Ahl Al-Bait Jurnal

The "Message of the East" magazine was one of the pioneering magazines in Karbala during the 1950s. Due to its significance and role in the literary movement, the researchers found it necessary to introduce the magazine and its founder, Mr. Sadruddin Al-Shahristani. The study is divided into two main sections, preceded by an introduction and followed by a conclusion.

Introduction: An overview of Iraqi journalism and its pioneers, followed by an introduction to the "Message of the East" magazine and its founder.

First Section: Dedicated to poetry and the analysis of one of the poetic models.

Second Section: Focused on prose, especially short stories, with an analytical look at three narrative models published by the magazine.

Conclusion: A summary of the researchers' findings and key suggestions.

The researchers also included an appendix with biographies of prominent poets featured in the magazine and a list of the poems published in its ten issues. Despite difficulties due to the lack of sources on the magazine's authors and contributors, the researchers were determined to complete the work.

Special thanks are extended to the director of the central library in the province and Mr. Mahmoud Abu Rasool for their cooperation in providing issues of the magazine.

The researchers made every effort in writing this study, and if it succeeds, it is by the grace of God; if not, it is their own effort.

The study titled "The Poetry of Ubada ibn Ma' al-Sama' – Collection and Study" was completed in late 2011 and is part of a group of studies presented for academic promotion to the rank of professor. The researchers exerted great effort in collecting the poetry of Ubada from various sources, verifying different narrations, and documenting their attribution to the poet.

The collection resulted in fifty-seven poetic texts, including fifty texts in the known Arabic poetry meters and seven muwashahat. Ubada is considered the true inventor of the muwashahat art, having had a significant influence in both the East and the West.

The study analyzed Ubada's poetry based on its themes and the artistic features that distinguished him, elevating him to the rank of prominent poets of his time. The research relied on scientifically verified sources and some manuscript sources, as well as writings about the poet in Spanish and English sources.

This study is considered a valuable addition to the Andalusian library and aims to fill a gap in the rich poetic library. While the researchers do not claim perfection, they made every effort in their work, trusting in God and relying on Him.

The development of life in its various political, economic, social, and scientific aspects has cast its shadow over the legal aspect that regulates this development. The result of this is the damage caused by the use of means necessary to keep pace with this development, which extends beyond specific individuals to encompass the entire society or leads to pollution of the environment in which humans live. From this perspective, civil liability for environmental damage has begun to occupy a prominent place in legal studies and research concerned with the environment and its protection from pollution, particularly the subject of compensation for environmental damage.

Before studying this topic, it is necessary to refer to the meaning of environmental damage, environmental pollution, and their conditions in light of the general conditions of damage. Environmental damage must be direct and confirmed, not previously compensated, and must affect a legitimate right or interest of the injured party, whether one person, several people, or all people in the community (whether natural or legal persons). This research requires referring to the parties involved in the compensation claim, namely the plaintiff and the defendant, and what requests the plaintiff includes in their claim and what defenses the defendant uses to counter the plaintiff's claim. Compensation for environmental damage, as the goal of the lawsuit, is assessed in certain ways; it may be in-kind or in monetary or non-monetary forms, depending on the circumstances and the party affected. The damage may affect the environment, making the claim sometimes personal and sometimes collective, and compensation may be estimated arbitrarily or based on methods borrowed from economic laws or some revival laws.

From the research, a number of findings and recommendations emerged.

Findings:

Environmental damage results from a combination of scientific and technological revolutions and population growth, leading to damage to the human environment.

Compensation for environmental damage varies depending on whether the injured party is one person or several people.

There is a need to establish collective compensation systems to address gaps in legal environmental protection.

In the absence of such systems, the best approach is to file a single lawsuit before civil courts to claim compensation for the damage.

Recommendations:

Adapting civil liability rules to respond to the specific nature of environmental damage, rather than sticking to traditional liability rules.

Enhancing the idea of compulsory insurance systems for hazardous activities to cover potential risks from those activities.

Emphasizing that prevention is better than cure; countries should take all necessary precautions and measures to prevent or mitigate environmental damage by raising cultural awareness among individuals and limiting their polluting activities.

Viewing environmental pollution problems with serious concern, providing all necessary means to preserve the environment, and activating the role of the Ministry of Environment to contribute to repairing environmental damage or demanding the state to repair it when the Ministry lacks the necessary resources.

Interest in education has increased since the mid-20th century due to its role in comprehensive development, leading to the organization of conferences and seminars on the subject. Education has become a key element in acquiring modern knowledge and holds a distinguished position in global systems.

With rapid advancements in science and technology, education is no longer limited to preparing individuals for life and work but has expanded to include continuous learning to keep up with scientific and professional changes. UNESCO has emphasized the necessity of integrating education with work to meet development needs, making it a future model for educational transformation.

During the Second Industrial Revolution, the demand for skilled labor surged, and calls for equality and equal opportunities intensified, leading to a greater pursuit of education as a means to improve economic and social conditions. Thus, lifelong learning has become a civilizational necessity that supports comprehensive cultural and social development.

