AL-ADAB JOURNAL

This paper investigates how John Millington Synge uses the theme of imagination in his play The Playboy of the Western World to introduce a critical view of the construction of personal and national identities of those people, Irish people. It argues that the play juxtaposes two contradicted images of the construction of personal and national identities. On the one hand, the play satirizes the way that the villagers use their imagination to create their own hero to help them revive their primitive national identity. On the other hand, it emphasizes the importance of imagination in creating personal identity. The play questions the authenticity of the notion of national identity by depicting it as a human-made phenomenon, but at the same time it makes use of it by showing how imagination helps to change human life.

The phenomenon of proportion is classified within the syntactic morphological phenomena; This is because the form of the attributed to him is done by attaching the Y of the noun at the end of the name in order to reach the meaning of the lineage, and this creates a syntactic case that has two parts in the total, one of them: It includes the formal aspects, i.e. the morphological phonemes that are concerned with describing the j of the ratios the accentuated phoneme at the abstract phonemic level first and then the syllabary level Some of the phonemic sequences surrounding this yaa within the context in which they are found.
As for the second part, it is represented in the semantic and syntactic aspects of Yaa Nassab, which in turn includes the semantic and morphological function of the formula and the contextual function as well for this morphological suffix. The action of the verb, therefore, it was necessary to research the components of the work of the noun attributed to the action of the verb, with different opinions about all of that and discussion.

The article notes the interrelation of language, culture and thinking. Some stable linguistic expressions that convey the meanings of specific phenomena in Russian and English are considered and reflect the phenomena of the surrounding world through the features of the transfer of values inherent in a particular country. The analysis of influence of mentality on features of national thinking is given. The factors that determine the formation of the national mentality and mentality of the Russian people are described. Features of features of Russian people in comparison with features of the American people are resulted.

Julio Cortés, es el autor del diccionario de árabe culto moderno, considerado uno de los principales referentes de la arabización del español hasta nuestros días, tradujo el Sagrado Corán.
Su traducción, casi todos los versos, incluyo márgenes y fue evidente, que son predominante lingüísticos. En cuanto a la introducción, se considera una introducción general a la historia del islam, y en particular a los principios del islam y su prominencia.
En nuestro trabajo intentamos analizar y discutir la diferencia semántica y traducción entre las palabras (tumba y sepultura) elegidas por el traductor orientalista español Cortés en la traducción del Sagrado Corán al español y cuál es su significado y su comprensión según el Corán árabe. En cuanto a la observación básica, y esta es la línea de fondo para nosotros, está relacionada con la denominación de traducción, y en este punto podemos distinguir entre dos tendencias claras: evitar usar la palabra "traducción" por un lado, por otro lado, vincularla a otra palabra: una traducción explicativa / hermenéutica / comentario.

The poetic image represents the most important component of poetry. In Abd Al-Qaher Al-Jarjani’s book, Asrar Al-Balagha, we find his interest in searching for the characteristics of its formation, but he is concerned in the first place, with the logical proportion in the depiction and the connection between the elements in the poetic image, he prefers image not due to the emotion which stand for the reflection of the outside world on the feeling of the creator, we note Al-Jarjani considers the poetic skill it is a mental skill that manifests itself by connecting objects, at the expense of artistic value.

In the 12th century, a large number of European scholars have travelled to the East in order to learn and ultimately bring back with them new scientific knowledge. Translators played the major role. Among those translators is Adelard of Bath whom this study aims to investigate his original works along with the works he translated from Arabic into Latin. The study will follow his travels from his hometown of Bath to France where he studied, and finally to the East where he learned from the Arabs. It will also briefly highlight the situation of education during the so-called Dark Ages in Europe. Moreover, Adelard’s original works before and after travelling are examined in order to see to what extent Adelard was influenced by the Arabs. Adelard’s translated books into English are used as primary resources for this research, in addition to other secondary references. As a result of conducting this research, it can be seen that the thought of Arabs have prevailed in Adelard’s works as he stressed the importance of the methodology followed by them. Adelard has contributed to forming a cusp between the Islamic Civilization and the European Renaissance; and hence further studies need to be carried out about Adelard as well as his endeavors with East.

