The Arab Gulf

Human history has witnessed numerous wars—some religious, others nationalistic, and others still tribal in nature. The legitimacy of these wars is not necessarily negated by their consequences, whether positive or negative, on humanity’s continuous progress toward growth and prosperity. What concerns us here is an examination of the wars waged by Imam Ali (peace be upon him), their repercussions, as well as the motives, causes, and objectives he envisioned. His efforts aimed at making these wars reformative, addressing various aspects of life. To shed light on and clarify the true objectives of those who opposed him (peace be upon him)—that is, the causes and consequences—it is essential to refer to him through his sermons, admonitions, and wisdom as recorded in the book Nahj al-Balagha.

Iran shares maritime boundaries with India, which have facilitated economic interaction between the two countries for centuries. Notably, trade across the Gulf region and the Arabian Sea stretching to the Indian Ocean flourished over long periods, prompting Iran to establish Gulf-facing ports—such as the Port of Bushehr—to encourage commerce. These ports substantially contributed to the Iranian–Indian trade exchange. In addition, the Persian language has numerous shared lexical elements with Sanskrit, used in the Indian subcontinent, thereby fostering cultural communication and simplifying bilateral engagement.

After Pakistan’s independence from India in 1947, following the conclusion of British colonial rule in the Indian subcontinent, commercial, political, and cultural relations between Iran and India expanded considerably. Following the 1979 Iranian Revolution, economic ties between the two countries intensified further. Under Iranian President Mohammad Khatami, these relations witnessed a marked expansion that contributed significantly to Iran’s economic revitalization, particularly as Iran sought to stimulate its economy during this period.

The study is composed of an introduction and three main sections, followed by a conclusion. The first section provides a historical overview of Iranian–Indian relations up to 1997. The second section examines the nature of Iranian–Indian economic relations during President Mohammad Khatami’s first term (1997–2001). The third section addresses the evolution of these economic relations in Khatami’s second term (2001–2005).

The Iraqi military occupation of Kuwait on August 2, 1990, constituted a regional and international crisis that prompted the Gulf Cooperation Council to address the issue with considerable attention. The Arabian Gulf region served as the stage for the unfolding events and dynamics of the Iraqi occupation in Kuwait. This action came as a complete surprise to the GCC countries and significantly impacted the council on political, security, and economic fronts, necessitating a unified stance in response to the event

This study sheds light on the role of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in Iraq and seeks to uncover the nature of the roles it has played in the country. It also aims to address several key questions: First, why has NATO shown such interest in Iraq? Second, is there consensus among its member states regarding the nature of its involvement in Iraq, and what are the reasons for agreement or disagreement? Third, why did Iraq request NATO’s assistance in training the Iraqi army? Finally, what role will NATO play in Iraq’s future?
The study concludes that NATO’s mission in Iraq has respected the country’s sovereignty and security forces, refrained from interfering in Iraqi internal affairs, and remained committed to its advisory and training functions, which are strictly non-combat in nature. This adherence to its defined mandate has fostered continued cooperation between NATO and Iraq, leading to the successful execution of security operations against the terrorist group ISIS and contributing to the stabilization of security in the country.

The study of the Prophetic biography (Seerah) and its branches has occupied a significant space in the research interests of Orientalists, as they have approached Islamic topics with a mixture of curiosity and skepticism. However, their studies have varied in fairness—some were objective, relying on authentic and credible sources while adhering to sound academic methodology. Others, however, were biased and hostile, basing their research on weak and fabricated sources and employing flawed methodologies.
Among the Orientalists who exhibited hostility and a lack of impartiality was Henri Lammens, who harbored deep animosity toward Islam in general and the Prophet Muhammad and his household (peace be upon them) in particular. This is evident in his book Fatima and the Daughters of Muhammad, the subject of this study, in which he sought to malign the Prophet and his family in every possible way.

This study aims to examine Iraq’s water policy from its establishment as an independent state in 1921 until the end of World War II in 1945. It highlights the role of the British expert William Wilcox, who was commissioned by the Ottoman government in 1908 and later presented his renowned report on Iraq’s water resources in 1911.

Following the establishment of the Iraqi state in 1921, British engineers, who were part of the occupying British forces, took charge of supervising and directing Iraq’s water policy primarily to serve British interests. Their approach disregarded the long-term future of Iraq’s water management and the country's situation after their departure. During this period, irrigation project contracts were exclusively awarded to British companies, which not only delayed project completion but also significantly increased construction costs.

