Ahl Al-Bait Jurnal

**Summary**

Arabic poetry emerged from rhythmic patterns rooted in the richness of the Arabic language, which is abundant in rhetorical and structural features. These rhythmic patterns are categorized into two types of poetic meters:

1. **Pure Meters**: Their feet (tafeet) are uniform, such as (Rajaz, Ramal, Hazaj, Kamil, Mutaqarib, Mutadarak).
2. **Compound Meters**: Their feet vary, such as (Taweel, Baseet, Madeed, Munserih, Khafeef, Saree’, Wafer, Mujtath, Muqtadab, Mudari’).

Some meters were more prevalent than others, with Taweel and Baseet dominating classical Arabic poetry. With the rise of free verse poetry, pioneer poets leaned towards pure meters to break away from the monotony of traditional two-hemistich poems and to modernize the poetic line. They relied on a single recurring foot while maintaining rhyme and the unity of the final foot (Darb).

Later, some modernist poets, notably Badr Shakir Al-Sayyab, attempted to incorporate compound meters into free verse poetry. Although these efforts were relatively rare, they represented a bold endeavor that strengthened the connection between modern poetry and classical Arabic poetry. This experimentation also highlighted the untapped rhythmic potential of the Arabic language, blending tradition with innovation.

The study focuses on exploring the attributes of **Ahl al-Bayt (peace be upon them)** in **Al-Sahifa Al-Sajjadiya** through the supplications of **Imam Ali ibn Al-Hussain (peace be upon him)**. The texts of the Sahifa exhibit an unlimited depth of meaning, varying with different readings and interpretations, making them ever-renewing and open to linguistic, intellectual, and spiritual dimensions. The research employs an **interpretive methodology** based on Arabic lexicon analysis to uncover hidden meanings that reflect the philosophical and intellectual depth of the text. The beauty of the Sahifa is categorized into **sensory and cognitive**, perceived through emotions and senses, and **intellectual**, derived from interpreting the texts and unveiling their profound meanings. This grants the Sahifa an enduring intellectual legacy that transcends time.

In recent decades, Iraq has experienced significant political developments that have impacted various aspects of life, including the economy. The Iraqi economy has faced fluctuations in many economic variables due to the political reality and surrounding conditions. A common issue over the years has been inflation, with a continuous rise in the general price level throughout the 1990s and the early 2000s, characterized by persistent inflation.

This research aims to study this phenomenon to understand its causes, extent, and major economic implications. Excessive currency issuance is a fundamental factor in monetary inflation, along with the large operational budget, especially salaries and wages for state employees, which increases overall demand while the production system remains inefficient.

The research includes six main sections:

The concept of inflation

Inflation in economic theory

Methods of measuring inflation

Measuring the level of monetary inflation in Iraq

The economic implications of monetary inflation in Iraq

Conclusions and recommendations.

This study addresses the issue of the mother's ability to transfer nationality to her children, and whether the mother possesses the same capability as the father in this regard. The research revolves around two main axes:

1. **First Axis:** It states that both the father and the mother have the ability to transfer nationality to their children based on the "absolute right of blood." This concept grants the mother the right to pass her nationality to her children in a manner similar to the father. However, the majority of legislations have not yet embraced this concept.

2. **Second Axis:** It posits that only the father has the ability to transfer nationality to the children based on the "absolute right of blood," while the mother can transfer nationality in an exceptional manner known as the "secondary right of blood." This axis represents the prevailing trend in legislations in general and Arab legislations in particular.

The study recommends examining this issue in depth, especially regarding the situation of children of a national mother married to a foreign man who are in a state of statelessness. These children may be without any nationality or may hold their father's foreign nationality, causing them significant difficulties upon returning to the mother's homeland.

There is no doubt that grammar and literature in all its forms are two inseparable branches; for the scholar, no matter how high his rank, great his status, and elevated his standing, cannot dispense with the science of grammar, through which the endings of words are known. From this standpoint, and due to our observation of the frequent usage of the styles of command, prohibition, and interrogation in **Al-Sahifa Al-Sajjadiya**, we decided to study these three styles in specific days mentioned in that immortal work.

Attributed to Imam Zain al-Abidin, peace be upon him, what made us more inclined to the subject is what we found of solidity, eloquence, fluency, and precision in the choice of words, and that discourse blended with humility, supplication, and awe. This is not surprising from an Imam who drank from the fountain of the Quran, was raised on its meanings, and sipped from its nectar until he became its shadow and refuge.

What we have mentioned of virtues has made those immortal, luminous words a hymn repeated by believers walking the path of light, truly, as days and years revolve.

