (0.51 cm3/g), pore size (5.2 nm), and narrow pore size distribution were obtained.

Ultrasonic treatment is a suitable method for refinery processes that Acoustic cavitation is a technique that allows high levels of energy to be released into the liquid, which leads to changes in fluid properties such as a decrease in viscosity. Additionally, it's an effective way to improve the economic feasibility of physicochemical processing to enhance the quality of the product. In this work, vacuum gas oil with viscosity of 8.4 c.st, provided by Iraqi refineries, was treated by ultrasound radiation and studied the effect of several parameters on viscosity such as sonication time (5,10,15,20,30) min, power amplitude(10,20,30,40,50)watt, and frequency (20,30,40,50) kHr. It was found from the results that the viscosity decreased from (8.4) c.st to (5.82) c.st, which represents a percentage reduction of up to 30.7% compared to the value before treatment. This result was obtained after 30 min., also the 50% of ultrasound power is the appropriate to reduce the viscosity, where The experiment showed that 20 kHz of ultrasound frequency has a decreasing effect on the viscosity as the percentage reaches 30%.

During the last two decades, all fields, including the oil sector, depended mainly on technological progress to keep pace with the developments in this field. This technological progress was accompanied by an increase in hacking attempts. Cyber-attacks are defined as the hacking of a computer by a person or group of people over the Internet, causing a lot of damage, especially to devices and equipment that depend on the Internet; This leads to substantial financial losses. Therefore, it is very important to understand these attacks and try to overcome them. In the oil sector, cyber-attacks can be scanned in three areas (upstream, midstream, and downstream). This paper discusses how to secure cyber security for the oil sector by making plans for Internal and external cybersecurity by creating and securing separate loops by using blockchain technology and creating a smart contract for each loop to protect it information. As well as using the simulation and control system to increase the effectiveness of cyber security, and after this survey process. This paper aims to classify the cyber-attacks that affect the oil and gas sectors. Create a strong system against any type of cyber-attack, and thus provide higher protection for oil and gas companies and equipment through the work of special programs to protect systems and equipment from hacking.

Fiscal regimes in petroleum licensed contracts are defined as the tools through which the return on oil wealth fellow into the state treasury, it includes several forms according to the type of contract, so, the most common fiscal tools are: royalty, taxes, profit oil or rents.
This work makes a comparison between the fiscal regimes in common types of petroleum investment agreements and the difference between them according to the state share and contractor share.
The main types of these regimes are concessionary and contractual agreements and the last include two types: production sharing and service agreements. However, Algerian, Syrian, Iranian & Iraq will be examined as example for each type respectively,
The study relies on a comparison between the items of the fiscal regime and the tools through which resource revenues flow to the public treasury as well as the share of the contractor or the company that holds the concession.
Therefore, a model of fiscal regimes has been conducted for the above contracts to show the difference between the fiscal flows of each country according to the type of contract and the fiscal tools in it as royalty, taxes and others.
The study demonstrated that the contracts vary in revenue ratios depending on the sale price of oil and the cost of extraction.
Finally, we can clearly infer that the share of both the company and the state is affected by the above circumstances in a high or slight sensitivity, There is no particular type can be considered the best, as preference depends on the special circumstances of countries, for example, the Iraqi situation is difficult to use concession contracts for several considerations, including constitutional, where the Constitution of the Republic of Iraq specified the ownership of the people's oil wealth and this property cannot be relinquished to the investing companies and so on the rest of the countries, but it can be hybridized between some systems to obtain financial instruments that achieve the best choice for the parties (state and IOCs).

The purpose of the search impact of social responsibility (SR) on indicators of (SD) in Basra Governorate will be highlighted to promote a new concept or another challenge to be added to the set of (SD) challenges in Iraq in general and Basra in particular, as the importance of social responsibility must be enhanced in various economic activities to achieve integration between society and the economy, which It will certainly cast a shadow over development and its requirement.