As a result, considerable disagreements emerged between the evolving Iraqi technical expertise and the British engineers, who deliberately hindered Iraq’s development to maintain their control over its resources. This situation led successive Iraqi governments to seek technical experts from allied and neighboring countries, such as Egypt and the United States. In late 1945, a new body known as the Technical Authority for Major Irrigation Projects was established to formulate a new policy for Iraq’s irrigation projects, aiming to compete with British companies in the upcoming phase.

This study examines the scholarly and academic contributions of Muhammad Abdullah al-Azzawi in his specialized field of modern and contemporary Arabian Gulf history. The research focuses on French relations with Iran, Oman, and Iraq, aiming to highlight and analyze the political, economic, and social aspects influenced by these interactions using precise and rigorous methodological principles. This analysis is based on handwritten archival documents preserved in the French archives from the 17th and 18th centuries. Our interest in historian Muhammad Abdullah al-Azzawi, who is still alive, stems from his invaluable contributions to documenting significant events in the history of the Arabian Gulf. Notably, his works in this field amount to thirty-six books and research studies.

Deterrence strategies form a central pillar in international relations, particularly in the Middle East, where security and political tensions continue to escalate. Israeli deterrence relies heavily on military power and advanced technology, bolstered by political and military support from key allies such as the United States and several European nations. Israel employs a \"preemptive strike\" strategy, evident in its operations against Iranian nuclear facilities and Iran-linked armed groups in Syria and Lebanon. Additionally, Israel uses its nuclear arsenal as a final deterrent, maintaining a policy of nuclear ambiguity.
Conversely, Iranian deterrence is built on a combination of conventional and unconventional military capabilities, including ballistic missiles and drone warfare, alongside the use of regional proxies such as Hezbollah in Lebanon and armed groups in Iraq, Yemen, and Syria. Iran seeks to expand its regional influence to counter direct threats, with its nuclear program playing a pivotal role in its deterrence strategy.
This strategic rivalry between Israel and Iran has significant implications for the region, leading to prolonged crises, heightened sectarian and political tensions, and a regional arms race. Additionally, this competition attracts international involvement, whether through mediation efforts or direct intervention. The mutual distrust between the two sides further complicates any attempts to reach a long-term resolution.
In conclusion, the Israel-Iran strategic rivalry poses a major security challenge for the Middle East, with consequences that extend to regional and global stability.

Iraq achieved a significant turning point in its military development after successfully launching its nuclear energy project, following an agreement with the Soviet Union on September 30, 1959, to establish a nuclear reactor. This agreement came after the United States withdrew from the project due to Iraq’s exit from the Baghdad Pact. To advance its nuclear and atomic technology, Iraq sent its technical and engineering personnel to the Soviet Union for training. Additionally, during the 1970s, Iraq pursued a policy of diversifying its arms sources, acquiring a variety of weaponry from France. As part of this collaboration, France sold Iraq the Tammuz-1 (Osirak) reactor, which Iraq intended to use for plutonium production with French assistance, a process that could potentially contribute to nuclear weapons development.
This development alarmed the Zionist entity, as Iraq’s nuclear program was perceived as a serious threat to its security and interests. Consequently, Israeli military and political leadership considered the reactor a critical strategic target and deemed its destruction or disruption an imperative. The Tammuz reactor was subjected to two aerial military strikes:
The first attack was carried out by Iran, causing minor damage but leading to a temporary halt in operations. Following this, France expedited Iraq’s acquisition of all necessary components for reactor rehabilitation.
The second attack was executed by the Zionist entity, an operation known by several names, including Operation Opera, Operation Babylon, or the Strike on the Tammuz Reactor.

This study, titled An Examination of the Harmony of Rhythmic Units Within the Pure Meters in Arabic Poetry, explores the aspects of rhythmic unit harmony and their melodic characteristics as they form within the rhythmic structure of pure meters. Harmony is a fundamental component of rhythmic organization in poetry. Since rhythmic units (taf‘ilat, metrical feet) in Arabic poetry undergo various transformations due to zihaf (metrical variation) and ‘illah (metrical alteration), these modifications can distance them from their original forms as defined within the metrical circles of Arabic prosody.

Thus, it is essential to examine the different aspects of their harmony and uncover the secrets of their cohesion, ensuring a seamless rhythmic flow that constitutes the metrical sentence (al-jumlah al-iqa‘iyyah) of the verse while preserving its semantic depth. This study seeks to analyze these elements to enhance the understanding of rhythmic coherence in pure meters and their expressive potential in Arabic poetry.

