AL-ADAB JOURNAL

This study tackles the historical present from a syntactic and semantic points of view. Historical present, in general, is a vital step to be used in the literary works. In this study, the researcher selects 'Zaynab' novel to be analyzed in terms of the historical present tense. By the end of the study, the researcher gives an answer to the following questions; Does Haykal employ the 'historical present' in his novel Zaynab?, does the use of the 'historical present' work as the other types of the present tense? This study aims to explore the use of the 'historical present' in Haykal's Zaynab novel and to clarify the idea that the use of 'historical present' does not work like the other types of the present tense. The study hypothesizes that Haykal makes a special use of the 'historical present' in his novel Zaynab. In addition, the use of 'historical present' does not work differently from the other types of the present tense. The researcher adopts two models to analyze the novel. They are: Abdu Alḥamyd's (2006) and Porter's (1989). The results of the study show that Haykal employs the historical present through his narrative to accomplish his intended purposes.

Symbols have prominent role in field of imagery, and this feature made poets interested. The symbol sometimes appears in the form of words; while are used out of their true meaning. Giving symbolic aspects to natural elements is an art that creates creative implications. Samih Qasim "used symbol and created ideas with secrets in fields of ritual and historical contexts. He is a symbolist poet of contemporary Arab literature, addressing Palestine and suffering of Palestinian, expressing their pains and hopes in language of "symbols" and being a companion of their sorrows and dislocations. By using descriptive-analytical study aims to investigate the symbolism of the elements in the poetry while the poet uses the technique of using natural symbols to express the atrocities committed by Zionists against Palestinian. He has a new orientation in drafting natural symbol which allowed him choosing some natural symbols while he stands with Palestinians and gives part of his personality to mix it with these symbols, extracting different images from their past. Symbolling in his poet includes purposes, such as influencing recipient, provoking feelings, and creating common conscience towards discussion mentioned in poetic text.

After technical research into the phenomenon of the daily language of discourse in the modern Iraqi poem of the pioneer poets generation - we reached the most important results of this research, which was based on the technical approach in analyzing the poetic texts in the poems of the pioneer poets, which have a connection with (the language of daily speech), And ended with the following results ....
We found that most of the poetic productions of poets throughout the Arab world and the productions of the pioneer poets in Iraq during the period of the forties and fifties were dominated by the romantic character because they inspired a lot of the achievements of the Diwan School, Apollo, and the poets of the Diaspora, by virtue of their communication and the contents of the nature of the poetic experience and its course. The poet’s intellectual and literary orientation plays a prominent role in clarifying his position on language and how he deals with it, because language is affected by the poet’s own vision, so each poet becomes his language and his privacy in dealing with language.
The romantic tendency that reached the new Iraqi poet, whether it was from the generation of pioneering poets (Badr Shaker Al-Sayyab, Nazik Al-Malaika, Abdul Wahhab Al-Bayati, Baland Al-Haidari ...) or the generation that followed them, was not that flamboyance and that intensity that the Iraqi poet witnessed since the first decade From this century when it was a great poetic stage with its features, poets and a large number of its poetic productions.
The language of poetry has the advantage of being linked to the poet’s attitude towards life and his vision of it, so the effects of romanticism that cast a shadow over the entirety of modern Iraqi poetry during its inception gradually faded away and this fading increases as the poet’s interest in human issues and Arab and Iraqi reality increases.
The continuous development of life and its change affect both poetry and the poet. Therefore, the poet’s use of the language of daily discourse is an expression of the reality of daily life that interacts with its various themes, which carry with it the suffering of the Arab people in all parts of the world.
The call to use (the language of daily speech) in poetry was not a new call, but rather part of the data of the romantic movement in world literature ..... The Iraqi poet’s orientation to the language of daily speech was not a result of his direct influence in opinions Wordsworth or Elliot, but this is due to the new poet’s awareness and realistic stance that effectively influenced his artistic production, in terms of his connection and interaction with society’s problems and human, social and political issues.
The poet’s use of the language of everyday speech does not fall under the cover of the vernacular language as much as it was a language that filtered from eloquent linguistic origins, but with the passage of time it became popular in circulation .... it may glow in some poems to burn with the glow of the inner soul, and in some cases it is like a dim light To get away from that psychological glare.