It may not be an exaggeration to say that the invocation of historical figures and symbols, along with the provision of a dramatic structure in expressing contemporary poetic experiences, is one of the most striking phenomena in modern Arabic poetry—perhaps even the most important. A quick review of the poetry collections of Al-Bayati, Saadi Youssef, Mahmoud Darwish, Samih Al-Qasim, Adonis, Amal Dunqul, and others, with the aim of listing the historical figures and symbols they invoke, would be sufficient to support this claim.

Amal Dunqul (1940) is among the most prominent poets who successfully employed historical figures in their poetry. Heritage was one of the fundamental pillars of his poetic expression and vision. He drew upon numerous historical figures from diverse sources, including Spartacus, Antara, Abu Nuwas, Al-Mutanabbi, Kulaib, and Zarqa' Al-Yamama, among others.

This study aims to examine the use of historical figures in Amal Dunqul’s poetry in general, with a particular focus on the figure of **Al-Mutanabbi**. Dunqul employed this character in a long poem titled *"From Al-Mutanabbi’s Memoirs in Egypt"* (1968), written a year after the defeat of 1967 and the occupation of Arab lands in Egypt, Jordan, and Syria by Zionist forces. By embodying the character of Al-Mutanabbi, the poet sought to highlight the weakness of Egyptian power and authority in the face of the enemy at that time.

Dunqul was a poet driven by a spirit of rebellion and rejection. The resemblance between **Al-Mutanabbi**—as both a poet and a figure of defiance in the past—helped Dunqul articulate his vision of the present.

Honoring poets during their lifetime is rare in the Arab world, and the recognition of Khalil Mutran (the Poet of the Two Countries) was one of these few instances. The tribute poem was marked by its sincerity, as it reflected the opinions of his contemporaries as expressed during the ceremony itself, adding to its credibility.

The intellectual similarity between Mutran and the poet of the tribute was a key factor in the authenticity of the sentiments. Both embraced Arabism as a principle and Arabic as a means to achieve it. However, the poet delivering the tribute expanded the concept of Arab unity to include an Islamic dimension, rejecting both racism and rigid religious dogmatism. This perspective was evident in his poetry collection, where he honored leading Islamic and Arab intellectuals such as Iqbal and Al-Shabibi.

The poet believed that Arabism without Islam is an empty slogan, and Islam without Arabic remains an abstract idea without a suitable medium for its transmission. From this perspective, the poem holds great significance and is worthy of readers’ attention.

This study examines the aggravation of punishment when crimes are committed at night. It highlights that the Iraqi legislator, like many comparative legal systems, considers nighttime an aggravating circumstance in certain crimes, particularly theft, crop destruction, and trespassing. This is because the night provides favorable conditions for committing crimes, increasing the severity and danger of the offense.

The study also discusses the legal variation in defining nighttime. The Iraqi law defines it as the period between sunset and sunrise, whereas other legal systems differ. For example, English law defines nighttime as the period between 9:00 PM and 6:00 AM. The absence of a clear definition in some laws, such as Egyptian and French law, has led to jurisprudential and judicial debates regarding the concept of nighttime and its impact on aggravated penalties.

The study concludes by emphasizing the importance of legally defining nighttime in a way that aligns with punitive objectives and modern legal frameworks, analyzing jurisprudential opinions, judicial rulings, and comparative legal perspectives.

The study examines the artistic expression in the Quran, emphasizing that every letter is precisely placed with a deliberate meaning, reflecting an aspect of its miraculous nature. The researcher cites the disjointed letters at the beginning of certain surahs, noting that their recurrence follows multiples of the number 19, highlighting the precision of Quranic composition.

From this perspective, the study focuses on the semantic distinction between the words **"al-zawjah"** (the wife) and **"al-mar’ah"** (the woman) in the Quran. It observes that many interpreters relied on lexical meanings without delving into the Quranic context. Therefore, the researcher begins by analyzing the linguistic meanings of both terms according to classical dictionaries, then reviews the opinions of exegetes and grammarians. The study further examines Quranic verses to reveal the contextual differences between these words. By incorporating modern research on Quranic miracles, the study affirms the precision of the Quran’s word choices, enhancing the understanding of the text through a comprehensive linguistic and interpretative approach.

Although legal scholars and legislators have not agreed on a unified definition of "rights and freedoms," we can assert that since a right is a privilege granted and protected by law for a social interest, and freedom is the ability of an individual or group to exercise that right, rights and freedoms are inherently linked. Wherever there is a right, there is freedom, and where a right is absent, freedom is also absent. Moreover, the relationship between rights, freedoms, and authority is dialectical—absolute freedoms lead to absolute corruption, just as absolute authority results in absolute corruption.

As a consequence, freedoms cannot be absolute, just as authority cannot be absolute.

Therefore, the intervention of state authority to regulate these privileges and frame them within the scope of public interest means that freedoms are relative, constrained by the authority within the framework of others' interests. At the same time, freedoms exert pressure on authority to prevent it from becoming absolute, ensuring that it remains within its regulatory limits.

Accordingly, this interaction between the freedoms exercised by the governed and the authority exercised by the ruler has given rise to what can be termed "public rights and freedoms," distinguishing them from absolute individual freedoms.