The research dealt with a widespread phenomenon in the later eras, especially in Al – Mamluki era. Which is Marijuana (Al –Hashisha) as a result of what society had faced of oppressive circumstances. Which resulted in a social scourge that people misused them, particularly among popular peoples (The poor). Where they had them more to make them forget their miserable reality of life. So, poets of that era wanted to express their anger and revulsion from this scourge through their poems. So, they adopted two directions: The first group supported it, because it makes the drinker feels with pleasure in the soul and removes it from his painful reality. The second collection had rejected it because it brings diseases, fatigue and may lead his life to death

The current study explores the subjective adaptation level of Syrian emigrant families in Algeria according to the Montgomery model. The variables in this study, the elements of subjective adaptation, include salary, whether the emigrants’ jobs utilises their skills, overall satisfaction, whether their jobs aid acculturation, job security, and current jobs versus expectations. We collected data using a structured questionnaire, which we gave to 49 Syrian emigrants living in Jijel and Algiers for a period of nine months in 2016. We analyzed the data using SPSS Windows 20. The study concludes by registering negative orientation toward the majority of the subjective adaptation elements, with positive orientations towards a few. Results of the emigrants’ characteristics correlation display significant impact of their type of work, sex, year of arrival, language, and salary variables, respectively, on the emigrants’ subjective adaptation levels.

The turning is a well-known linguistic phenomenon, it has been used in the Qur’an in many places, the turns have been taken into consideration the maqam in the Holy Qur’an for example, it moved from the addressed pronoun to the absent pronoun according to the maqam as the same is in moving from the pronoun to the apparent noun and other turns. The Holy Qur’an took care of all that. If it comes by turning in proportion, then it can be said that the maqam is a reason for turning and the turning is only to indicate the arrangement of the maqam and take into account it as a rhetorical method required by the context of the text.
The research is titled (Appropriateness of attention and its connection with the maqam in verses from the Holy Quran), to show part of the importance of this linguistic and rhetorical method in the Holy Qur’an.
I have reached several results in this research, including: the turning is one of the most important purposes of Quranic expression, as it is proportional to the maqam in general and it changes according to the change of place.
The turning is multi-faceted in the Holy Qur’an, and it is used for more than one purpose, whether stylistic or semantic.
The turning is about the context and running by it.

The aim of this research was to find out how the UAE society views people who have recovered from addiction. The data was gathered using a scale with positive and negative statements based on four fundamental axes: First and foremost, how do community members react to a recovering addict in general? Second, the extent to which recovering addicts are accepted in various social communities. Third, the presence of stigma or rejection by community members when dealing with a recovering addict. And fourth, the effect of the interaction of gender and age level on the attitudes of the sample members toward recovering addicts.
In addition, an in-depth interview with ten respondents from addicts who recovered and returned to Al-Amal Private Hospital for treatment or follow-up was conducted. The interviews focused on showing and demonstrating the experiences of those recovering from addiction in dealing with the external community and the extent to which it accepts them, their integration into various "social, environment, professional" aspects and their exposure to stigma and ostracism within their societies.
According to recovering addicts' narratives, the attitude of Emirati community members on recovering addicts is relatively positive, with negative indicators about "safety, trust, dealing, and integration" acting as a barrier to their integration into social capital. This result, which contradicted the respondents' accounts and the existence of a declining social perception, regardless of age and gender, was found to be related to demographic factors (gender/age) and attitudes of Emirati community members toward recovering addicts. Furthermore, there is a significant gap between what the recovered believes from societal reality after his recovery and individual society's perceptions and attitudes, which is a totally contradictory gap that reflects a lack of community members' awareness in dealing properly with this recovering addict.