Referral is one of the important links in the linguistics of the text and has an effective effect in linking the parts of the text to each other and in their consistency, The designation of the reference elements is given to a section of the words that does not have an independent connotation, but rather refers to an element or other elements mentioned in other parts of the discourse, so the condition for their existence is the text and it is based on the principle of similarity between what has been mentioned in one maqam and what is later mentioned in another maqam, Muhammad Khatabi believes that the local elements of whatever kind are not satisfied with themselves in terms of interpretation, It is necessary to return to what it refers to in order to interpret it.

Interrogative narrative gaps in narrative texts are among the important techniques in attracting and exciting the reader and increasing ones desire to read. Novel texts are based on narrative gaps, and the reader has the responsibility to consider them until the literary work is embodied and achieved. It cannot be overlooked, that the presence of gaps in the text represents a blocking or postponement of knowledge, which raises the reader's curiosity in accessing that blocked or postponed knowledge. The text presents questions waiting for answers, leading the reader to reach them in order to fill them in, as the text based on the gaps is based on dialogue and discussion. The Iraqi narratives represent a wide narrative space for these virtual spaces, especially the flowing narrative production after 2003, with all its political, social and cultural changes represented by this interval of time. Since the gap is related to the reader more than it is to the text, the reader must be responsible for revealing the place and space of the gap. For this reason, the idea of the research was born to monitor the interrogative gaps in the Iraqi novels, in order to shed light on them theoretically and in practice, and to show the important and pivotal role of the interrogative gaps in the Iraqi novels after 2003.

The study monitors the effect of the narrative dialogue component of Arabic literature in the lengthy " Layla and Majnun " by Fuzuli Al-Baghdadi, a comparative study, the research sheds light on two types of dialogue, the first of which is external dialogue, and the second is : self – dialogue, as they had a clear effect and influence between Arab literature and the length of the poet Fuzuli Al-Baghdadi to the point of a replica of dialogue in Arab literature as well as his artistic creativity .

Shopping tourism is one of the most important tourism types that has an economic significance for tourism development in many tourist countries. Shopping has become a facilitator with a great influence in terms of the added tourism value of the tourist destination. Shopping has evolved to become an influential factor in determining the choice of a tourist destination, and sometimes the main tourist incentive to choose a specific destination. Tourism destinations have acquired great marketing opportunities as a result of this impression on the trends of innovative tourism markets through increased emphasis on unique shopping methods.
In addition, this study is concerned with stimulating the development of this tourism pattern as an alternative in times of crises and making it one of the main tourist attractions. The research explores the elements and motives that motivate the improvement of this type and the developments that this field has witnessed in several international and Arab destinations. The study also explores ways to improve this type to become an independent tourist trend and its impact on changing the mental image of the tourism experience in tourist destinations and increasing the number of tourists, tourism nights and tourism revenues and their average expenditures, especially in times of crisis such as Covid 19 pandemic. The research also provides recommendations on measures that can encourage more tourists to visit shopping destinations around the world, especially in times of crisis.

Historical studies in Islamic times meant giving the scientific aspect clear attention, as it is the means of scientific and cultural communication between Arab and Islamic cities, especially during the Abbasid era (132 - 656 AH), when the Arab-Islamic culture reached the height of its development and protection, and there is no doubt that the cities of the Islamic East have developed various sciences in them. Especially a dazzling city, as many scholars emerged in it in various fields in history, the Arabic language, jurisprudence, hadith, and the science of readings, including narrators, scholars, writers, and other scientific disciplines in which they contributed to the development of the scientific movement, teaching the Arabic language and learning the principles of the Islamic religion, especially since most of them were of the Maliki school of thought. And Sufis and others, and among the most prominent of these scholars: Muhammad bin Al-Hussein bin Ibrahim bin Ziada bin Ajlan Al-Abhari (d. 290 AH), who was a trusted scholar, and Abdullah bin Taher bin Hatim al-Ta’i, Abu Bakr al-Abhari (d. Sufis, and Muhammad bin Abdullah bin Muhammad bin Saleh al-Tamimi al-Abhari al-Maliki (d. Al-Maliki in the city of Abhir and Qazvin and its environs in the Islamic East.