This study seeks to validate the hypothesis that we—both in the Arab world and, prior to that, in the West—are experiencing a pivotal historical moment shaped fundamentally by the transformations brought about by modernity and postmodernity. This phase has been further intensified by the rapid advancement of artificial intelligence and the unprecedented evolution of various aspects of life, all of which have significantly impacted human existence, thought, and modes of reading.
Accordingly, this research aims to offer a theoretical approach to the concept of the transcendent third reader, a reading paradigm that aspires to transcend the dilemmas of the modern human in both creative writing and literary criticism. This approach is rooted in performative subjectivity, which serves as a crucial entry point for understanding the necessity of the third reader’s presence. This reader is intellectually and culturally aligned with post-postmodern theories and acts as a guiding force in interpreting texts in light of the ongoing and future transformations we witness today.

This study is divided into several sections, beginning with a theoretical introduction in which the researcher defines the concept of particles of meaning (huruf al-ma‘ani) as understood by linguists and rhetoricians. The research then explores the semantic functions and rhetorical purposes of these particles, followed by a detailed analysis of their types and meanings.
The study primarily focuses on the semantic interpretations of particles as presented by Sheikh Habib al-Kadhimi in Al-Siraj al-Munir fi Bayan Nikat al-Tafsir. Each particle’s meaning is examined within its contextual and exegetical framework, based on the interpretative insights provided in the text.
The research begins with an introduction that highlights the significance of the topic and the reasons for its selection. It concludes with a summary of key findings, followed by a bibliography listing the sources consulted

The concept and function of Qur’anic grammar remain subjects of considerable debate among contemporary scholars. Some proponents advocate for adopting the syntactic structures found in the Qur’anic text without interpretation, disregarding traditional grammatical rules that contradict them. Others call for the complete abolition of classical Arabic grammar and its replacement with Qur’anic grammar, though no practical alternative has yet been proposed.

This study seeks to define the concept of Qur’anic grammar and direct its function toward a structured role within Islamic studies departments.

In his work Nata’ij al-Fikr fi al-Nahw, Abu al-Qasim al-Suhaili addresses a range of linguistic issues, including the principles and discussions of stylistics, which form the focal point of this study.

The first section of this research provides a descriptive overview of al-Suhaili’s style in the book under examination. The second section then delves into an analysis of stylistic principles and discussions present within the text. A close reading of Nata’ij al-Fikr reveals that meaning serves as the central axis of every issue the author addresses, with stylistic analysis being the foundation of his approach. Given the significant role stylistic discussions play throughout the book, we found it fitting to title this study "Stylistic Phenomena in Nata’ij al-Fikr fi al-Nahw by Abu al-Qasim al-Suhaili."

The family is the foundation of society—its well-being reflects the overall stability of the community. Families represent productive units that should be effectively utilized in the civilizational development of any country. The size of a family has long been a subject of interest in population, social, and demographic studies, as large families were traditionally viewed as a legitimate aspiration. In agrarian societies, adding a new child to the family was considered an economic asset, providing additional labor for agricultural activities. Additionally, large families in rural communities conferred social status, influence, and authority, making them highly regarded in traditional rural structures.
However, this trend shifted with the expansion of industrialization, which introduced mechanized labor across various sectors of life. As societies transitioned to urbanization, relying more on machines than manual labor, family size dynamics changed. In urban settings, the birth of an additional child was increasingly perceived as a financial burden, adding to the family’s economic responsibilities rather than contributing to its workforce.
The significance of family size lies in its profound impact on economic, social, and planning dimensions within a society. It also directly influences the dependency ratio, placing greater pressure on national economic resources

This study examines The Use of Certain Climatic Indicators in Defining Comfort Zones: A Case Study of Mosul City, located at the intersection of latitude 36°19' N and longitude 43°09' E, at an altitude of 223 meters above sea level. Human health and comfort are significantly influenced by various climatic conditions, which directly impact an individual's sense of ease or discomfort. The variations in climatic elements throughout the months and seasons of the year lead to differing levels of comfort depending on the time of year.

The findings reveal that comfort is absent throughout the winter season and in March of spring, as increased wind speed intensifies the sensation of extreme cold, creating uncomfortable conditions that necessitate heavy clothing and heating systems. Similarly, summer is entirely uncomfortable, along with June (spring) and September (autumn), requiring light clothing and cooling systems for relief. In contrast, April, May, October, and November are identified as the most comfortable months for human well-being.