This research sheds light on the manuscripts of the Prophet’s biography and the efforts made to care for them, whether through institutions or scholars and individuals, it also shows their historical and scientific significance and their impact on the studies.
The importance of the research is that it focuses on a selected collection of manuscripts of the Prophet’s biography that are located in several libraries in different countries, and what are the methods and measures taken to maintain them, with an explanation and details of models of the Prophet’s biography manuscripts.
It is evident through the research that the manuscripts of the Prophet’s biography, like many sources of our heritage, suffer from lack of unification of efforts in the process of taking care of these manuscripts, especially in the field of study and investigation, where the shortage is still largely occurring.
We also see the ability of many orientalists to accomplish several works that contributed to maintaining, investigating, and bringing to light those manuscripts, in a way that sometimes exceeds what Muslim researchers have done, which calls for encouraging and directing focuses to achieve better results.
The research shows that the manuscripts of the Prophet’s biography were in many forms, like independent manuscripts, single, combined, included and other forms, all of which based on the style of writing used in authorship and the motives behind writing of the books of the Prophet’s biography and finally is the historical stage in which they were written.

This research deals with the approach of the historian Abu al-Fida Imad al-Din Ismail bin Ali (d. 732 AH / 1332 AD) on the history of the Umayyad state through his book (The Brief Fi Akhbar al-Bishr), where the research was made of historical sources and resources and the method he used in writing this section, noting that Researchers have studied studies about his personality and his book (Al-Mukhtasar fi Akhbar Al-Bishr), but they did not give this section (the Umayyad state) a full and detailed study of his methodology and resources, and this is what we will prove through our research, that this study has necessarily relied on the book (Al-Mukhtasar fi Akhbar). humans), as a source for it, and therefore the benefit from other sources has diminished in many places and in a wide area of them, and from this logic we tried to do a scientific study on this subject and chose Abu Al-Fida as one of the historians who developed a special approach in his writing of history, which was reflected in his writing For the Umayyad state, this study aims to reveal and clarify Abu al-Fida’s approach to writing the history of the Umayyad state. This is what he used to record the events of the Umayyad dynasty.

Britain worked before the military occupation of Iraq to extend its roots inside Iraq by following several methods and methods. The foremost of these methods were the operations of proselytizing and establishing banks، which made them by petitioning Iraq and the Iraqis، which facilitated the occupation process. The issue of its delay in the process of completing the occupation for four years indicates the violent resistance it witnessed during its military operations، as well as the Ottoman forces were able to besiege the British general (TOWSEND) with his forces for a period of five months until he was forced to surrender in 1916، but a new British campaign reached Iraq from India. She succeeded in inflicting defeat on the Ottoman army and occupying the city of Mosul in 1918 A.D.، and Britain published a statement at the end of the war، announcing that its goal in fighting the Arabs with the Ottomans was to liberate the Arabs from Ottoman control. They found that the major countries are heading to the status of Iraq، but the British mandate، and this means the continuation of foreign control and the absence of independent national rule.

The Effect of modified learning cycle strategy (7E'S) on the achievement of grammatical concepts of Kurdish language among fifth-literary stream secondary school female students. The sample amounted (63) female students distributed on two sections (A، B). Section A represented experimental group (31) female students studied according to the exemplar of (Modified Learning Cycle Strategy (7E'S) and (B) represented control group (32) female students who have studied with traditional method. The researcher has qualified between these two groups based on coefficients (age، intelligence، marks of the first course). The scientific subject has been determined by many grammars' subjects in the book ((Zaman Waa Dah Bi Kurdish)) decided to be studied in basic 7th class. The researcher has formed behavior goals and has prepared teaching plans sufficient for these two groups، she has also prepared a test to acquire grammatical concepts، composing of (24) items by which the teacher has taught the two groups. By the end of the experience، tool of research has been applied on students of both groups. After analyzing the result statistically by using (T-test) for the two independent samples، the results have indicated the progress of experimental group studying Grammar Subject according to the method of (Modified Learning) Cycle Strategy (7E'S) over the control one.