The Seven Years War (1756-1763) greatly affected the Arab Gulf region, as the region witnessed a major British-French rivalry, and several clashes between ships, and the Arab Gulf region was the scene of military operations between the two countries, which prompted Britain to search for areas A safe alternative for fear of repeated French attacks on its commercial agencies, the last of which was the transfer of the British agency to Basra, which provided an alternative place for Britain, and a safe way for trade and mail to Europe, and thus the Seven Years War revealed the importance of the Arab Gulf region for Britain and France.

The topic of this research revolves around the conflict between the Papacy and the German Empire during the seventh century AH / thirteenth century AD and its impact on the Crusader movement in the Islamic East.
It has become evident to us through this study that this conflict had disastrous consequences for the Crusader movement in the Middle East from two sides. The first aspect is the weakness of the papacy’s role in supporting and encouraging the Crusades against the Islamic East during the seventh century AH / thirteenth century CE due to its preoccupation with the conflict with the German Hohenstaufen family. And the departure of the bulk of the work and thinking of the popes to weaken the Christian power, which they had to direct to strengthening the crusade idea if they wanted to continue it, and the second aspect is the loss of the Crusader idea of its previous spiritual attraction in the eyes of the peoples of Western Europe, after it was shocked by the papacy's exploitation of the Crusade and its advantages in order to achieve Its political purposes, and it turned out to it to be a mere tool to support the ambitions and Greediness of the Holy See, which had the greatest impact in destroying the Crusades in its original (religious) meaning in the eyes of the people of the European West and weakening the Crusader spirit in Europe.

The issue of foreign relations between Arab tribes, especially the embassy, is one of the most important issues, as it sheds light on the nature of political relations between Arab tribes, which were in conflict with each other on the one hand. And between it and the neighboring countries on the other hand before Islam. Arab tribes' resort to the diplomatic method to limit these disputes by peaceful means, by sending their ambassadors. In order not to develop these conflicts and affect in one way or another the nature of the relations between them. This is an aspect of influencing and being affected by those embassies, and the ambassador may be sent for economic purposes in order to conclude trade agreements between the Arab tribes to secure their safety.
To assume the position of ambassador, he must fulfill several conditions, including: To be distinguished by wisdom, statesmanship, tact in speech, integrity of language, and to have a method of persuading opponents by using diplomatic methods and establishing peace bonds between the two conflicting parties; The last to take over the embassy from the Quraish before Islam was Omar ibn al-Khattab.

This study tries - as much as possible - to paint a clear picture of an important and decisive stage in the history of the Far Maghreb, which is an extension of Arab-Islamic history, by studying the political, social and economic developments that Morocco went through when it was forced to sign a protection contract with France in 1912.
As the study was divided into three axes. The first axis shows the nature of the Moroccan people, its social and ethnic components, and the nature of the ruling system prevailing in it for centuries.
As for the second axis, it shed light on the nature of the European struggle in order to control the capabilities of Morocco and its colonization and how France was able to monopolize Morocco.
As for the third axis, it explained the terms of the protection treaty imposed by France on Morocco with international approval. And how to implement these provisions that stripped the Sultan, his government and his people of all their rights.
As for the sources of this study, they were varied, including Arabic, Arabized, and some English and French sources. Which gave the study the necessary information, especially the book of historian Abd al-Hadi al-Tazi (The French Protectorate - Its Beginning and End). And the book Al-Hashemi Filali (Lessons in the History of Morocco)
We concluded the study with a conclusion in which we tried to give the results we reached, through which we can learn about the state of Morocco’s maximum conditions after the imposition of the French protection and how it robbed it of its independence.

maladaptive cognitive traits that are considered as molds that treat or process an individual’s new experiments or information as well as previous memories which form (together) the corner stone for building and shaping personality.
The schemes involve stable and consistent forms that tend to develop through a child’s relationships with others, and the painful and hard experiences affecting his own environment. Thus, such schemes become a collection of past experiences that develop to beliefs and traditions in which a person see himself in addition to his environment, in addition to the others surrounding him.
Based on the abovementioned argument, the present study is concerned with orphans and non-orphan secondary students, owing
to the fact that childhood experiences and parental role in a child’s growing have a great impact in forming the cognitive schemes. The current study aims at the following: Identifying the sense of private self for orphans and non-orphan’s secondary students.