The study also highlights that, apart from these optimal months, other periods are climatically uncomfortable unless aided by artificial climate control measures (heating or cooling systems). Using comfort indicators derived from the combined Thom (THI) and Siple & Passel (K0) indices, an analysis of comfort zones was conducted for the period 1980–2022. The results identified two distinct climatic zones throughout the year:
1- Comfortable Zone (B-type): Present in spring and autumn, providing moderate climatic conditions.
2- Uncomfortable Zone (D-type): Present in winter (cold and unpleasant) and summer (hot and unpleasant), both of which create discomfort for human activity.
The study applied Thom’s (THI) and Siple & Passel’s (K0) formulas and analyzed their indicators using an inductive analytical methodology to assess comfort levels.

This study aims to examine the state of education in Iraq across its various levels—kindergartens, primary schools, and secondary schools—after 2003, focusing on the number of schools, students, and teaching staff during the academic years 2003–2004, 2010–2011, 2015–2016, and 2019–2020.

The first section of the study provides an overview of the growth in the number of schools and students over time.
The second section evaluates the efficiency of educational services, analyzing factors such as the number of students per school and the student-to-teacher ratio.
Key Findings:
In 2003–2004, Iraq had 557 kindergartens, 10,608 primary schools, and 3,514 secondary schools. By 2019–2020, these numbers had increased to 1,244 kindergartens, 17,945 primary schools, and 8,612 secondary schools.
Baghdad Governorate ranked first in terms of the number of schools and students, while Al-Muthanna Governorate ranked last.
Kindergartens and primary schools demonstrated low efficiency in most governorates due to overcrowding, whereas secondary schools exhibited better efficiency levels.
Key Recommendations:
Increase the number of kindergartens, primary schools, and secondary schools, particularly in underdeveloped areas where shortages are most severe.
Expand the teaching workforce, as many governorates suffer from a shortage of teachers, which negatively affects education quality.

The light advertising industry in Basrah Governorate has played a significant role in attracting potential customers, raising awareness about brands and products offered by various companies, and achieving multiple commercial objectives. These objectives include increasing sales and revenue, enhancing brand recognition, expanding the customer base, and fostering customer trust in businesses. The importance of light advertising lies in its ability to provide comprehensive information about products, including their purpose, benefits, applications, availability, and acquisition methods.
This research aims to examine the current state of the light advertising industry in Basrah, identify the challenges it faces, and analyze its spatial distribution. Additionally, the study explores major obstacles and difficulties encountered by printing businesses involved in the industry.
The study is structured into four main sections in addition to the introduction:
1. The first section discusses the concept, significance, and types of light advertising.
2. The second section explores the manufacturing processes involved in light advertising.
3. The third section analyzes the geographical distribution of light advertising businesses in Basrah Governorate.
4. The fourth section examines the challenges and problems facing the industry and presents findings and recommendations.
The study reveals several key findings, including:
• Illuminated letters made from stainless steel are among the most durable and visually appealing types of raised lettering used in light advertising.
• The flexibility of light advertising allows manufacturers to create innovative and aesthetically captivating designs that attract consumers.
• Light printing technology is among the most advanced engraving techniques, playing a crucial role in miniature manufacturing by printing highly detailed geometric shapes onto a substrate material through selective surface removal using light exposure techniques

The subject of the current study aims at a quantitative analysis of the spatial distribution of the spread of cancer diseases in Basra Governorate for the period 2011-2020 based on unpublished data of injuries registers in the Basra Health Department ,the Office of the Director General ,Cancer Control Division .
Thedata is processed according to some different quantitative statistical equations ,when they soft-hearted and classified to suit the objectives of the study The results are presented in the form of parameters which are quite in view of the variants of the type of disease .As well as ,it becomes clear that the spatial behavior of cancer disease infection takes a uniform or similar pattern and varies depending on the different types of disease and this is due to variables related to the location that will affect the behavior of the disease and the pattern of its geographical distribution ,breast cancer recorded the highest total of (1957)injury followed by Leukemia (1940) injury then lung cancer (1203) injury and then bladder cancer (1119) injury, it turns out that the cancer diseases under study spread in all administrative units of the study area . In general, cancer diseases in Basra governorate tend to be concentrated in the main urban environments and with different spatial concentrations ,such as Basrah, Al-Hartha, Abu Al-khasib, Al-Deir and Al-Qurna, districts will be affected by the highest spatial values, and the discrepancy of digital data is related to the nature of reviews of health institutions that document the place of injury and a number of elements and indicators that help in the emergence of these diseases, foremost environmental pollution and a person's special predisposition to increase the incidence of cancer in certain specific locations in the study area