The study aims to identify some superstitious ideas among a sample of adults and the elderly in southern Palestine and to explore the differences according to gender, age, economic level and professional status. To achieve these aims, a scale of superstitious ideas was constructed and developed, and its psychometric properties were calculated. The study used the descriptive analytical method. The sample consisted of 196 adults and aged people (94 males & 102 females), who were selected based on a simple random method from the city of Rahat beyond the Green Line. The study found that the spread of superstitious ideas was average. No differences were found due to gender, economic level, or professional status, but there were differences due to age. The results were discussed in light of previous studies and the theoretical framework, and some recommendations were proposed.

The current study aims at identifying the effect of semiotic scansion in reading achievement among the first basic grade pupils. The sample consists of 48 male and female pupils of the first basic grade in Razgary primary school in Sulaimaniyah Governorate – Chamchamal province. Thus، the sample has been distributed into two groups. The first group is called the experimental group which includes 23 male and female pupils. The second group is called control group which includes 25 male and female pupils for the year (2018 – 2019). Accordingly، the semiotic scansion has been applied on the experimental group whereas the traditional method has been used on the control group. There is a parity between them in some variables including (age –the marks of Kurdish reading of the first term). The two researchers have conducted the instrument of the achievement which consists of oral reading and comprehension test. The validity of the instrument has been verified. The two researchers have used T-test for two independent samples to analyze data and to identify the significant differences. Results show that the experimental group has outdone the control group in reading achievement in all fields.
(Reading validity، speed and comprehension). In the light of the above results، the two researchers have adopted the method of semiotic scansion in teaching Kurdish reading.

This study is concerned with both total or macroclimate and applied or micro climate to identify the various distances of the dry areas in Iraq, relying on three climatic cycles, the first (1970-1980), the second (1990-2000) and the third (2008-2018) for nine climate monitoring stations and to explain the cause of this phenomenon، Determining how many days the phenomenon has taken is based on the analysis of surface maps for monitoring (0،12, 0،00) available on the website https://www،ers،noaa،gon‘ It was found from the application of the equation that the climate of Iraq was characterized as a semi-arid climate for three climatic cycles، However, the fluctuation in the amounts of rain and temperature is based on the variation in the nature of the climate of the different Iraqi areas،
The central and southern climates were semi-arid during the first and second climatic cycle, and dry in the third cycle، The equation application in the stations under study results in more clearly identifiable varieties in the climate fluctuations in the dry areas ; the analysis of surface monitoring maps revealed less days witnessed rising air in the third cycle by (14،52%) than the total number of days of the rainy season, while the percentage of the other several days was (40،60%) at the second session ; this was the reason behind the shallowness of the depressions, which resulted in decreasing rain and rainy days،

Tourist residential services, namely hotels, are an important cornerstone in tourist attraction. That is because without them, tourist attractions lose much of their natural, religious, folkloric, and antique values and tourists fail to meet their trip goals. Hotels are the establishments that provide tourists with residence, food and other important services in hospitality industry. However, due to the development in tourist activities, the notion of hotel industry has developed to include communication, transportation, money exchanging, holding meetings, parties and carnivals, shopping centers, gyms, spa, and medical treatment, With the increase in oil revenues and political stability, tourist sector has developed in Iraq, especially in the 1980s, and culminated in building a number of important hotels in Baghdad. Yet, it suffered a dramatic decline because of the long war with Iran (1980-1988) and the severe economic sanctions following the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait in 1990. After 2003, Iraqi tourist sector has undergone a period of immerse growth due to the diversity in Iraqi climate, geography and tourist and environmental sites such as marshes, moors, valleys and mountains with their diverse human and animal life systems. Another aspect of Iraq tourist attraction is its famous religious sites such as the birthplaces and tombs of several prophets, like Ibrahim Abraham) in Ur, and the Shrines of Imams (grandsons of Prophet Mohammad) in Najaf, Karbala, Baghdad and Samara. Being the cradle of several civilizations, Iraq is replete with important sites in almost all its provinces such as Nasiriya, Babylon, Baghdad, Samara, Nineveh. The interest in visiting such huge reservoir of historical, cultural and religious sites has caused an increasing demand for hotels and hospitality services and activities. It has also placed provinces in certain categories; when referring to the interest in religious sites, Karbala comes first in hospitality services followed by Najaf and then Baghdad. But being the capital and, consequently, the residence of officials and diplomatic commissions, Baghdad holds the first rank in hotels classification.
The hotel sector suffers from several problems, whether in financial, organizational or planning terms by the concerned authorities. Many governorates have a distinct natural and cultural heritage in their folds, but they are not prepared for tourism activity despite the accession of some of these sites to the world heritage yard, as is the case in Babylon and the marshes of southern Iraq as well. Regarding the lack of interest in the rehabilitation and training of cadres specialized in the hotel activity.