There is no doubt that the educational process in general, especially educational curricula, is subject to evaluation processes all over the world, And it starts from the goals, curricula and planning of the educational process, That evaluation represents the fourth element, and it is one of the factors that directly affect the educational process, The evaluation of the educational curriculum is a process whose focus finds importance due to the fundamental role that the curriculum plays in assessing the identity of school education and achieving its goals.

The research aimed to identify (coping style) the research sample consists of (400) male and female students from AL-Mustansiriyah University from both specialization (scientific and humanistic) for the academic year (2019 - 2020) and about (177) students from scientific specialize and (223) from humanistic students and about (202) from male and (198) from female. And the research used (Al-Aajam 2017) scale adopted according to Lazarus theory, which consists of (23) position for (Measuring coping styles) and it's a Situational scale and each situation contain three Alternatives (addressing , assistance request and avoidance) , The alternatives to the answer are (3) alternatives, as the choice is based on the priority of use of the university student and the score of response where the score (1) for the third answer and the score (2) for the second answer and the score (3) for the first answer and thus the maximum score for each method in the scale (69) and the minimum score (23) with a hypothetical mean (46) score.
And the research results achieved the mostly used Style among university students is primarily in the Coping manner specifically in addressing different life situations and events followed by technique of assistance request and finally the form of avoidance Style.

The theory of action identification is based on far reaching objectives and the ways of their achievement. To achieve the research objectives, the researcher adopted the theory of action identification by Vallacher & Wegner (2011) for designing the instrument for measuring action identification consisting of 30 items. The research sample consisted of 400 employees aged between (23-62), with different education levels (secondary, diploma, bachelor) (graduate) in Baghdad governorate. The results revealed that:
1- The sample of employees highly enjoyed action identification.
2- The correlational differences in action identification among the employees are as follows;
a. There is a significant difference in action identification with reference to gender variable.
b. There is no significant difference inaction identification with reference to education level variable.
c. There is no significant difference inaction identification with reference to age variable. The study came up with a number of recommendations as follows;
- Activating the role of psychological guides and mentors through conferences and symposiums.
- Educating the employees with the knowledge of action identification.
Finally, a number of further studies are suggested..

Individuals differ in their level of intellectual stability and the ways in which they confront the crises facing them. Intellectual security is one of the terms that emerged as an inevitable consequence of the new intellectual influences resulting from the information openness and technological development, some of which were characterized by extremism and distance from moderation, and since the directors of departments in government institutions are one of the most important effective figures and leaders In the development and construction of society, it was imperative to give them clear attention in this field, Therefore, the researcher proceeded to conduct this kind of study, especially since we are living in this period of many pressures that pass on our country and its impact is reflected on members of society, and that these crises and pressures require studying the concept of Intellectual Security on a sample of department managers in government institutions because they are from Important elements that must be characterized by this concept. The current research aims to identify:
1. Building a measure of intellectual security
2. Measuring the intellectual security of department managers in governmental institutions
3. Identify the differences in intellectual security of department managers according to the gender variable (male - female)
To achieve the goals, the researcher relied on the theory of social disintegration in intellectual security. She also built a scale for intellectual security, and conducted statistical analyzes for the scale. The reliability coefficient for the Intellectual Security Scale was (0.92), and for the Cronbach Alpha method (0.96) After that, the measure was applied in its final form to the research sample, which numbered (400) managers and directors of a department in government institutions, and the data was processed statistically, and after analyzing the data, the following results were reached:
1- Department managers possess a high level of intellectual security
2- The level of intellectual security according to the gender variable is high for females compared to males