The research is organized into an introduction, three chapters, a conclusion, and then a list of sources and references. In the introduction, we talked about the reasons for choosing this topic after we found that these three styles have become numerous and distinguished in those specific days such as Eid al-Fitr, the Day of Arafah, Eid al-Adha, and Fridays. What drew us even more to the topic was the eloquence, fluency, sweetness, and precision in word choice, and that discourse blended with humility and supplication. Therefore, we preferred to approach the topic from a grammatical, linguistic, and rhetorical perspective, taking these styles as a model for our work, the results of which we will mention in the conclusion, God willing.

This study explores the city of Al-Kadhimiya as an important religious and tourist landmark in Iraq. Religious cities around the world are characterized by a set of factors that help in their emergence and continuity, and Al-Kadhimiya is no exception. Among the primary factors that contributed to the rise of Al-Kadhimiya are:

**Historical Factor:** Al-Kadhimiya has historical roots that extend back to the mid-15th century BCE, which has earned it fame throughout the ages.

**Natural Factor:** The region offers suitable terrain, a favorable climate, fertile soil, and abundant water resources, making it an ideal destination for a large number of people to settle.

**Religious Factor:** As a religious center, it attracts large numbers of visitors from both inside and outside Iraq.

These combined factors have not only contributed to the emergence of the city of Al-Kadhimiya but have also made it a prominent religious tourist attraction in Iraq.

Dr. Shawqi Daif is among the most prominent activists who tackled the issue of renewal in Arabic grammar. Numerous calls from great literary figures like Taha Hussein emphasized the necessity of renewing and simplifying Arabic grammar due to its antiquity and complexity. Shawqi Daif made significant strides in this domain that deserve commendation and appreciation. However, he couldn't become a successful reformer, as his attempts remained mere ink on paper and did not achieve success.

The main reason for this failure—if it's appropriate to call it that—returns to the conflict between the old and the new in Shawqi Daif's culture and thinking. It becomes evident from his writings his confusion and hesitation in accepting or rejecting both the old and the new to establish an easy and simple Arabic grammar and to dedicate it as a grammatical system that meets the needs of the contemporary Arab person while preserving the correctness and eloquence of the Arabic language.

Among the prominent grammatical phenomena in Al-Jawahiri's poetic style is his frequent use of prepositions and his reliance on them in much of his poetic construction, employing them from an aesthetic perspective. The preposition is a semantic necessity, but in poetry, it is not so; rather, it is a verbal necessity above all, and this is what this research emphasizes.

Al-Jawahiri is a poet obsessed with using prepositions to a remarkable extent; he uses the preposition once, twice, three times, four times, or even five times in a single verse.

This research examines this phenomenon along with all the effects it entails on the rhythmic environment, and thus we might be able to reach the secret of the beauty of the Arabic sentence with this creative poet.

This study addresses the importance of constitutional constraints on the work of the executive and legislative authorities in Iraq, and how the constitution imposes limits on these authorities to ensure they do not exceed the boundaries set for them. It aims to prevent one authority from intervening in the affairs of another or dominating it. The study emphasizes that cooperation and balance between these authorities are essential to achieve the state's functions and guarantee public rights and freedoms for individuals.

The research aims to highlight the most important constitutional guarantees provided by the Iraqi Constitution of 2005 to protect its provisions from potential transgressions by the legislative and executive authorities. It seeks to ensure that one authority does not interfere in the work of another based on the principle of the separation of powers. Additionally, it strives to guarantee balance in the work of each authority, as adherence to the constitutional texts by the authorities means safeguarding the rights and freedoms of individuals.

This research raises the issue of the effectiveness of the constitutional guarantees and constraints ensured by the constitution in national unity governments (coalition governments), where parliamentary opposition is absent and all winning parties in the elections participate in the government. This situation may affect the principle of oversight and balance between the authorities.

Based on that, the research is divided into two main sections:
1. **Parliamentary Oversight of the Work of the Executive Authority**: This section focuses on how parliament exercises its role in monitoring the performance of the executive authority and ensuring its commitment to the constitution.
2. **Oversight of the Constitutionality of Laws**: This section discusses the mechanisms available to ensure that enacted laws are consistent with the constitutional texts and to prevent the passage of legislation that contradicts it.

This study examines the shared manifestations between **Ruin Poetry (Al-Taliliyah)** in the pre-Islamic era and **Tammuzian poetry**, focusing particularly on **Labid Ibn Rabi'a** and **Al-Sayyab**, centering on the themes of **rebirth** and **death**. The research highlights how the desert environment influenced the pre-Islamic poet, where standing by the ruins serves as a means to express suppressed emotions resulting from oppression and deprivation.

The study references the opinions of both ancient and modern critics regarding the opening of poems by standing at the ruins, explaining the psychological dimension of this literary tradition. It also sheds light on the similarities between Al-Taliliyah and Tammuzian poetry in expressing the contradiction between death and life, and the use of symbols and myths to convey internal conflict and the search for rebirth and renewal.