This study provides an analysis of the U.S. administration’s policies under President Donald Trump toward Iran, with the aim of determining whether these policies align with the traditional American stance opposing Iran or represent a distinct shift in the trajectory of conflict between the two countries. The research adopts a comparative descriptive methodology and concludes that Trump’s policies deviated from the customary American approaches to international issues by seeking, in a more escalatory manner, to undermine Iran’s regional influence. These policies possessed characteristics that set them apart from those adopted by previous administrations. Despite this hardline strategy, these policies failed to achieve the central objective of forcing Iran to sign a new agreement, highlighting the limitations of their effectiveness in realizing their goals.

This study aims to analyze cloud cover trends and predict cloud cover fractions (Okta) over Iraq for eight months, from October to May. The months of June, July, August, and September were excluded from the forecast due to minimal or absent cloud cover during this period.

The significance of cloud cover forecasting lies in its role as an indicator of atmospheric conditions. Many climatological studies emphasize the importance of clouds in understanding future climate changes, as clouds influence solar radiation absorption and reflection, thereby affecting the amount of solar energy reaching the Earth's surface.

To project future cloud cover trends for the period 2023–2037, this study relies on meteorological and climatic data collected from seven weather stations in Mosul, Kirkuk, Baghdad, Al-Hay, Rutba, Nasiriyah, and Basrah. The dataset spans the baseline years 1988–2022.

The study employs the Box-Jenkins (B-J) algorithm (1976), which involves:

1. Identifying an appropriate statistical model for the dataset.
2. Estimating the model parameters based on historical data.
3. Evaluating the model’s accuracy and suitability.
4. If the model is deemed appropriate, conducting future cloud cover forecasts.
The study applies the Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (SARIMA) model, denoted as (p, d, q) (P, D, Q), which is recognized as a seasonally adjusted time-series forecasting model.

Sculptural monuments are among the ancient plastic arts that kept pace with the developments and changes of human civilizations, as the signs of their emergence came with the development of religious belief and its growth in ancient civilizations, and derived from it its importance in subject matter and content and became a necessity for a renewed and changing collective custom in every time and place.
However, the artistic vision changed over time, and the goals and contents on the basis of which the monument was erected began to seek other goals, and the aesthetic goal was the new and contemporary goal in and of itself. Both Iraq and the Arab Gulf countries are considered one of those affected by this type of three-dimensional visual arts, which led to the interest in establishing it in most of their squares, squares, and gardens, yet expressive objectivity remained the focus of the interests of this type of people sculpture arts.
The research question in here is: Did such sculptural monuments, which were completed at the beginning of the founding of the Gulf and Iraqi states and to this day, achieve their aesthetic goal, or did they remain within the objective realm? What are the contributed factors in achieving success of such goals? What are the aspects that caused the failure of such goals?

The study analyzes the intricate interactions between metaphor, cognition, and cultural critique in Laila Al-Othman's Al-'Asas (The Coccyx) using conceptual metaphor theory (CMT) as its theoretical basis. Through the metaphors "Time is a possession that can be stolen," "Fear is a plow; the heart is a field," and "Silence devoured his face," the study illustrates how Al-Othman transforms abstract experiences into tangible embodied experiences. The analysis yields the intellectual and cultural aspects of such metaphors, conveying the fragility of individual agency against patriarchal pressures within Kuwaiti society. Grounded in Lakoff and Johnson's (2003) embodied cognition theory and Kövecses's (2020) cultural metaphor theory, the study demonstrates how Al-Othman uses irony to subvert structural pressures on women's time, bodies, and affective work. Feminist theory, specifically Fraser's (2016) systemic critique of gender disparities, also sheds light on how the metaphors capture the tension between social expectation and personal freedom. Placed within the larger context of Arabic feminist writing, the research places Al-Othman's novel at the intersection of cognitive poetics and sociocultural critique, providing new insights into metaphors as vehicles for resistance, resilience, and reimagination. The conclusions add to the expanding body of argument concerning metaphor's role in constructing human experience, demonstrating how Al-Othman's work mediates between the political and the personal by negotiating power, embodiment, and cultural processes in complex ways