The current research deals with the variable of the study, which is self-condemnation, which means a complex response with negative feelings stemming from severe reprimanding of the self for an unacceptable (rejected) behavior that violates laws, legislation and social norms, which leads to harm to others (the victim). It means ignoring the consequences of actions, when people continue to engage in harmful activities towards others to achieve personal gain, and in order to avoid facing the damages they have caused, they reduce the effects of these damages, especially if it is on the individual level to evade responsibility, and the issue of self-condemnation in the modern era has met the attention of researchers. Developed societies as one of the directions of psychology.
In order to achieve the goals of the current research, the researcher adopted the theory of Woodyat & Wanzel (Woodyat & Wanzel, 2013) noting that it is a model developed from Hall and Fincham (Hall & Fincham, 2005). The paragraphs on the research scale according to the two methods (the two extremist groups and internal consistency) and the validity of the construct was extracted using the Pearson correlation coefficient, and the reliability coefficient for self-condemnation by the Alpha Cronbach method reached (0.85), and the current research sample consisted of (250) prisoners of the Iraqi Ministry of Justice, and they were all Of the males only, i.e. the one who is already present, distributed among eight prisons of the Ministry of Justice, they were selected randomly, and the research reached the following results: 1. That prisoners have self-conviction with statistical significance 2. There were no age differences in the variable of self-conviction. As for the achievement, there are differences in Achievement and in favor of the university level, and there were no statistically significant differences with regard to the economic level of the self-indictment variable, and the researcher suggested several proposals, including: 1. Conducting a study for self-condemnation with the variables of restorative behavior Pseudo-self-forgiveness 2. Conduct a study on incest with methods of parental treatment, family disintegration, and drug addiction.

The research tackles the most important obstacles that impede the achievement of rural development in the study area, the most important of which are related to natural resources and represent (constraints on the climate, nature of the surface, pollution of the soil, water resources, the problem of salinity, desertification and erosion), as well as constraints on resources Humanity (high population growth rate, ownership and agricultural holdings, use of technology and technical requirements, traditional adherence to agricultural heritage, reduction of government credit, abandonment of agricultural work for security reasons, potable water services, electricity services, problem Health, educational and recreational services, urban sprawl, agricultural prices, and the disadvantages of marketing), and then discussed the most important future solutions through the development of development plans to promote the reality of rural development and the estimates that must be taken into consideration in the future when formulating development plans.

The negative repercussions of the rentier economy are not limited to the political and economic aspects, but rather to extremely dangerous social repercussions represented in poverty, unemployment and development, and these negative repercussions have a great impact on the sovereignty and independence of Iraq, which is reflected negatively on the weakness of Iraq, which leads to many social problems such as the spread of violence, terrorism and an increase Drug abuse, reluctance to marry, family disintegration, and the spread of serious social ills such as theft and begging.

The study was carried out to study the types of soil and area of the study in order to evaluate the cultivation of wheat, barley, and olive crops for the better exploitation of the land, and samples were taken for the soil and analysis of chemical properties through nine sections and map them using ARC G.I.S 10.3.
Based on the U.S. classification for 2006, The soil was classified as the study area.
The study found that the area of the soil of the dry soils (Arridos gypsum, calcareous and sedimentary soils, Alluvial) and using the classification of FAO and based on the proposals prepared in (sys etall 1993) land of study Area.
The results showed that the productivity of the land for the wheat crops is good, especially in the areas near the Euphrates River with in piedon (1) was (50.34) of productivity and within piedon (7,5,3) they are rang productivity (22.02,21.65, 24.03) the piedon s were in a weak production category.
The yield of barley was medium in piedon (1) with a value of (76.3) in the high productivity category and the piedon (9.8.7.6.3) value (27.31 ,19.06, 24.47, 23.69, 19.17) productivity in piedon (5) was (37.12) with in the category of good productivity While the rest of the piedons were in the category of un productive.
As for the olive trees, the results were significantly different. the piedon (1) was (68.67) in the high productivity category and the piedon (6,5) was (22.14) and (22.57) respectively (11.49, 11.03,) in the order in the category of weak productivity, while the rest of piedons have been zero productivity.