The research concludes that standing by the ruins is not merely a poetic tradition but a reflection of the psychological struggle between hope and despair, life and death, and is considered an extension of the **Tammuzian Semitic heritage** in ancient Arab culture.

This study addresses the topic of political responsibility of those bearing the burdens of the executive authority, specifically in the context of the evolution of political systems and their interaction with global challenges. Constitutional and political science is characterized by precision and innovation, as the policies of governance require continuous adjustments to keep pace with civilizational development. The research explains that the political system operates according to a specific constitution and that the actual political reality plays a role in shaping its features.

The study points to the evolution of the concept of sovereignty from absolute sovereignty to a collection of public interests, which led to the emergence of the concept of political responsibility for rulers. Western countries have become more politically stable through their political organizations and their response to crises via various philosophies, ideas, theories, and ideologies.

Historically, states were not held accountable for their actions until the late 19th century. With the development of the concept of sovereignty, governments became obliged to manage people's interests, leading to the emergence of political responsibility. The study indicates that political responsibility began in England during the 17th and 18th centuries and evolved in the 19th century with the transfer of actual power from the king to the ministry, where the king reigned but did not rule, and the ministry assumed authority as it became accountable to parliament.

The study examines the role of the constitution in achieving balance between authorities and explains that countries that failed to achieve this balance suffer from backwardness, revolutions, and coups. It also discusses the evolution of political responsibility from absolute non-responsibility to accountability, including the state's responsibility for the actions of the executive, legislative, and judicial authorities.

The study concludes that the principle of political responsibility relies on the separation of powers and balance between them. It notes that legal scholars agree that the principle of responsibility is evident in the parliamentary system of England, where authority is paired with responsibility.

This study examines the poet Sheikh Muhsin Abu al-Hubb al-Kabir (1305 AH - 1887 AD) from the city of Karbala, who dedicated most of his poetry to serving the cause of the Ahl al-Bayt (peace be upon them). One of the most prominent themes of his poetry is the **"Poetry of Appeal"** to Imam al-Hujjah (may Allah hasten his reappearance). His firm belief in Imam al-Mahdi (peace be upon him), the oppression and suppression faced by the Prophet's family, along with the persecution experienced by the poet and his community due to the Ottoman state's policies during the 19th century, compelled him to direct his poetry toward appealing to Imam al-Hujjah.

The research is divided into an introduction and several sections. The introduction addresses the concept of the "Poetry of Appeal" linguistically and terminologically, while the main sections encompass the themes of the "Poetry of Appeal" by Abu al-Hubb al-Kabir, which are:

- Vengeance for Imam al-Husayn (peace be upon him) and his pure household
- Intercession
- Presenting the oppression of the Ahl al-Bayt (peace be upon them) to Imam al-Mahdi (may Allah hasten his reappearance)
- The poet's rejection of the political reality

The research concludes with a conclusion that includes the most prominent findings. The study relied on multiple sources in addition to the Holy Qur'an, including the poet's collection of works and several books on literature, history, Hadith, and creed, aiming to enrich the research and deepen the presented ideas.

The emergence of Abdullah Ibn al-Muqaffa' in the second century AH had a comprehensive and significant impact on Islamic and Arabic culture. He was the first to translate logical books, and he was imbued with Persian culture and well-versed in Arabic heritage and language. Anyone examining his two small books, **"Al-Adab al-Saghir"** and **"Al-Adab al-Kabir"**, can notice his profound influence by the words of Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib (peace be upon him).

Ibn al-Muqaffa' used the Imam's words—both literally and in meaning—without mentioning his name, and that was only out of fear of the Abbasid authorities for whom he worked as an employee.

This research attempts—after providing an overview of Ibn al-Muqaffa's life and beliefs—to demonstrate the extent of his influence in **"Al-Adab al-Saghir"** and **"Al-Adab al-Kabir"** by the words of the Master of the Eloquent and the Imam of the Gnostics, both in text and meaning.

What we have relied upon from the sayings of Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib (peace be upon him) is what has been collected in **"Nahj al-Balaghah"** and **"Ghurar al-Hikam wa Durar al-Kalim"**. We also referred to other books authored by the predecessors, where they attributed those phrases, lessons, and wisdoms to the Imam (peace be upon him). However, Ibn al-Muqaffa'—as we have pointed out—did not attribute any of them to the Imam, and his role was limited to transmitting them as they are sometimes, and modifying them at other times.

This study emphasizes the importance of literary works that address noble topics, such as praising the Prophet Muhammad and his honorable family (peace be upon them), and expressing pride in God's blessings like faith and the guidance toward jihad and righteous deeds.

