Ahl Al-Bait Jurnal

This research examines Moroccan-Aragonese relations in the 8th century AH / 14th century AD, based on documents from the Aragonese royal archive. The Marinid state became a significant political and economic power, prompting the Kingdom of Aragon to establish relations with it, particularly concerning alliances with Granada and Castile. Documents indicate that the Sultan of Morocco had strong influence over agreements between Granada and Aragon. Morocco also pursued an advanced diplomatic policy, inviting European delegations to negotiations and opening foreign consulates to protect resident communities. Additionally, Morocco enacted maritime laws to safeguard trade and sent ambassadors to various European countries, reflecting the peaceful nature of Moroccan-European relations.

One of the prominent features of modern poetry is the shift from emotional expression to conveying meaning through symbolic and imagistic equivalents. This is achieved by relying on conciseness and semantic intensity to present the poetic content in a suggestive manner that evokes emotions, feelings, and ideas without direct expression. To accomplish this, contemporary poets have employed various artistic and poetic techniques, such as symbolism and imagery. They have also drawn from other literary arts, like drama and the novel, incorporating elements from these genres to move away from the excessive lyricism of romantic poetry toward a dramatic structure. By drawing inspiration from characters and events in human heritage, poets have sought to imbue these figures with contemporary dimensions of their own experiences, using masks and symbols to express their visions and unify with them. Thus, the "mask technique" emerged as a new poetic tool, offering symbolic expression while transcending subjective lyricism towards dramatic lyricism and deeper exploration of the self through objectivity.

Contemporary poets have found in Sindbad’s adventures and journeys remarkable artistic possibilities for expressing different aspects of their experiences. The figure of Sindbad has taken on multiple dimensions, reflecting the various aspects of the modern poet’s experience. This article explores the symbolic meanings of Sindbad and how this character has been employed by one of the most prominent contemporary poets—Badr Shakir al-Sayyab. Sayyab does not merely adopt the traditional connotations of Sindbad’s adventures; rather, he reinterprets them through the lens of his own contemporary experiences, reshaping the features of his poetic mask to align with his personal stances and the events of his modern life.

This research consists of two sections:

1. Phonetic Miraculousness in the Works of Early Scholars.
2. Phonetic Miraculousness in the Works of Contemporary Scholars.

In the first section, we focus on four scholars who studied the miraculous nature of the Qur'an and referred to its phonetic aspects in one way or another: Al-Rummani (d. 386 AH), Al-Khattabi (d. 388 AH), Al-Baqillani (d. 403 AH), and Ibn Al-Athir (d. 637 AH). Among them, Al-Baqillani captured our attention with his insights on the phonetic miraculousness of the disjointed letters at the beginning of certain surahs. We examined how later scholars explored this aspect, adding our own reflections and contemplations on the subject.

Additionally, Ibn Al-Athir’s approach intrigued us, particularly his reliance on the criterion of "taste" based on auditory perception, using it as a tool for aesthetic judgment of linguistic expressions. We analyzed his standards for phonetic miraculousness, highlighting contemporary scholars' comments and contributions on the matter.

As for phonetic miraculousness in contemporary studies, we limited our discussion to two scholars: Al-Rafi’i and Sayyid Qutb. For Al-Rafi’i, we examined his definition of the secret behind the Qur'an’s phonetic miracle. For Sayyid Qutb, we explored his discussion on the artistic phonetic harmony within Qur'anic imagery.

This study examines the political system in Australia and Canada, highlighting the nature of governance in both countries and the similarities and differences between them. The study addresses the need for specialized research in the field of political systems, especially given the scarcity of Arabic sources that provide an in-depth analysis of this topic. It aims to offer a broader understanding of the Australian and Canadian political systems while enriching the Arabic library with precise information that can benefit experts and researchers in constitutional law and political systems. Additionally, the study seeks to present insights that may contribute to the development of the Iraqi political system.

The novel by storyteller Abdul Rahman Al-Rubaie, using an artistic and analytical style, addresses the issue of several farming families migrating from the village of *Abu Haun* to the city of Nasiriyah in search of better living conditions. The novel explores their experiences as they navigate the complexities of urban life and interact with its manifestations of progress.