The paper is an analysis of the cold wave and snowfall in Iraq which extended from 09/ 02/ 2020 to 13/ 02 / 2020. On the basis of the Iraqi meteorological data of snowfall, the stations of Mosul, Baghdad, Rutbah, Hilla, Kut and Karbala have been chosen for study. The findings show that there was a three- day snowfall in Mosul and one- day in the others and the lowest temperature was) -7°C (in Mosul and Baghdad; the temperature did not exceed) 2°C (. As for the atmospheric pressure, it ranged between medium and high values (1019.9-1031.8) millibars. The wind speed values ranged between (6 (-) 00) m / s. As for the prevailing trend, it was northeast; humidity reached high levels, ranging between 51-100%, and clouds covered the sky by 8-eighths most of the time. The snowfall was due to the control of a cold polar air mass represented by the Siberian Highland at the surface pressure level, and it was shallow, as an air depression was at 850 millibars and the temperatures ranged between-) 0° (and-) 5° (C. The main source of this cold wave was the control of the groove at the level of 500 millibars, as the temperature reached 25 degrees below zero in the central region of Iraq and(- 20°C) in southern Iraq in addition to the emergence of the axis of the polar jet stream accompanying the snowfall at a speed of up to 100 knots in central Iraq and it became clear from the analysis of these previous levels that there is a deep groove extending from 300 millibars to 850 millibars there was also a case of blocking which went from a pressure level of 300 millibars down to an surface pressure omega block and high – over – low types .

This study deals with the reality of poultry meat production in Iraq and the extent of development that this type of production has witnessed between 2009 and 2019, and a picture of the geographical distribution of the number of projects and the amount of their production in the country, and determining the self-sufficiency ratio for each of the governorates of Iraq, which was taken as a standard in which the amount of the achieved From consumption and to indicate the amount of deficit at the level of administrative units based on the analytical method of the data, and the future expectations of poultry meat production were extracted using the forecast function (Forecast function) so that Iraq would achieve self-sufficiency in the production of poultry meat in the long term and the lack of food gap.

This research has dealt with the geopolitical importance of the islands of the Hanish archipelago located at the southern entrance to the Red Sea and close to the Bab al-Mandab Strait, which has geopolitical, economic and military importance and is considered one of the large islands in the region after Zuqar Island and is empty of population due to its geographical nature represented in its volcanic formation and lack of The water is safe to drink and has rugged terrain, but its importance lies in its island position, which overlooks the entrance to the Gulf of Aden and the southern gate of the Red Sea. Locality, the islands have economic importance, as they contain many minerals, the most important of which is oil and gas. Therefore, they have become the focus of attention for regional and international strategic competition. Three topics preceded by an introduction and a theoretical framework were presented in the research. The first topic dealt with the geographical location of the islands and their importance at the geopolitical, economic and military level, while the second topic It dealt with regional and international strategies towards the islands and the geopolitical effects A yakiya for the islands on the Red Sea, the Bab al-Mandab strait, and the Horn of Africa. As for the third topic, it dealt with future scenarios for the Hanish islands, and concluded the research with the most important conclusions.