The study focuses on literary writings that center on the love of homeland and rallying around brave leaders, considering this noble literary output worthy of attention, highlighting, studying, and analyzing.

The researcher observed that the Lebanese Islamic Resistance Movement and its mujahid leader, Sayyed Hassan Nasrallah, have drawn the attention of writers, who have dedicated to them beautiful examples of poetry in its various forms—classical, free verse, and prose poetry. However, this literary output has not received ample study and research. Therefore, the researcher decided to venture into this field and write a study titled "Sayyed Hassan Nasrallah in Contemporary Arabic Poetry."

The research includes an introduction that sheds light on the importance of the emergence of the Lebanese Islamic Resistance Movement as an expression of the Arab Muslim people's rejection of foreign presence and colonial occupation. The research materials were then organized under subheadings, the first of which is "Twin of Victory," referring to the literary works that looked optimistically at the movement and its leader, associating their existence with a bright future in which victory over aggression and occupation is achieved.

The second subheading is "Confronting the Enemy and Defeating Him," where the researcher included writings by authors about the resistance's jihad, which shattered the myth of the invincible enemy through legendary steadfastness and heroic fighting on the battlefields.

The researcher made "Imam Hussein (peace be upon him)" the third subheading, as several Arab poets equated the jihad and steadfastness of the mujahideen with the spirit of Imam Hussein's revolution in Karbala in 61 AH. There, the grandson of the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him and his family) stood declaring: "Far from us is disgrace." It was a revolutionary lesson from which revolutionaries in every time and place draw lessons of sacrifice and insistence on continuing to reject injustice in all its forms.

The researcher relied on several sources, including what was printed and published in literary books and poetry collections, and what was published on the World Wide Web, aiming to enrich the study and deepen the understanding of the topic.

Antithesis (Tibaq) is one of the rhetorical devices in Ilm al-Badi' (the science of embellishment), specifically in the category of semantic embellishments. It involves the juxtaposition of opposites within a text, creating contrast that enhances both the beauty and impact of the expression. Linguistically, Tibaq refers to pairing or alignment, but in rhetorical terms, it denotes the combination of two opposing meanings, such as light and darkness, nearness and distance.

In Al-Sahifa Al-Sajjadiya, Imam Zain al-Abidin (peace be upon him) skillfully employs Tibaq, as seen in his supplication:
"A fire whose light is darkness, and whose distance is near."

Here, the Imam contrasts light and darkness and nearness and distance, illustrating the unique nature of the Hereafter’s fire, which contradicts worldly perceptions—its light is darkness, and its distance is actually near. This echoes the Quranic verse:
"Indeed, they see it as distant, but We see it as near." (Al-Ma'arij: 6-7)

The use of antithesis in these supplications creates a deep rhetorical and spiritual effect, not merely by highlighting contrasts but by establishing an intricate connection between opposing ideas. This enhances both the literary depth and spiritual resonance of the text.

This study emphasizes that Islam is based on Aqeedah (faith) and Sharia (law). Aqeedah consists of belief in Allah, His messengers, and the Hereafter, while Sharia represents divine rulings that ensure both worldly and eternal happiness.

Among the fundamental pillars of Islam is prayer, regarded as the "pillar of religion." However, after the passing of the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him and his family), jurisprudential differences emerged regarding its performance, including the issue of prostration on the earth.

Muslims unanimously agree on the obligation of prostration to Allah, but they differ on what surfaces are permissible for prostration, leading to various scholarly opinions across different Islamic sects. This study examines the topic of prostration on the earth using a scientific and objective methodology, drawing from the Holy Quran, the Prophetic traditions, and the practices of Ahlul Bayt (peace be upon them).

The research aims to present and analyze these perspectives while promoting Islamic unity, inspired by the Quranic verse:
"And hold firmly to the rope of Allah all together and do not become divided..."

Affixation is a morphological process that adds phonological material to a word in order to change its meaning, syntactic properties, or both (Stranzy,2005:11). It is the morphological process in which a grammatical or lexical information is added to a stem to form: (‘prefixation’, ‘suffixation’, ‘infixation’).

It is important to understand that the comparison between English and Arabic suffixation is an interesting subject to investigate. Therefore, this study attempts to identify, analyze, and contrast the process of affixation in these two languages in order to reveal the possible universals of the two languages in this field, and to determine as much as possible the similarities and differences between them.

This study provides a general view of the affixation processes in English and Arabic Languages. Section one discusses some related concepts like affix, affixations. Then some general properties that characterize the system of English affixation are introduced, and a survey of some range of suffixes, prefixes, and infixation is presented. Finally derivations and inflection are investigated.

Section two sheds some light on Arabic word formation, some definitions of root, pattern. Then derivational morphology and inflectional morphology as affixes and clitics also investigate.

Finally, section three is specified to discussion and conclusions.