Al-Rubaie's characters express, with a sincere historical awareness and an often commendable artistic level, the phenomenon of blending rural and urban lifestyles. This gradual convergence intensifies the positive aspects of life while diminishing outdated negative elements. The novel also draws upon heritage, particularly its benevolent aspects, to enrich its artistic scenes, notably through the incorporation of religious rituals.

Through its strong and cohesive narration, rich descriptive style, and psychological and social analysis of its dynamic characters, the novel captures the engagement of these figures with the spirit of the times. Their diverse personal habits reflect the continuous movement of Iraqi society towards cultural and civilizational progress.

This research explores the philosophy of history by examining aspects of the Arab and Islamic self, despite the complexity and difficulty of the subject due to the self's intrinsic connection to its environment. The study is divided into three chapters: the first discusses the issue of change within the Arab self and its influence by social laws; the second addresses the traditionalist nature of the Arab self and its resistance to renewal; while the third examines the laws of social and historical transformation in an attempt to define what is constant and what is variable. The research aims to provide a deeper understanding of these issues despite the challenges they present.

This study explores the life and literary contributions of the Najafi poet Muhsin Al-Khudari (1251-1302 AH), who was regarded as one of the most prominent poets of his time. He excelled in elegy and ghazal poetry, known for his quick wit, effortless style, and eloquent expression. The research examines his academic background, having studied under leading scholars in Najaf, which influenced his poetic production. It also highlights the debate regarding his lineage and origins while noting the limited biographical information available about him compared to his contemporaries, such as Abdul Mohsen Al-Kadhimi and Haidar Al-Hilli. The study concludes with an account of his passing in Najaf Al-Ashraf and his burial in the sacred Al-Haydari courtyard in 1302 AH.

The Holy Quran has been the primary source of eloquence and rhetoric in Islamic heritage, captivating poets throughout the ages. It is not only religious writings and theological treatises that reflect the spirit of Islam, but also literary works across various fields and themes. Quranic quotations in poetry represent one of the most significant aspects of this influence, as the Quran has served as the linguistic vessel that has preserved the Arabic language to this day.

This article aims to explore the features of Quranic quotations in the works of the contemporary Islamic poet, the late Sheikh Ahmed Al-Waeli. He lived under the profound influence of the Quran, drawing inspiration from its words, meanings, and imagery. The study begins with a brief overview of the poet’s life, followed by an analysis and classification of the different types of Quranic quotations in his poetry. Examples of each type are provided, with commentary to uncover their rhetorical beauty, artistic depth, and the poet’s creative approach in incorporating them.

Muhammad ibn 'Ubada al-Qazzaz

An article written by the British orientalist S. M. Stern was published in the journal *Al-Andalus* more than half a century ago. Despite the passage of these long decades, it has never been translated into Arabic, even though it holds great significance. Moreover, no Arab researchers in the field of Andalusian studies have referenced it. Given its importance, I felt it was my duty to translate it so that Arab scholars could benefit from it.

The author of the article, Stern, was a professor of Oriental Studies at the University of Oxford. He enriched European journals with his research in the field of comparative Arabic-Hebrew studies. His work was diverse and insightful, focusing primarily on Al-Andalus and the Maghreb. His research can be categorized mainly into studies on Andalusian *muwashshah* poetry. Among his notable works are:

- *The History of Jewish-Arabic Literature in the Middle Ages*
- *The Spanish-Hebrew Muwashshah* (*Al-Andalus*, 1948)
- *An Arabic Muwashshah with Spanish Rhymes* (*Al-Andalus*, 1949)
- *Hebrew Poetry with Arabic Commentary* (*Spanish-Jewish Journal*, 1950)
- *Manuscripts of Abu Al-Alaa Al-Ma'arri’s Poetry* (*Oriens*, 1954)
- *Ibn al-Khatib and Al-Safadi* (*Arabica*, 1955)
- *Ibn Quzman* (*Al-Andalus*, 1951)
- A book on *Andalusian Muwashshah* (*Oxford*, 1970)

Additionally, he conducted other research on the Fatimids and their relations with Europe.

**The Issue of Citizenship in Islamic Political Thought**

The study discusses the issue of citizenship in Islamic political thought, where it overlaps with concepts of nationality and political rights, especially in Western thought. Muslims in Western countries face challenges regarding the practice of their religious rights within the framework of citizenship, raising questions about the compatibility of citizenship with diverse cultural and religious backgrounds. The evolution of the concept of citizenship has been linked to religious reform movements and the European Renaissance, but it has also been influenced by the principles of equality established by Islamic law, with Islamic jurisprudence playing a role in codifying these principles within legal systems.