Al Hijr considers one of most important touristic sites within Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Despite entering on the list of United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) for world heritage locations, but the data and information of archaeological site are still showing the traditional marketing and media methods and consider as general information, so it needs more time to assess its efficacy and accuracy.
The study aims to create E- program for touristic marketing at Al Hijr center, which depending on touristic geographic database for study region, tourist`s personal characteristics, making sure of role the information to show with the proper results. The researcher has used the inductive methodology according to procedures required to solve the problem of study.
The findings of study conclude that the significance of caring with the information and data for geographic touristic and descriptive attraction sites, and its role on decreasing the difficulties, which may be faced the tourist, its enabling with E- programs to carry out the task of touristic marketing, enabling the tourist to reach at many of alternative touristic sites, prioritizing of tourist , and setting up touristic alternative automatically according to the personal characteristics and interests. The study recommends that the significance of increasing the investment on modern techniques, expanding on E- marketing for touristic destinations, and the necessity of caring with information and data, and building the specialized centers for caring with these data and working to educate the workers on the field of tourism with its value and significance.

This study analyzes the spatial distribution of the beneficiaries of the home health care service provided by King Salman Hospital at the western district of Riyadh city. The reasons for choosing this study subject are due to two main reasons: The first, is the importance of this home health service, which is considered modern in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and is no less important and quality than the service provided at the hospitals and medical centers. The second, is the psychological comfort and social benefits provided by the home health care to the beneficiary instead of the costs and effort required during his hospitalization care in the usual circumstances.
- Study objectives:
This study aims to:
1- Analyze the Spatial variation of the total population, the population by gender (females and males) distribution, the distribution of total beneficiaries of the home health care service, the distribution of the beneficiaries by gender (females and males) and the distribution of two age categories (over 65 years old) and (14-65 years old) during the year 2020.
2- Determining the spatial distribution pattern of the cited variables during the year 2020.
- Study methodology:
To achieve the study objectives, the research methodology relied on the inductive approach in analyzing the spatial variance of the studied variables during the year 2020. The methodology used the integrated employment of:
A) - The statistical methods available in the Analyze tools in the SPSS23 statistical toolbar using the Normality test of Shapiro-Wilk appropriate to the samples size less than 30 recorded data.
B)- The GIS techniques using Spatial statistics tools and the Autocorrelation Model (Moran's Index) available on the Arc Toolbox of ArcGIS 10.7 software, to determine the pattern of spatial distribution of the studied variables during the year 2020.

- Study data:
The study data consist of:
A)- The data of the population distribution by gender (female and male) in a total of 20 districts and the data of patient distribution by gender (female and male) and by age category (over 65 years old) and (14-65 years) in a total of 17 districts benefiting from the health home care program available at King Sulayman Hospital during the year 2020.
B)- Official population statistics of the years 2010 and 2020.
C)- The spatial data of beneficiaries from the health home care program available by the geographical database available by the Royal Commission of Riyadh city. This data is available in the form of cadastral, road network and location points of national hospitals and health centers affiliated to the Ministry of Health. The second part of data is the patient's locations available by the King Sulayman Hospital in the Excel tables.
Study results:
The Shapiro-Wilk test showed that the distribution of districts areas, the distribution of population data, population density, and beneficiaries of the home health care service during the year 2020 in the western districts of Riyadh city differs from the Normal distribution. The results of the Levene test indicated that all variances are homogeneous, except for the population density data, beneficiaries (female), and beneficiaries for the age category (more than 65 years).
Therefore, the results of the Binomial test showed that the variance of the districts areas distribution and the beneficiary population data are not significant. The results of the Autocorrelation (Moran's Index) are consistent with these results. So, that the standard (Z) values are ranged between (-0.01 and + 1.70) and the Moran's Index (I) values between (-0.06 and +0.08) and the (p) values between (0.09 and 0.99), indicate the spatial distribution pattern of total beneficiaries, beneficiaries by gender (females and males) and by age category (14-65 years) is random, while the distribution pattern of beneficiaries from the age category (older than 65 years) is a cluster.
- Conclusion:
This study ended with many results emerged from the methodological steps applied in determining the Normality distribution of population and the beneficiary's data during the year 2020 in the western districts of Riyadh city. Also, their statistical significance is computed. The results of this study revealed the random spatial distribution pattern of the population and the beneficiaries of the home health care service in the western Riyadh city.