This research clarified the types of spatial analysis and their application to government and investment vertical residential complexes and their distribution to 14 municipalities, in the city of Baghdad. Short time and one of the most prominent results of the research is that the types of spatial analysis (closest neighbor contour, average center, standard distance, actual average center and direction of distribution, density analysis) in the study area. It was observed through the study that government and investment vertical residential complexes took the random distribution pattern, i.e. the divergent pattern in the study area, and that the concentration of residential complexes was on the Karkh side more than the Rusafa side, as a result of the acceptance and desire of the population to live in the vertical residential complexes more than on the Rusafa side.

This research deals with an important form of Sumerian syllables, each of which has different meanings, The meaning of (EN) indicates the throne and the master, The phrase "KUR" refers to the mountain and the lower world, While the phrase (A) refers to the secret of life, which is water in all its forms and forms, And the phrase (É) expresses the institution represented by the temple and the place of residence of the people of the rulers who settled in palaces and the common people who lived in humble homes, And the reason for choosing these syllables to be the subject of our research (the importance of the syllables (EN) (KUR) (A) (É) among the Sumerians, It was because of their frequent circulation in the early Sumerian texts discovered, so we tried to shed light on the reasons for the interest in these phrases by the Sumerian population, and even for those who came after them from the Akkadians who did not deny the importance of these phrases, But they took it from the Sumerians and created for it linguistic syllables that express the same Sumerian meaning in a way that fits with their insular character in their dealings with various aspects of life, The vocabulary of the Sumerian syllables remained looming over the island's linguistic atmosphere that the Akkadians brought from the Babylonians and the Assyrians, Often we find that bilingual linguistic texts include both Sumerian and Akkadian syllables in the same text, This of course is one of the characteristics of the Sumerian and Akkadian Rafidian languages.

The paper presents the research a study of five texts from the Iraqi Museum (confiscation) and included the verb "receive" (šu-ba-ti/ maḫāru). On the other hand, represents a less intensive form of take, more along the lines of receive, get, accept, and one that depends on context, on how the speaker or writer perceives the event.
This texts it back to Ur III Dynasty (2112- 2004 BC), and dated during kings dAmar- dSu'en, dŠu- Su'en, and dIbbi- Su'en. These texts contained different materials: lard, brick salt, medicinal plant, spice, a type of groats, and barley.

The science of Islamic theology, including the Mu'tazila group, has occupied a great interest among orientalists since they got acquainted with Islamic thought, and today with contemporary Orientalism we find that interest tends to increase in an attempt to get rid of the previous sayings that most framed the Western meta-ideology, to reveal anew the most important external, cultural and social influences More precisely about the subjective content of Islamic theology, and we will see that this new treatment of speech synthesis, It does not constitute any departure from the path of their predecessors from the Orientalists, as they kept the same methodology of influence and influence, and the hypothetical deductive method, or the method of guesswork and so on. Those sayings that were installed in several molds and formulas can be truly considered an extension of their predecessor. Consequently, they could not dispense with what the old Orientalism echoed

This study is a field study in the field of anthropology that took on importance in the nature of the search for identity controversy among a segment of Iraqi society, namely the Faili Kurds who live in the central and southern regions of Iraq.
The study aims to reveal the reality of identifying the nature of the identity dialectic of the Faili Kurds according to the fact that it is the ethnic and national affiliation of this segment. Some of them:
1. Faili Kurds are an integral part of Iraqi society, and they have a clear harmony in Iraqi society.
2. The study showed that political loyalty would have had a great impact on their cultural reality. Dialect is the backbone of culture, and they are the result of interaction and adaptation with parties, forming a cultural structure in them Whereas, those who have political loyalty to the Kurdish parties tend to speak the Sorani dialect in addition to their Faili accent, as well as to the same extent of their affiliation with the Shiite parties who have a clear influence on the nature of speech and the language of communication.
3. The results of the study show that they were subjected to the harshest forms of forced displacement by brutal and barbaric methods, and they were assaulted, their movable and immovable money plundered, their sons thrown in prisons, assaulted and absent from them to this day if they could not find them all under the pretext of dependency on Iran and this started. Operations from the beginning of the seventies to the end of the eighties.