Defining these public rights and freedoms to serve as a conceptual framework for reference is the focus of this study.

The text discusses the idea of establishing an international judicial body with criminal jurisdiction, a concept that has long attracted scholarly attention. Historically, it evolved through stages: the military tribunals of Nuremberg and Tokyo after World War II, the ad hoc tribunals for the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda, and finally the permanent International Criminal Court (ICC) in 1998 under the Rome Statute, which began with cases such as the Darfur crimes.

The text highlights issues surrounding international criminal justice, including:

The debate over terminology: “international criminal justice” or “criminal international justice.”

Mechanisms for enforcing judgments amid the challenge of state sovereignty.

The existence and scope of the investigation phase, its procedures, and responsible authorities.

Whether the system follows the accusatorial (Anglo-Saxon) or inquisitorial (Latin) procedural model.

In conclusion, despite its development, international criminal justice still raises theoretical and practical questions regarding its effectiveness, enforcement mechanisms, and procedural stages.

The duration holds a fundamental role in lease contracts, distinguishing them from other agreements like sales. As a time-bound contract, the lease extends obligations and rights throughout its term, making the agreed-upon duration essential. Legislations and jurisprudence emphasize the need for both parties to agree on the start date to calculate the lease period. Interestingly, even if the duration isn’t explicitly stated, the contract remains valid, with the law stepping in to define it—except when both parties mention it but disagree on its specifics.

Perpetual leases are deemed invalid in personal rights but are sometimes accepted in real rights, sparking debate over the principle of contractual freedom. The duration also influences the contract’s termination, either upon expiry or due to breach by one party. Yet, the lease may continue beyond its term if the tenant remains and the landlord remains silent, implying renewal under the same conditions, with the new duration tied to rent payment intervals.

Legislators often intervene, extending leases by law even against the landlord’s will—a solution initially meant for housing crises but which has become a long-term regulatory tool. The study compares Iraqi, Egyptian, and Lebanese laws, analyzing texts and interpretations to highlight the importance of duration in forming, sustaining, and ending lease contracts. It also underscores the legislator’s role in interpreting or replacing the parties’ will, aiming to reduce restrictions and uphold the principle of free will in determining lease terms.

This research does not delve into the definition or classifications of the death penalty, as its core focus lies in examining the punishment within the framework of international law. Historically, the death penalty was one of the primary and harshest sanctions in criminal law, frequently applied to deter crime—such as in Great Britain, where over 200 executions were carried out in the year 1800. Over time, opposing and supporting movements emerged, each presenting arguments for or against the practice. In 1837, amendments to the criminal code introduced three specific conditions that must be met for the death penalty to be applied, which will be detailed later in the study. In modern times, following widespread opposition, many countries—particularly Britain and France after the Industrial Revolution—abolished the death penalty and replaced it with life imprisonment. This shift reflects a broader global trend toward respecting the right to life and reducing reliance on extreme punitive measures.

This research sheds light on a significant aspect of studying the Iraqi dialect spoken in Karbala Province, focusing on tracing meanings and refining colloquial expressions. It addresses a gap left by classical scholars who overlooked the study of dialects that coexisted with Classical Arabic in time and place. The researcher emphasizes the importance of revisiting modern dialects—not to promote them, but to use them as tools for understanding and enriching our knowledge of classical and contemporary Arabic heritage.

The study adopts a modern linguistic approach rooted in spoken reality and everyday communication, highlighting the organic connection between dialects and Classical Arabic. It challenges the sweeping claim that colloquial vocabulary stems solely from foreign languages, advocating for a more scientific and objective analysis. The research follows a lexicographic structure, presenting words by their roots and exploring their local usage, then tracing their classical origins through major Arabic dictionaries.

It also offers a brief overview of Karbala’s administrative, geographical, and cultural features, and reviews previous efforts by individuals and institutions to study modern dialects. The conclusion summarizes key findings and includes a list of sources and references, along with an English abstract. This work stands as a valuable contribution to dialectal studies, especially given Karbala’s rich religious, cultural, and social environment, making it a fertile ground for linguistic exploration.

This research focuses on intertextuality in contemporary historical writing about Shiites in Saudi Arabia, highlighting how religious and doctrinal discourse fields are used to shape historical narratives. Historians from both Shiite and Sunni backgrounds often shift from recounting events to ideological interpretations that legitimize their version of history or construct identity through historical storytelling.

Intertextuality, as defined by discourse analysts, refers to the historical layering of texts—no text stands alone, as it inevitably draws on prior expressions and phrases. This theory posits that every informational event is linked to previous ones. For example, a journalist incorporating a scientific report into an article is engaging in intertextuality by blending genres.

The concept also reflects how history permeates texts and how texts, in turn, influence historical understanding. Analysts distinguish between explicit intertextuality, which involves direct quotations, and embedded intertextuality, where a different discourse field is subtly integrated. Using religious terminology or doctrinal concepts in historical writing is a prime example of embedded intertextuality, especially in narratives about Shiite history in Saudi Arabia’s Eastern Province.