The research aimed to identify the role of Iraqi women in political life after 2003 and to know the extent to which women are able to assume responsibility in the political process and to determine the extent to which circumstances and the current situation affect the woman’s desire for political participation، because the issue of women has become a global issue، and the issue of women's participation in political life is ranked Advanced indicators of the progress of democratic life in societies. The political empowerment of women is related to their legal legitimacy، which is participation in political decision-making processes، elections and voting in any society. We used the descriptive، historical and comparative approach in analyzing the research axes. Women، their participation and empowerment in political action in the new Iraq after 2003.

In spite of the progress achieved by the country at all levels, namely the urban planning-our research subject-the master plans, which although made urban life easier in terms of the spatial (physical) aspect have considerable deficit concerning the social (moral) aspects. Most cities have now become excellent, but with no spirit, and the people are living in social and psychological isolation maintaining trivial relations with their closest spatial neighbor. Today, the situation is almost the same in all Iraqi cities, including the city of Mosul-the study area. The planning-decision makers tried to embody the design ideas of the western city planners so that Iraqi cities could become the most beautiful Arab cities during the mid-period of the last century and the city of Mosul the most attractive city in Iraq. However, during planning, they neglected the social aspect, which is of great significance to the Iraqi - Arab individuals who want to have close social relations with their spatial and social surroundings. But today they live in social and psychological isolation that has forced them to retreat into a shell with his family. What further complicated the situation in the city of Mosul was the number of unpleasant events experienced by the city, especially after the American occupation of Iraq in 2003. During that time, there was complete security paralysis, innocent people were killed, and organized crime was rampant, leading to a drastic increase in the crime rate. Besides, the events of the ISIS invasion of Mosul in 2014 and the liberation war against ISIS in 2017 played a crucial role in the destruction of the planning and social infrastructure of the city of Mosul. This warranted that the researchers provide suitable ideas to those in charge of city planning and re-development, and offer them the best designs for the city of Mosul taking into consideration the physical and social aspects.

This paper discusses two concepts within Pierre Bourdieu's sociological system that are; symbol and icon in their functional exchange and their procedural meanings that are involved in his system and how they can be interpreted to give more understanding for new nature of sociology that Bourdieu seeks to dress it. The present paper raises the question, starting point, about the meaning of sociology, the way Bourdieu wanted.
Bourdieu asked about the nature of fields or domains that sociology deals with from one side, and on the other hand, the question about the unique features that give sociology its peculiar topic apart from other sciences. The present paper shed lights on the relationship between natural and historical in sociology and how historical was replaced for the favor of natural. This replacement was marketed as a scientific endvour. In the second stage of study, understanding is given to explain what is symbolic and what is iconic and how material turned to be socially symbolic and how social and institutions became iconic everlasting. Finally, this paper seeks to shed a critical view on Bourdieu,s sociological account in respect to his reading of both symbol and icon.

This paper aims to highlight Ibn Khaldun's leading opinions in the field of education and his didactic and pedagogical contributions that have gone beyond his era to meet the demands of contemporary sociology of education. These views full of Islamic spirit were expressed in his famous Muqaddima
The historian and sociologist Ibn Khaldun discussed the importance of education in forming a good human being through analyzing the essence of education, the factors of its prosperity, the types of sciences and the ways to achieve them.
Ibn Khaldun mentioned the different sciences in his time, along with details about their topics, methods, how to use them and take benefit from them. And he also rejected some sciences because of their ability to spread corruption, harm people and weaken their beliefs.
Moreover, this article presents the qualifications and ethics of the teacher, who is the pillar of the educational process and the main determinant of its outcomes, it also highlights a set of qualities that the learner should be equipped with in his scientific career to achieve his goals and objectives; as well as discussing the teaching strategies that Ibn Khaldun criticized, assessed, then suggested a new one.