The problem of this paper arises in a major question: What are the motives for teenage girls' use of Facebook and the results achieved from it?
The aim of this paper is to study the patterns of teenage girls' use of the Facebook, and show their interests and some of their practices .in addition to revealing the motives of teenage girls to use Facebook, and to show what is the benefits that achieved from it. The researcher used the survey method for collecting data, analyzing, and interpreting it. The important results of this paper are:
1- Facebook contributes to influencing on the opinions and thoughts of teenage girls on various dimensions.
2- The use of Facebook leads to the promotion of social integration, by using them own more than one account, and hide their true identity using pseudonyms, allowing them to freely access and communicate with others. in order to avoid the harassment that they may be exposed to, as well as that This indicates negative uses for them by masking their identity.
3- The predominance of ritual motives over utilitarian motives, given the nature of adolescence, whose members tend to achieve entertainment, entertainment and the need to understand the opposite sex, in addition to the utilitarian needs of adolescent girls that focus on creating a social role for them and the pursuit of self-realization by acquiring skills and knowledge that enhance self-confidence Without interfering in their affairs and feeling independent.
4- Facebook achieved emotional and cognitive gratifications, as the gratifications achieved by adolescent girls varied between entertainment and entertainment that came in the forefront, gaining information and experiences, relieving psychological pressure, as well as raising the cultural level, forming relationships with the opposite sex, and feeling trust and freedom of expression

The problem of research was summarized in the exposure of the public (city of Baghdad) and the exposure to political programs in satellite channels, as the problem was identified by the following main question:
(What is the nature of exposure to political programs in satellite television?)
By conducting a survey of the audience of the city of Baghdad, the research sample of 460 individuals was selected from the population projections for 2019 issued by the Central Bureau of Statistics of the Iraqi Ministry of Planning.
The aim of the research was to detect the habits and patterns of public exposure to political programs in satellite television, as well as to determine levels of exposure to political television programs. This research is descriptive research that describes what exists by collecting, scheduling and tabulating information and data on the phenomenon and then interpreting the data and drawing conclusions, and the researcher used the survey method and the correlation method to verify the research assumptions.

The research covered (TV news and its reflection on the level of anxiety in the elderly) By Dhuha S. Dawood
An important aspect related to the media aspect and its psychological and social effects on the elderly audience in a way that shows the effect of television news and how this is reflected on the psychological side, especially the anxiety of the elderly group, which is one of the most important age groups that are related to their surroundings and carry many ideas and experiences and affect those around them, and the research is presented within A systematic scientific framework by applying the theory of media dependence in the survey of elderly people in the capital, Baghdad, and building an anxiety scale commensurate with the research topic. And because of the importance of research in the scientific aspect, which represents a qualitative addition to media, psychological and social studies, and to reach the research objectives, the study subjected the period from (1/10/2019 to 1/1/2020) for the survey study of the scale of anxiety for the elderly over the age of fifty-five years. And more than women and sixty years and over are men in the capital, Baghdad, according to the classification of the Iraqi Social Welfare Law (26) for the year 1985 and by the accidental in-kind method.
The results indicated the presence of moderate anxiety in the elderly, and there were no differences in demographic factors in terms of gender (sex) and age levels, but the results indicated that there were differences between the level of anxiety according to the academic achievement variable, as the higher the academic achievement, the lower the level of anxiety in this group of The elderly and vice versa, and there are differences according to the profession variable, the higher the level of anxiety resulting from exposure to television news, while the variables (retired, employee, and housewife) were not affected by exposure to television news.

This research sheds light on one of the important linguistics topics, it is the deixis in the Hebrew language, and its use many fields by studying its most prominent types, and it's this deliberative function., The application of this study was a general of the Hebrew language.
In this research we had studying sections of deixis: person deixis, time deixis, place deixis, and social deixis.
The research found the deixis closely related to the context especially the 'context situation ' as it represents the environment and the contents of the basic elements like a speaker- receiver-place and time, which is the basis of the deixis.