This is a critical article on the poem *The Phoenix* by Elia Abu Madi. I found that it contains elements of literature, including rich emotions, fertile imagination, an elevated style, and noble meanings. Therefore, it deserves my attention and effort in the field of art and literature. I present it to esteemed readers so they may enjoy and appreciate its literary beauty.

The essence of the discourse in the author's treatise is the affirmation of the Imamate and both religious and worldly leadership of Imam Ali (peace be upon him) immediately after the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) without any gap. The author presented textual evidence from the Qur'an and Sunnah, along with rational proofs and scholarly consensus. He also addressed doubts and objections, refuting them systematically. In our study, we have attempted to critically examine the arguments and proofs put forth by the author, particularly those related to the doubts and objections he discussed from all perspectives.

**Ministerial Responsibility – A Comparative Study**

This study examines **ministerial responsibility**, a crucial constitutional topic that is either explicitly stated or omitted in various constitutional systems. In a **parliamentary system**, the responsibility of the Prime Minister and Cabinet members for their political actions is clearly established before the parliament. In a **presidential system**, where the President appoints ministers, constitutions do not explicitly mention ministerial responsibility. However, this does not mean that ministers are not accountable; rather, they are implicitly responsible to the authority that appointed them, which also holds the power to dismiss them. Some constitutions define ministers as mere assistants to the head of state, as seen in the United States under the **1787 Constitution**, yet they remain accountable to their superior.

The study begins with a **preliminary section** on the origins of ministerial responsibility, tracing its development from **Islamic law** through Britain, France, and Egypt, concluding with Iraq. The **first chapter** explores the **types and scope of ministerial responsibility**, while the **second chapter** focuses on **the practical applications of ministerial responsibility in Iraq**.

This research aims to explore the Quranic influence in some sermons of Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib (peace be upon him), where Quranic utilization is a prominent feature in his speeches. These sermons have remained confined to historical texts, benefiting preachers more than literary scholars, thereby losing their artistic and literary dimensions. The study seeks to highlight and clarify this utilization while addressing the neglect and ambiguity surrounding it.

The research examines different forms of Quranic employment in Imam Ali’s sermons through four main aspects: lexical utilization, conceptual utilization, scientific utilization, and the use of prophets and messengers. Additionally, the study establishes a foundational framework for analyzing this profound influence under the section titled "The Quranic Impact." The research concludes with a summary of the key findings derived from the study.

The research aims to observe the manifestations of Quranic intertextuality in an ancient linguistic work from the first era of eloquent citation. This work, characterized by a high level of eloquence in its formulation, is the supplication of Arafah by Imam Hussein (peace be upon him). The study found that the Quranic connections in this supplication were represented in two of the three types of Quranic intertextuality. Additionally, the research noted that some aspects of these connections followed a pattern where the supplication interacted with multiple Quranic passages. This phenomenon can be understood from a semantic perspective, as this intertextuality gathers various meanings from different contexts, allowing the supplication to encompass all these connotations.

**Summary:**

The study examines the stance of the Iraqi press on the Omar Mukhtar Revolution (1911-1932) by analyzing Iraqi newspapers, particularly those published in the 1920s and beyond. It highlights the role of these newspapers in adopting national and Islamic causes, serving as a platform to convey political stances and opinions. The press expressed clear support for liberation movements, including the Omar Mukhtar Revolution, considering it a heroic national uprising.

This support was not limited to the press but also extended to religious authorities, which played a crucial role in stirring public opinion in Iraq in favor of these revolutions. Despite the newspapers' general focus on preaching and guidance, political issues, such as colonialism in North Africa, received significant attention through articles and news reports.

The research is divided into three chapters:
1. A historical study of the Italian invasion of Libya in 1911 and its motives.
2. The coverage of the Omar Mukhtar Revolution in the Iraqi press.
3. The impact of Omar Mukhtar’s martyrdom on Iraqi society and its reflection in the press.

The study concludes that the Iraqi press played a key role in shaping national awareness and strengthening Arab solidarity against colonialism.