The security of society has been associated with the existence of deterrent punishment since ancient times, in order to achieve justice among the members of society and redress for the victim. The offender must be punished in the amount of harm caused by him with a view to reform and rehabilitation and not as revenge. No individual was born a criminal. However, the circumstances of socialization and the culture of the surrounding society are one of the most important aspects that affect the personality of the individual Punishment for the offender therefore plays a variety of roles in society. The punishment for the offender represented special deterrence aimed at rehabilitating the convicted person so that he could return to society by being affected and affected.
The problem of considering that punishment is a double-edged sword that can maintain and stabilize society and reduce crime may be a weapon for society to use against itself Because of the importance of sanctions in society, this study will examine the stages of society's development and its relationship to the development of punishment in the UAE, trying to answer the question:
How has society been developing in the UAE? What does this have to do with the development of punishment? To what extent have the forms of sanctions been associated with the development of UAE society?
The importance of the study is that the subject of sanctions, as one of the main pillars for ensuring security and stability in society, is aimed at achieving deterrence (private and public), which is a prerequisite for social security and the fight against crime. With the development of the Penal Code and the pace with which the United Arab Emirates has followed modern penal policies, the United Arab Emirates has succeeded in applying penalties that are alternative to short-term custodial sentences, which have entailed many disadvantages for the convicted person, his family and society.

This study aimed to identify youth attitudes towards empowerment programs and public participation in Abu Dhabi, by identifying empowerment programs directed for youth, and their attitudes towards registration process in these programs, and the role of these programs in developing their skills and abilities all from their point of view. And their participation in public life. This study used the descriptive survey approach (a quantitative study), and the intended sample consisted of (373) youth in the age group (19-35) years (males / females) who were benefiting from empowerment programs in Abu Dhabi. The data collection tool was the questionnaire, and the most important conclusions of the study were that there is a clear interest on the part of government agencies to design and implement programs to empower youth and develop their skills and abilities. The programs are in line with the needs and goals of young people, and contribute to strengthening many positive values for them, the most important of which is the spirit of positive citizenship and the concept of tolerance, enhancing their sense of social responsibility, developing their skills in teamwork in addition to developing youth skills in investing their time effectively.

The study aims to investigate school violence in the Emirate of Sharjah. It explores the forms, manifestations, causes and solutions of school violence to reduce them. A special questionnaire was designed for the study, and it was applied to the students of the Emirate of Sharjah by using the non-probability purposive sampling method. The total number of the study subjects is 137 students; (35) male and (102) female students.
The study orders the forms of school violence descending according to their degree of severity as follows: violence directed by the teaching staff towards students, violence directed by students towards their fellow students, violence directed by students towards school properties and finally, violence directed by students towards teachers. The study also revealed the causes of school violence and proposed alleviating solutions.
Among the important findings of the study is that excessive parental indulgence, control over the child and deprivation of pocket money are not among the factors that lead to violence. However, the most important things that lead to violence are dealing with bad companions, the absence of school guidance and counseling, the conditions of life during the stage of adolescence and failure to exploit free time with meaningful activities that promote children’s talents.

This research addressed the factors affecting the formation of the mental image of Communication Corporations - a survey study of Etisalat Corporation users in the United Arab Emirates. The research aimed to identify the factors affecting the positive or negative mental image among users and the impact of these factors to achieve the goals sought by the Communication Corporations. The researcher used descriptive methodology and questionnaire as a tool for collecting information. Some of the important results of the research are: The factors affecting the formation of a positive mental image among users about Etisalat Corporation are; the quality of offers and services provided to users, listen to customer complaints, support charity, organizing exhibitions and competitions, and frequent advertising. In addition, that the factors affecting the formation of the negative mental image among users about Etisalat Corporation are; prices are not suitable, slow handling of complaints, the low quality of its services, and mishandling customers. The research recommends: Communication Corporations should support charitable works, listen to customer complaints with fast resolved, interest in various communication activities of competitions, exhibitions, etc. In addition, work to explain its vision and mission through the appropriate media to be clear and acceptable to its customers, and must explain the letters written on its logo so that they are known to users. In order to form a positive image of it.